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Saccà ML, Resci I, Cilia G. Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) bacterial symbionts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34598-8. [PMID: 39098972 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health problem. Nevertheless, the knowledge of the factors driving the spread of resistance among environmental microorganisms is limited, and few studies have been performed worldwide. Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) have long been considered bioindicators of environmental pollution and more recently also of AMR. In this study, 53 bacterial strains isolated from the body surface of honey bees at three ontogenetic stages, collected from ten different geographic locations, were tested for their phenotypic and genotypic resistance to eight classes of the most widely used antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine. Results showed that 83% of the strains were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 62% were multidrug-resistant bacteria, with a prevalence of resistance to nalidixic acid, cefotaxime, and aztreonam. A high percentage of isolates harbouring at least one antimicrobial gene was also observed (85%). The gene encoding resistance to colistin mcr-1 was the most abundant, followed by those for tetracycline tetM and tetC. Geographical features influenced the distribution of these traits more than bacterial species or bee stage, supporting the use of honey bee colonies and their associated bacteria as indicators to monitor environmental resistance. This approach can improve the scientific understanding of this global threat by increasing data collection capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ludovica Saccà
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Via Di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Resci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cilia
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Via Di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy
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Kim SH, Jang HW, Park JJ, Nam DG, Lee SJ, Yeo SH, Kim SY. Antibiotic Resistance in Acetic Acid Bacteria Originating from Vinegar. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:626. [PMID: 39061308 PMCID: PMC11274321 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are major contributors to the production of fermented vinegar, offering various cultural, culinary, and health benefits. Although the residual unpasteurized AAB after vinegar production are not pathogens, these are necessary and require safety evaluations, including antibiotic resistance, before use as a starter. In this research, we investigated the antibiotic resistance profiles of 26 AAB strains, including various species of Komagataeibacter and Acetobacter, against 10 different antibiotics using the E-test method. All strains exhibited resistance to aztreonam and clindamycin. Komagataeibacter species demonstrated a 50% resistance rate to ciprofloxacin, analogous to Acetobacter species, but showed twice the resistance rates to chloramphenicol and erythromycin. Genomic analysis of K. saccharivorans CV1 identified intrinsic resistance mechanisms, such as multidrug efflux pumps, thereby enhancing our understanding of antibiotic resistance in acetic acid-producing bacteria. These findings enhance understanding of antibiotic resistance in AAB for food safety and new antimicrobial strategies, suggesting the need for standardized testing methods and molecular genetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hee Kim
- Fermented and Processed Food Science Division, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (H.-W.J.); (J.-J.P.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Hyun-Wook Jang
- Fermented and Processed Food Science Division, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (H.-W.J.); (J.-J.P.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Jin-Ju Park
- Fermented and Processed Food Science Division, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (H.-W.J.); (J.-J.P.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Dong-Geon Nam
- Division of Functional Food & Nutrition, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea;
| | - Su-Jeong Lee
- Fermented and Processed Food Science Division, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (H.-W.J.); (J.-J.P.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Soo-Hwan Yeo
- Fermented and Processed Food Science Division, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (H.-W.J.); (J.-J.P.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - So-Young Kim
- Fermented and Processed Food Science Division, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (H.-W.J.); (J.-J.P.); (S.-J.L.)
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Bārzdiņa A, Plotniece A, Sobolev A, Pajuste K, Bandere D, Brangule A. From Polymeric Nanoformulations to Polyphenols-Strategies for Enhancing the Efficacy and Drug Delivery of Gentamicin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:305. [PMID: 38666981 PMCID: PMC11047640 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Gentamicin is an essential broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in over 40 clinical conditions and has shown activity against a wide range of nosocomial, biofilm-forming, multi-drug resistant bacteria. Nevertheless, the low cellular penetration and serious side effects of gentamicin, as well as the fear of the development of antibacterial resistance, has led to a search for ways to circumvent these obstacles. This review provides an overview of the chemical and pharmacological properties of gentamicin and offers six different strategies (the isolation of specific types of gentamicin, encapsulation in polymeric nanoparticles, hydrophobization of the gentamicin molecule, and combinations of gentamicin with other antibiotics, polyphenols, and natural products) that aim to enhance the drug delivery and antibacterial activity of gentamicin. In addition, factors influencing the synthesis of gentamicin-loaded polymeric (poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and chitosan) nanoparticles and the methods used in drug release studies are discussed. Potential research directions and future perspectives for gentamicin-loaded drug delivery systems are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ance Bārzdiņa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, 21 Konsula Str., LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (A.P.)
