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Juperi RNAA, Goh HP, Rehman IU, Lee KS, Ming LC, Hermansyah A. Evaluating healthcare professionals' perceptions of dispensing separation and sale of pharmacy medicine in Brunei Darussalam. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:101. [PMID: 37620839 PMCID: PMC10463969 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacy medicine (P) is obtained exclusively from a pharmacy under the supervision of a pharmacist. This study aims to understand the perception of healthcare professionals towards the dispensing separation, as well as the dispensing of pharmacy medicine by community pharmacies to enhance patient health outcomes in Brunei Darussalam. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted between 1st March 2023 and 20th April 2023 among healthcare professionals. A newly designed and validated questionnaire was used. Its face and content validity, along with internal consistency, was adequately established. Convenient sampling was employed to recruit participants for the study. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA was performed, considering a p-value < 0.05 as statistically significant. RESULTS The study compiled data from 108 participants, comprising doctors (38.9%) and pharmacy technicians (45.4%). Approximately 28.7% of respondents had 11-20 years of healthcare experience, while 25.9% had less than 5 years. Nearly all respondents (98.1%) agreed on the vital role pharmacists and pharmacy technicians play in prescription checks. A significant number of participants (93.5%) agreed that Brunei's current medicine dispensing system needs improvement. The mean total score for the perception of medicine dispensing in Brunei was 3.79 ± 1.103. A statistically significant difference was found between the perception score and the respondents' profession (p = 0.018), but not with their age, experience, or place of work. Respondents' awareness score showed no statistically significant correlation with their profession, age, experience, or place of work. CONCLUSION The study underscores the necessity for more patient-centered care in community pharmacies in Brunei Darussalam. The country's healthcare professionals should recognize the potential advantages of expanding pharmacy services. However, to implement these services successfully, regulatory restrictions and infrastructure limitations must be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Poh Goh
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei.
| | - Inayat Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Kah Seng Lee
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Andi Hermansyah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
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Narang P, Garg V, Sharma A. Regulatory, safety and economic considerations of over-the-counter medicines in the Indian population. DISCOVER HEALTH SYSTEMS 2023; 2:17. [PMID: 37251102 PMCID: PMC10201516 DOI: 10.1007/s44250-023-00032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Background and purpose of review Over-the-counter (OTC) medication has been an integral component of an established health care system but their easy accessibility might pose significant risks. This review has attempted to highlight the present scenario of OTC utilization in India, regarding standard practices followed globally. An attempt has also been made to highlight the lifecycle of a prescription and OTC medicine and the benefits and regulatory process involved in the prescription-to-OTC switch. Findings A paradigm shift has been observed in self-medication practice with OTC medicines in recent times and has become a widespread practice worldwide. Numerous key drivers, such as increasing consumer awareness, broader consumer access to essential medication, and socio-economic benefits to the public health care system, have advocated this practice. On the other hand, self-medication using OTC is also inextricably linked with inevitable risks such as excessive drug dosage, polypharmacy, drug abuse, and drug interactions. Nevertheless, these issues could be further regulated by employing a defined OTC framework. The government of India has recognized the utmost need to develop a robust policy framework for the effective utilization of OTC drugs. Also, various initiatives toward modifying existing laws or developing new OTC drug policies has been taken. Conclusion Prioritizing the utmost safety of the consumers and evident need of strong regulatory framework with respect to OTC drugs, the term "OTC" has been recommended as a distinct category of drugs by Government of India. This review has highlighted various factors that can play an essential role in OTC utilization and can be considered during policy reformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Narang
- Medical Affairs, Haleon (Formerly GSK Consumer Healthcare Pte Ltd.), 10th Floor, One Horizon Center, Golf Course Road, DLF Phase 5, Gurugram, Haryana 122002 India
| | - Vandana Garg
- Medical Affairs, Haleon (Formerly GSK Consumer Healthcare Pte Ltd.), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Atul Sharma
- Medical Affairs, Haleon (Formerly GSK Consumer Healthcare Pte Ltd.), 10th Floor, One Horizon Center, Golf Course Road, DLF Phase 5, Gurugram, Haryana 122002 India
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Mirdad OA, Esheba GE, Mousa AH, Nukaly HY, Alhindi YZ, Hariri NH, Ayoub N, Alsanosi SM. Over-the-Counter Medication Use among Parents in Saudi Arabia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20021193. [PMID: 36673949 PMCID: PMC9858867 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Self-medication is a growing public health concern worldwide. Studies have shown a gap between best practice and the current practice of using over-the-counter (OTC) medications. Despite being a well-recognised problem in Saudi Arabia, few studies have investigated OTC medication use in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the attitudes and knowledge of parents regarding OTC medication use in the Jeddah region, Saudi Arabia. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out via an electronic questionnaire sent randomly to parents over four months, from 1 January to 30 April 2022. The participants’ characteristics and categorical variables were represented descriptively by frequency and percentage. A Chi-square test was used to test the relationship between the variables. Results: In total, 211 questionnaires were included in this study. Females represented 54.5% of the participants included in the study. Parents belonging to the 18-to-30-year-old group comprised the highest percentage (37.9%), and most of the parents (72.9%) had received an undergraduate education. Family physicians were the most common source (37.3%) of information about OTC medications, whereas more than half of parents purchased OTC medications from the community pharmacy (58.8%). While almost half of the parents (52.1%) visited a family physician when side effects of OTC medications appeared in their children, only (33.6%) stopped giving their children the OTC medicine. The relationship between the sociodemographic characteristics (including educational level, marital status, and employment status) and OTC drug consumption was significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Educational campaigns are needed to guide patients about the proper use of OTC medications. Studies on OTC medication use are lacking in Saudi Arabia in terms of its frequency, reasons for use, type of self-medication, and contributing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola A. Mirdad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24375, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada E. Esheba
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24375, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H. Mousa
- College of Medicine and Surgery, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Houriah Y. Nukaly
- College of Medicine and Surgery, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yosra Z. Alhindi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24375, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahla H. Hariri
