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Ma JY, Jiang HL, Kang FS, Liu L, Wang X, Zhao RS. High-Performance enrichment and sensitive analysis of bisphenol and its analogues in water and milk using a novel Ni-Based cationic Metal-Organic framework. Food Chem 2024; 441:138267. [PMID: 38159435 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A novel cationic metal-organic framework (iMOF-Ni) was designed and synthesized by a solvothermal method. It was fabricated as a solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge and exhibited high adsorption performance for Bisphenols (BPs). The theoretical simulation demonstrated that the adsorption mechanism between iMOF-Ni and BPs was attributed to cation-π bonding, π-π interaction, and electrostatic interactions. Under optimized SPE, a method for analyzing BPs was established by combining high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The developed method has good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.994), low detection limits (0.07-0.16 ng/mL), and good reproducibility (1.72-6.35 %, n = 6). The applicability of the method was further evaluated by analyzing water and milk samples. Recoveries of four BPs in spiked samples were from 72.2 % to 96.6 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yan Ma
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instrument of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Hai-Long Jiang
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instrument of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, PR China.
| | - Fu-Shuai Kang
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instrument of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Lu Liu
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instrument of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Xia Wang
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instrument of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Ru-Song Zhao
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instrument of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, PR China.
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2
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Simultaneous determination of phenolic pollutants in dairy products held in various types of packaging by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Milić N, Milanović M, Drljača J, Sudji J, Milošević N. Challenges in the Analytical Preparation of a Biological Matrix in Analyses of Endocrine-Disrupting Bisphenols. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10040226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are xenobiotics presented in a variety of everyday products that may disrupt the normal activity of hormones. Exposure to bisphenol A as EDC at trace and ultra-trace levels is associated with adverse health effects, and children are recognized as the most vulnerable group to EDCs exposure. In this review, a summary is presented of up-to-date sample preparation methods and instrumental techniques applied for the detection and quantification of bisphenol A and its structural analogues in various biological matrices. Biological matrices such as blood, cell-free blood products, urine, saliva, breast milk, cordial blood, amniotic and semen fluids, as well as sweat and hair, are very complex; therefore, the detection and later quantification of bisphenols at low levels present a real analytical challenge. The most popular analytical approaches include gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and their enhanced reliability and sensitivity finally allow the separation and detection of bisphenols in biological samples, even as ultra-traces. Liquid/liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) are still the most common methods for their extraction from biological matrices. However, many modern and environmentally safe microextraction techniques are currently under development. The complexity of biological matrices and low concentrations of analytes are the main issues for the limited identification, as well as understanding the adverse health effects caused by chronical and ubiquitous exposure to bisphenols and its analogues.
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A Fast Method for Determination of Seven Bisphenols in Human Breast Milk Samples with the Use of HPLC-FLD. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031432. [PMID: 36771098 PMCID: PMC9919601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic pollution, where bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in its production, has gained popularity. BPA omnipresence and toxicity, especially for infants, has led food safety authorities to place restrictions on BPA usage. It has led to the introduction of the marked 'BPA-free'-labelled products, where BPA is often replaced by other bisphenols (BPs) which are suspected of being similar or even more toxic than BPA. Moreover, the free forms of BPs are more dangerous than their conjugated forms and the conjugation of BPs is less effective in infants than in adults. Considering that human breast milk is the main source of nutrition for infants, the constant biomonitoring not only of BPA, but the wider group of BPs in such crucial matrices seems to be vital. In this study, a fast, simple, 'green' and cost-effective DLLME-based extraction technique combined with HPLC-FLD was optimized for the determination of seven selected bisphenols simultaneously. The procedure has satisfactory recovery values of 67-110% with the most RSD% at 17%. The LODs and LOQs ranged from 0.5 ng/mL to 2.1 ng/mL and 1.4 ng/mL to 6.3 ng/mL, respectively. The procedure was successfully applied to the biomonitoring of free forms of BPs in 10 real human breast milk samples.