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Aiva Plotniece
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, 21 Konsula Str., LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (A.P.)
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.S.); (K.P.)
| | - Arkadij Sobolev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.S.); (K.P.)
| | - Karlis Pajuste
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.S.); (K.P.)
| | - Dace Bandere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, 21 Konsula Str., LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (A.P.)
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Agnese Brangule
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, 21 Konsula Str., LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (A.P.)
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
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Patra V, Woltsche N, Cerpes U, Bokanovic D, Repelnig M, Joshi A, Perchthaler I, Fischl M, Vocanson M, Bordag N, Durdevic M, Woltsche J, Quehenberger F, Legat F, Wedrich A, Horwath-Winter J, Wolf P. Persistent Neutrophil Infiltration and Unique Ocular Surface Microbiome Typify Dupilumab-Associated Conjunctivitis in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2024; 4:100340. [PMID: 37869024 PMCID: PMC10585475 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective To elucidate the pathogenesis of dupilumab (Dupixent®)-associated ocular surface disease (DAOSD). Design Prospective single-center cohort study. Subjects Twenty patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) who received dupilumab and 10 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Methods The study cohort underwent a thorough slit-lamp and entire-body dermatologic examination. Conjunctival swabs and smears were collected at baseline, 4 and 16 weeks after treatment initiation, and during the conjunctivitis episode. To analyse the ocular surface microbiome, 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing was performed, smears were hematoxylin and eosin stained, and serum cytokines were measured by using a multiplex immunobead assay. Main Outcome Measures Composition of ocular surface microbiome and cellular component as well as serum cytokine levels. Results Six of the 20 patients with AD developed DAOSD after dupilumab initiation; these patients responded after a delay to treatment as quantified by Eczema Area and Severity Index and Investigator's Global Assessment score. Conjunctival smears showed massive neutrophilic infiltration and serum analysis revealed increased systemic levels of neutrophil-priming proinflammatory cytokines, in particular interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α, in patients with DAOSD compared with those without it. The ocular surface microbiome of patients with DAOSD was characterized by a diverse and persistent microbial colonization, particularly by Acetobacter aceti. In contrast, microbial diversity decreased in patients with AD without DAOSD after the initiation of dupilumab treatment, especially the abundance of Staphylococcus aureus. In vitro experiments substantiated the potential role of the microbiome, showing increased growth of A. aceti and decreased growth of S. aureus in presence of dupilumab. Conclusions Persistent neutrophilic infiltration and a unique microbial landscape on the ocular surface associated with elevated levels of systemic proinflammatory cytokines typify DAOSD. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
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Affiliation(s)
- VijayKumar Patra
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nora Woltsche
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Urban Cerpes
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Maria Repelnig
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Aaroh Joshi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Manuela Fischl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marc Vocanson
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Natalie Bordag
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marija Durdevic
- Computational Bioanalytics, Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Theodor Escherich Laboratory for Medical Microbiome Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Woltsche
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Franz Legat
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Wedrich
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
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Revin VV, Liyaskina EV, Parchaykina MV, Kurgaeva IV, Efremova KV, Novokuptsev NV. Production of Bacterial Exopolysaccharides: Xanthan and Bacterial Cellulose. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14608. [PMID: 37834056 PMCID: PMC10572569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, degradable biopolymers have become increasingly important as potential environmentally friendly biomaterials, providing a wide range of applications in various fields. Bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are biomacromolecules, which due to their unique properties have found applications in biomedicine, foodstuff, textiles, cosmetics, petroleum, pharmaceuticals, nanoelectronics, and environmental remediation. One of the important commercial polysaccharides produced on an industrial scale is xanthan. In recent years, the range of its application has expanded significantly. Bacterial cellulose (BC) is another unique EPS with a rapidly increasing range of applications. Due to the great prospects for their practical application, the development of their highly efficient production remains an important task. The present review summarizes the strategies for the cost-effective production of such important biomacromolecules as xanthan and BC and demonstrates for the first time common approaches to their efficient production and to obtaining new functional materials for a wide range of applications, including wound healing, drug delivery, tissue engineering, environmental remediation, nanoelectronics, and 3D bioprinting. In the end, we discuss present limitations of xanthan and BC production and the line of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor V. Revin
- Department of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Bioengineering, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 430005 Saransk, Russia; (E.V.L.); (M.V.P.); (I.V.K.); (K.V.E.); (N.V.N.)
