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Emelyanenko AM, Omran FS, Teplonogova MA, Chernukha MY, Avetisyan LR, Tselikina EG, Putsman GA, Zyryanov SK, Butranova OI, Emelyanenko KA, Boinovich LB. An Antimicrobial Copper-Plastic Composite Coating: Characterization and In Situ Study in a Hospital Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4471. [PMID: 38674057 PMCID: PMC11050275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A method has been proposed for creating an operationally durable copper coating with antimicrobial properties for the buttons of electrical switches based on the gas dynamic spray deposition of copper on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic. It is shown that during the coating process, a polymer film is formed on top of the copper layer. Comparative in situ studies of microbial contamination have shown that the copper-coated buttons have a significant antimicrobial effect compared to standard buttons. Analysis of swabs over a 22-week study in a hospital environment showed that the frequency of contamination for a copper-coated button with various microorganisms was 2.7 times lower than that of a control button. The presented results allow us to consider the developed copper coating for plastic switches an effective alternative method in the fight against healthcare-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre M. Emelyanenko
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (F.S.O.); (M.Y.C.); (L.R.A.); (G.A.P.); (S.K.Z.); (O.I.B.); (K.A.E.)
| | - Fadi S. Omran
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (F.S.O.); (M.Y.C.); (L.R.A.); (G.A.P.); (S.K.Z.); (O.I.B.); (K.A.E.)
| | - Maria A. Teplonogova
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Marina Y. Chernukha
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (F.S.O.); (M.Y.C.); (L.R.A.); (G.A.P.); (S.K.Z.); (O.I.B.); (K.A.E.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 18 Gamaleya St., 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Lusine R. Avetisyan
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (F.S.O.); (M.Y.C.); (L.R.A.); (G.A.P.); (S.K.Z.); (O.I.B.); (K.A.E.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 18 Gamaleya St., 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Eugenia G. Tselikina
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 18 Gamaleya St., 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Gleb A. Putsman
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (F.S.O.); (M.Y.C.); (L.R.A.); (G.A.P.); (S.K.Z.); (O.I.B.); (K.A.E.)
- City Clinical Hospital No. 24, Moscow City Health Department, 10 Pistsovaya St., 127015 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey K. Zyryanov
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (F.S.O.); (M.Y.C.); (L.R.A.); (G.A.P.); (S.K.Z.); (O.I.B.); (K.A.E.)
- Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St. 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga I. Butranova
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (F.S.O.); (M.Y.C.); (L.R.A.); (G.A.P.); (S.K.Z.); (O.I.B.); (K.A.E.)
- Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St. 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill A. Emelyanenko
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (F.S.O.); (M.Y.C.); (L.R.A.); (G.A.P.); (S.K.Z.); (O.I.B.); (K.A.E.)
| | - Ludmila B. Boinovich
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (F.S.O.); (M.Y.C.); (L.R.A.); (G.A.P.); (S.K.Z.); (O.I.B.); (K.A.E.)
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Williams TC, Asselin E, Mazzulli T, Woznow T, Hamzeh H, Nahkaie D, Waisman D, Stojkova B, Dixon R, Bryce E, Charles M. One-year trial evaluating the durability and antimicrobial efficacy of copper in public transportation systems. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6765. [PMID: 38514805 PMCID: PMC10958017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Surfaces on transit vehicles are frequently touched and could potentially act as reservoirs for micro-organism transmission. Regular cleaning and disinfection to minimize the spread of micro-organisms is operationally challenging due to the need to keep vehicles in circulation. The application of copper (Cu) alloys to high- touch surfaces could help reduce the risk of cross-contamination, however, little is known about the durability and efficacy of engineered copper surfaces after prolonged use. Three Cu products (decal, thermal fabrication, and alloy covers) were assessed over a 12-month period. These Cu products were randomly installed on 110 stanchions on three buses and four train (SkyTrain) cars in Vancouver and three buses, two subway cars, and two streetcars in Toronto with mirrored control surfaces directly opposite. Bacterial counts (Colony forming units, CFU) and ATP bioluminescence (ATPB) were measured every two months after peak morning routes. Durability of the Cu products were assessed monthly through visual inspection and colorimetry assays or by ex-situ microscopy. Cu products on stanchions reduced the mean colony forming units (CFU) of all vehicles by 42.7% in the mean CFU (0.573 (CI 95% 0.453-0.726), p-value < 0.001) compared to control surfaces. The three Cu products exhibited an overall 87.1% reduction in the mean ATPB readings (0.129 (CI 95% 0.059-0.285, p-value < 0.001) compared to controls. Surface Cu concentration for all three products was consistent throughout the 12-month period. Electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) cross-sectional analysis showed no change in thickness or dealloying of Cu products, however SEM top-down analysis revealed substantial carbon accumulation on all surfaces. Cu products installed on transit vehicles maintained antimicrobial efficacy and durability after 12 months of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa C Williams