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Tuzimski T, Szubartowski S, Stupak A, Kwaśniewski W, Szultka-Młyńska M, Kwaśniewska A, Buszewski B. The Association between the Bisphenols Residues in Amniotic Fluid and Fetal Abnormalities in Polish Pregnant Women-Its Potential Clinical Application. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010730. [PMID: 36614173 PMCID: PMC9821541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the concentrations of bisphenols residues in the amniotic fluid (AF) samples collected during amniocentesis and fetal chromosomal abnormalities in pregnant women. A total of 33 pregnant Polish women aged between 24 and 44 years, and screened to detect high risk for chromosomal defects in the first trimester, were included in this study. Samples were collected from these patients during routine diagnostic and treatment procedures at mid-gestation. The concentrations of various bisphenols residues in the samples were determined by liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS). Residues of eight analytes (BPS, BPF, BPA, BPAF, BADGE, BADGE•2H2O, BADGE•H2O•HCl and BADGE•2HCl) were detected in amniotic fluid samples in the range 0.69 ng/mL to 3.38 ng/mL. Fetuses with chromosomal abnormalities showed a slightly higher frequency of occurrence of selected bisphenols residues in the AF samples collected between 15-26 weeks of pregnancies. Finally, the proposed method was applied in the simultaneous determination of several endocrine-disrupting chemicals from bisphenol group in 33 human AF samples. BADGE•H2O•HCl has been identified in the AF samples taken from women older than average in the examined group. The number of detected compounds has been significant for the following analytes: BPS, BPAF, BADGE•H2O•HCl and BADGE. The proposed method may be an attractive alternative for application in large-scale human biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Tuzimski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(81)-4487213
| | - Szymon Szubartowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Doctoral School of Medical University of Lublin, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Stupak
- Chair and Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Pregnancy, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 1 in Lublin, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kwaśniewski
- Department of Gynaecology and Oncology Gynaecology, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 1 in Lublin, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szultka-Młyńska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Anna Kwaśniewska
- Chair and Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Pregnancy, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 1 in Lublin, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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Szubartowski S, Tuzimski T. Application of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Combined with Fluorescence Detector and Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction to Quantification of Selected Bisphenols in Human Amniotic Fluid Samples. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:297. [PMID: 36612618 PMCID: PMC9819170 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely produced chemical worldwide found in numerous everyday products. Its endocrine-disrupting properties and omnipresence have aroused concern and led to several restrictions on its use. These restrictions and growing public awareness about the toxicity of BPA have resulted in market products labeled "BPA-free", with BPAs often being replaced by other bisphenols. This is why constant biomonitoring of bisphenol levels in various body fluids and tissues is essential. In this study, we propose the use of simple, cost-effective high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with the fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD) method for the determination of simultaneously selected bisphenols in amniotic fluid. For the sample preparation, a fast, simple, and "green" dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method was used, achieving mean recovery values in the range of 80.9-115.9% with relative standard deviations below 12% for all analytes. Limits of quantification (LOQs) determined in the amniotic fluid matrix ranged from 6.17 to 22.72 ng/mL and were obtained from a calibration curve constructed using least-squares linear regression analysis for all cases. The presented sample preparation procedure can be easily adopted for LC-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Szubartowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Doctoral School of Medical University of Lublin, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Tuzimski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Zhang B, Zhang H, Bai X, Zhang T, Xue J, Lu S, Kannan K. Placental transfer of bisphenol diglycidyl ethers (BDGEs) and its association with maternal health in a population in South of China. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH 2022; 1:244-250. [PMID: 38077258 PMCID: PMC10702892 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite high production and usage, little is known about exposure to bisphenol diglycidyl ethers (BDGEs) and their derivatives in pregnant women and fetuses. In this study, we determined nine BDGEs in 106 paired maternal and cord serum samples collected from e-waste dismantling sites in South of China. Bisphenol A bis (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) glycidyl ether (BADGE·2H2O), bisphenol A (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) glycidyl ether (BADGE·HCl·H2O), and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were the major BDGEs, with median concentrations of 0.57, 4.07, and 1.60 ng/mL, respectively, in maternal serum, and of 3.58, 5.61, and 0.61 ng/mL, respectively, in cord serum. The transplacental transfer efficiencies (TTEs) were estimated for BDGEs found in samples, and median values were in the range of 0.98 (BFDGE) to 5.91 (BADGE·2H2O). Our results suggested that passive diffusion plays a role in the placental transfer of BADGE·HCl·H2O and BFDGE, whereas several mechanisms contribute to the high accumulation of BADGE·2H2O in cord serum. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated significant associations between maternal serum concentrations of BDGEs and blood clinical biomarkers, especially those related to liver injuries, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and adenosine deaminase (ADA) (P < 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the occurrence of BDGEs in paired maternal-fetal serum samples and provide new insights into prenatal and fetal exposures. The newly discovered TTEs in maternal-fetal pairs contribute to a fuller inventory of the transmission activity of pollutants in the human body, ultimately adding to a more significant comprehensive risk evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Henglin Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xueyuan Bai