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6
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Netrusov AI, Liyaskina EV, Kurgaeva IV, Liyaskina AU, Yang G, Revin VV. Exopolysaccharides Producing Bacteria: A Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1541. [PMID: 37375041 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are essential natural biopolymers used in different areas including biomedicine, food, cosmetic, petroleum, and pharmaceuticals and also in environmental remediation. The interest in them is primarily due to their unique structure and properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, higher purity, hydrophilic nature, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, antibacterial, and immune-modulating and prebiotic activities. The present review summarizes the current research progress on bacterial EPSs including their properties, biological functions, and promising applications in the various fields of science, industry, medicine, and technology, as well as characteristics and the isolation sources of EPSs-producing bacterial strains. This review provides an overview of the latest advances in the study of such important industrial exopolysaccharides as xanthan, bacterial cellulose, and levan. Finally, current study limitations and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Netrusov
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, High School of Economics, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V Liyaskina
- Department of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Bioengineering, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 430005 Saransk, Russia
| | - Irina V Kurgaeva
- Department of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Bioengineering, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 430005 Saransk, Russia
| | - Alexandra U Liyaskina
- Institute of the World Ocean, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Viktor V Revin
- Department of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Bioengineering, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 430005 Saransk, Russia
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Wolfe BE. Are fermented foods an overlooked reservoir and vector of antimicrobial resistance? Curr Opin Food Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2023.101018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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Revin VV, Liyaskina EV, Parchaykina MV, Kuzmenko TP, Kurgaeva IV, Revin VD, Ullah MW. Bacterial Cellulose-Based Polymer Nanocomposites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4670. [PMID: 36365662 PMCID: PMC9654748 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is currently one of the most popular environmentally friendly materials with unique structural and physicochemical properties for obtaining various functional materials for a wide range of applications. In this regard, the literature reporting on bacterial nanocellulose has increased exponentially in the past decade. Currently, extensive investigations aim at promoting the manufacturing of BC-based nanocomposites with other components such as nanoparticles, polymers, and biomolecules, and that will enable to develop of a wide range of materials with advanced and novel functionalities. However, the commercial production of such materials is limited by the high cost and low yield of BC, and the lack of highly efficient industrial production technologies as well. Therefore, the present review aimed at studying the current literature data in the field of highly efficient BC production for the purpose of its further usage to obtain polymer nanocomposites. The review highlights the progress in synthesizing BC-based nanocomposites and their applications in biomedical fields, such as wound healing, drug delivery, tissue engineering. Bacterial nanocellulose-based biosensors and adsorbents were introduced herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor V. Revin
- Department of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Bioengineering, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 430005 Saransk, Russia
| | - Elena V. Liyaskina
- Department of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Bioengineering, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 430005 Saransk, Russia
| | - Marina V. Parchaykina
- Department of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Bioengineering, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 430005 Saransk, Russia
| | - Tatyana P. Kuzmenko
- Department of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Bioengineering, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 430005 Saransk, Russia
| | - Irina V. Kurgaeva
- Department of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Bioengineering, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 430005 Saransk, Russia
| | - Vadim D. Revin
- Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 430005 Saransk, Russia
| | - Muhammad Wajid Ullah