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Edouard Asselin
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tony Mazzulli
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tracey Woznow
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hadi Hamzeh
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Davood Nahkaie
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Biljana Stojkova
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Richard Dixon
- Community & Healthcare Acquired Infection Reduction (CHAIR), Vancouver, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Bryce
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marthe Charles
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Vancouver General Hospital, 1116 - 855 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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Ly YT, Leuko S, Moeller R. An overview of the bacterial microbiome of public transportation systems-risks, detection, and countermeasures. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1367324. [PMID: 38528857 PMCID: PMC10961368 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1367324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
When we humans travel, our microorganisms come along. These can be harmless but also pathogenic, and are spread by touching surfaces or breathing aerosols in the passenger cabins. As the pandemic with SARS-CoV-2 has shown, those environments display a risk for infection transmission. For a risk reduction, countermeasures such as wearing face masks and distancing were applied in many places, yet had a significant social impact. Nevertheless, the next pandemic will come and additional countermeasures that contribute to the risk reduction are needed to keep commuters safe and reduce the spread of microorganisms and pathogens, but also have as little impact as possible on the daily lives of commuters. This review describes the bacterial microbiome of subways around the world, which is mainly characterized by human-associated genera. We emphasize on healthcare-associated ESKAPE pathogens within public transport, introduce state-of-the art methods to detect common microbes and potential pathogens such as LAMP and next-generation sequencing. Further, we describe and discuss possible countermeasures that could be deployed in public transportation systems, as antimicrobial surfaces or air sterilization using plasma. Commuting in public transport can harbor risks of infection. Improving the safety of travelers can be achieved by effective detection methods, microbial reduction systems, but importantly by hand hygiene and common-sense hygiene guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralf Moeller
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
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Photodynamic inactivation of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated onto stainless steel or polyurethane surfaces. Food Microbiol 2023; 110:104174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Eckl DB, Landgraf N, Hoffmann AK, Eichner A, Huber H, Bäumler W. Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacteria in Ionic Environments Using the Photosensitizer SAPYR and the Chelator Citrate. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:716-731. [PMID: 36004389 DOI: 10.1111/php.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Many studies show that photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a powerful tool for the fight against pathogenic, multi-resistant bacteria and the closing of hygiene gaps. However, PDI studies have been frequently performed under standardized in vitro conditions comprising artificial laboratory settings. Under real life conditions, however, PDI encounters substances like ions, proteins, amino acids, and fatty acids, potentially hampering the efficacy PDI to an unpredictable extent. Thus, we investigated PDI with the phenalene-1-one based photosensitizer SAPYR against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of calcium or magnesium ions, which are ubiquitous in potential fields of PDI applications like in tap water or on tissue surfaces. The addition of citrate should elucidate the potential as a chelator. The results indicate that PDI is clearly affected by such ubiquitous ions depending on its concentration and the type of bacteria. The application of citrate enhanced PDI especially for Gram-negative bacteria at certain ionic concentrations (e.g. CaCl2 or MgCl2 : 7.5 to 75 mmol l-1 ). Citrate also improved PDI efficacy in tap water (especially for Gram-negative bacteria) and synthetic sweat solution (especially for Gram-positive bacteria). In conclusion, the use of chelating agents like citrate may facilitate the application of PDI under real life conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Eckl
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg.,University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Dermatology, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg
| | - Nicole Landgraf
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg
| | - Anja K Hoffmann
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg
| | - Anja Eichner
- University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Dermatology, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg
| | - Harald Huber
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg
| | - Wolfgang Bäumler
- University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Dermatology, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg
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