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingchuan Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York NY10016, USA
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Huang H, Liang J, Tang P, Yu C, Fan H, Liao Q, Long J, Pan D, Zeng X, Liu S, Huang D, Qiu X. Associations of bisphenol exposure with thyroid hormones in pregnant women: a prospective birth cohort study in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:87170-87183. [PMID: 35802331 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenols are endocrine disruptor chemicals that disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis. However, evidence on the effects of bisphenol mixtures on thyroid hormones are insufficient. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the effects of bisphenol substitutes and bisphenol mixtures on thyroid hormones during pregnancy. The study was conducted among 446 pregnant women in the Guangxi Zhuang Birth Cohort (GZBC), China. In multiple linear regressions, compared with the low-exposure group, bisphenol S (BPS) concentrations in the middle-exposure group led to a 10.90% (95% CI: - 18.16%, - 2.99%) decrease in triiodothyronine (T3) levels in the first trimester; tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) levels in the middle-exposure group led to an 8.26% (95% CI: - 15.82%, - 0.01%) decrease in T3 levels in the first trimester; bisphenol B (BPB) levels in the middle-exposure group led to higher free thyroxine (FT4) levels (9.84%; 95% CI: 1.73%, 18.60%) in the second trimester; bisphenol F (BPF) in the middle-exposure group led to higher FT4 levels (8.59%, 95% CI: 0.53%, 17.31%) in the second trimester; and TBBPA levels in the high-exposure group led to a 9.39% (95% CI: 1.46%, 17.93%) increase in FT4 levels in the second trimester. The Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models showed a U-shaped dose-response relationship between bisphenol A (BPA) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) (p < 0.01) as well as BPS and FT4 (p < 0.05). Nonlinear relationships were also observed between the bisphenol mixture and FT3. Overall, maternal bisphenol exposure affected thyroid hormone levels during pregnancy. This study provides evidence that BPB, BPF, BPS, and TBBPA are unsafe substitutes for BPA, as well as the overall effect of bisphenols on adverse health in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huishen Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Peng Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Chuanxiang Yu
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Haoran Fan
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Qian Liao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinghua Long
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Dongxiang Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Shun Liu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Dongping Huang
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, No.22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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The First Evidence on the Occurrence of Bisphenol Analogues in the Aqueous Humor of Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11216402. [PMID: 36362630 PMCID: PMC9655480 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human exposure to BPs is inevitable mostly due to contaminated food. In this preliminary study, for the first time, the presence of bisphenols (BPs) in aqueous humor (AH) collected from 44 patients undergoing cataract surgery was investigated. The measurements were performed using a sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC−MS/MS). Chromatographic separation was achieved using a reverse-phase column and a gradient elution mode. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used. The method was validated for bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol F (BPF). The limits of quantification (LOQs) of both investigated analytes were 0.25 ng mL−1. The method was linear in the range of 0.25−20.0 ng mL−1 with correlation coefficients (R2) higher than 0.98. Recovery of analytes was in the range of 99.9 to 104.3% and intra-assay and inter-assay precision expressed by relative standard deviations (RSD%) were less than 5%. BPA was detected in 12 AH samples with mean concentrations of 1.41 ng mL−1. BPF was not detected at all. Furthermore, two structural isomers termed BPA-1, and BPA-2 were identified, for the first time, in 40.9% of the AH samples, with almost twice higher mean concentrations of 2.15 ng mL−1, and 2.25 ng mL−1, respectively. The total content of BPs were higher in patients with coexisting ocular pathologies such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetes in comparison to cataracts alone. However, the difference between these groups did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). Performed investigations indicate the need for further research on a larger population with the aim of knowing the consequences of BPs’ accumulation in AH for visual function.
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Multi-residue determination of bisphenol analogues in organism tissues by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1682:463489. [PMID: 36130425 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A reliable and sensitive analyzing method was developed and validated for determination of 13 novel bisphenol analogues (BPs) along with bisphenol A (BPA) in organism tissues. The complex organism tissues were treated by ultrasonic-assisted extraction using acetonitrile/formic acid (99:1, v/v), followed by successive purification using enhanced matrix removal-lipid sorbents and primary secondary amine sorbents. The BPs were finally determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after derivatization using pyridine-3-sulfonyl chloride. Satisfactory recoveries of 75 - 118% were obtained for the BPs, with good repeatability (RSD < 20%). Matrix interferences were efficiently diminished. The method quantification limits (MQLs) reached 0.003 - 0.1 ng g-1 dry weight (dw). The validated method was successfully applied to a preliminary investigation of the BPs in wild marine organisms collected from the nearshore waters along the coast of Guangdong, China. Besides BPA, novel BPs such as bisphenol F, bisphenol AF, and tetrabromobisphenol A were also detected at < MDL - 15.5 ng g-1 dw. This work laid a strong basis for further in-depth research on bioaccumulation of the novel BPs in the environment.
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