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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El-Askri T, Yatim M, Sehli Y, Rahou A, Belhaj A, Castro R, Durán-Guerrero E, Hafidi M, Zouhair R. Screening and Characterization of New Acetobacter fabarum and Acetobacter pasteurianus Strains with High Ethanol−Thermo Tolerance and the Optimization of Acetic Acid Production. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091741. [PMID: 36144343 PMCID: PMC9500637 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of vinegar on an industrial scale from different raw materials is subject to constraints, notably the low tolerance of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) to high temperatures and high ethanol concentrations. In this study, we used 25 samples of different fruits from seven Moroccan biotopes with arid and semi-arid environmental conditions as a basic substrate to isolate thermo- and ethanol-tolerant AAB strains. The isolation and morphological, biochemical and metabolic characterization of these bacteria allowed us to isolate a total number of 400 strains with characters similar to AAB, of which six strains (FAGD1, FAGD10, FAGD18 and GCM2, GCM4, GCM15) were found to be mobile and immobile Gram-negative bacteria with ellipsoidal rod-shaped colonies that clustered in pairs and in isolated chains. These strains are capable of producing acetic acid from ethanol, growing on peptone and oxidizing acetate to CO2 and H2O. Strains FAGD1, FAGD10 and FAGD18 show negative growth on YPG medium containing D-glucose > 30%, while strains GCM2, GCM4 and GCM15 show positive growth. These six strains stand out on CARR indicator medium as isolates of the genus Acetobacter ssp. Analysis of 16S rDNA gene sequencing allowed us to differentiate these strains as Acetobacter fabarum and Acetobacter pasteurianus. The study of the tolerance of these six isolates towards pH showed that most of the six strains are unable to grow at pH 3 and pH 9, with an ideal pH of 5. The behavior of the six strains at different concentrations of ethanol shows an optimal production of acetic acid after incubation at concentrations between 6% and 8% (v/v) of ethanol. All six strains tolerated an ethanol concentration of 16% (v/v). The resistance of the strains to acetic acid differs between the species of AAB. The optimum acetic acid production is obtained at a concentration of 1% (v/v) for the strains of FAGD1, FAGD10 and FAGD18, and 3% (v/v) for GCM2, GCM4 and GCM15. These strains are able to tolerate an acetic acid concentration of up to 6% (v/v). The production kinetics of the six strains show the highest levels of growth and acetic acid production at 30 °C. This rate of growth and acetic acid production is high at 35 °C, 37 °C and 40 °C. Above 40 °C, the production of acid is reduced. All six strains continue to produce acetic acid, even at high temperatures up to 48 °C. These strains can be used in the vinegar production industry to minimize the load on cooling systems, especially in countries with high summer temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoufik El-Askri
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Bio-Resources Valorization, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Zitoune, Meknes 50050, Morocco
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences-IVAGRO, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), University of Cadiz, Polígono Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +212-706-801-037
| | - Meriem Yatim
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Bio-Resources Valorization, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Zitoune, Meknes 50050, Morocco
| | - Youness Sehli
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Bio-Resources Valorization, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Zitoune, Meknes 50050, Morocco
| | - Abdelilah Rahou
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Bio-Resources Valorization, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Zitoune, Meknes 50050, Morocco
| | - Abdelhaq Belhaj
- Laboratory of Ecology and Biodiversity of Wetlands Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Zitoune, Meknes 50050, Morocco
| | - Remedios Castro
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences-IVAGRO, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), University of Cadiz, Polígono Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Enrique Durán-Guerrero
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences-IVAGRO, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), University of Cadiz, Polígono Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Majida Hafidi
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Bio-Resources Valorization, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Zitoune, Meknes 50050, Morocco
| | - Rachid Zouhair
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Bio-Resources Valorization, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Zitoune, Meknes 50050, Morocco
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