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm AlQura University, Makkah 24375, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahla Ayoub
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24375, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safaa M. Alsanosi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24375, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Anis MS, Tan ML. Exploring OTC drug consumers’ perception towards online shopping and digital marketing through qualitative interviews: A sample from Malaysia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/20479700.2022.2163865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Saleem Anis
- Discipline of Social & Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mei Lan Tan
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Muhammad Haskani NH, Ming LC, Dhaliwal JS, Wee DVT, Goh BH, Ali M, Shaharuddin S, Goh KW, Goh HP. Diabetes Mellitus and Its Therapy in Brunei Darussalam - A Critical Revisit. Patient Prefer Adherence 2023; 17:1131-1136. [PMID: 37124833 PMCID: PMC10132290 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s366152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetes is becoming an increasingly common condition across the world including Brunei Darussalam. Bruneian population, although is relatively small, represents a miniature urban community of neighbouring Southeast Asian countries as they share similar dietary and ethnicity patterns. Thus, it would be valuable to examine the findings of studies conducted among Bruneians. This study aimed to identify and review research related to the practice of patients with DM in Brunei Darussalam in order to identify associated factors influencing diabetic medication knowledge and adherence. Methods This narrative review analyzed literature related to DM and its therapy in Brunei Darussalam. Other issues consisting of knowledge and adherence related to DM were also explored. Databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar) were used to search literature published up to May 2022. Search terms "diabetes mellitus", "Brunei" combined using Boolean operator were used. Results and Discussion Conducting appropriate studies in Brunei Darussalam can benefit the government and policymakers to implement effective measures and programmes to combat the diabetes epidemic. Despite the government's efforts, additional relevant stakeholders must be included in order to work together and engage in these initiatives in order to increase diabetes awareness, give people the power to make healthy decisions, and ultimately reduce the prevalence of diabetes in Brunei Darussalam. Patients' medication knowledge proficiency plays a main component of ensuring appropriate and safe use of medication prescribed to them. Conclusion Relatively poor medication knowledge and inappropriate diabetes-related practices were observed in studies conducted in Brunei Darussalam. However, no study has been done which directly measures both medication awareness and compliance among Brunei Darussalam T2DM patients. Future studies can focus on the relation between these two factors in different geographical locations of the world that are characterized by different diabetes-related practices and culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jagjit Singh Dhaliwal
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Daniel Vui Teck Wee
- Pharmacy Department, Suri Seri Begawan Hospital, Ministry of Health, Belait, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Majid Ali
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Al Bukayriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shazwani Shaharuddin
- Pharmacy Department, Suri Seri Begawan Hospital, Ministry of Health, Belait, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Hui Poh Goh
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
- Correspondence: Hui Poh Goh, PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam, Email
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Zhang Z, Ge P, Yan M, Niu Y, Liu D, Xiong P, Li Q, Zhang J, Yu W, Sun X, Liu Z, Wu Y. Self-Medication Behaviors of Chinese Residents and Consideration Related to Drug Prices and Medical Insurance Reimbursement When Self-Medicating: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13754. [PMID: 36360638 PMCID: PMC9656509 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication has become a common phenomenon. Economic factors are important factors that affect the self-medication of residents. This study aimed to investigate the current status of self-medication behaviors in China and explored the related factors affecting considerations associated with medical insurance reimbursement or drug price in self-medication. METHODS A national cross-sectional investigation was conducted among Chinese people over 18 years old under a multi-stage sampling method through a questionnaire, which includes demographic sociological characteristics, self-medication behaviors and scales. The Chi-square test was used to analyze whether the respondents consider medical insurance reimbursement or drug price as an important factor when purchasing over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Logistic regression was used to examine the associated factors of considering medical insurance reimbursement or drug price. RESULTS In total, 9256 respondents were included in this study; 37.52% of the respondents regarded drug prices as an important consideration, and 28.53% of the respondents attached great importance to medical insurance reimbursement. Elderly respondents who lived in the central region, had medical insurance, and had lower levels of health literacy were more likely to consider the medical insurance reimbursement, while respondents with high monthly family income as well as students were less likely to consider the same issue (p < 0.05). Respondents settled in the central and western regions, students, those without fixed occupations, those who suffered from chronic diseases, or those with lower health literacy were more likely to consider drug prices, while the respondents with bachelor degrees, urban population and high per capita monthly income were less likely to consider the drug prices (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Self-medication behaviors with OTC drugs were prevalent in China, and consideration factors of medical insurance reimbursement or drug prices were related to socio-demographic characteristics and health literacy. There is a need to take measures to reduce the economic burden of self-medication, improve the health literacy of residents and strengthen public health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Pu Ge
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Mengyao Yan
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Yuyao Niu
- Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Diyue Liu
- International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Ping Xiong
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Qiyu Li
- School of Humanities and Management, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Jinzi Zhang
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Wenli Yu
- School of Foreign Languages, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang 262700, China
| | - Xinying Sun
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhizhong Liu
- School of Finance and Trade, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Yibo Wu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards the Use of Over-the-Counter Medicines: An Online Survey among Bruneian Adults amid the COVID-19 Pandemic. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14159033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Globally, self-medication has increased, where 25% of adults use OTC medicines. This research is intended to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding OTC medicines among adults in Brunei Darussalam. An online cross-sectional survey was performed using a questionnaire adapted from similar research conducted among students in Brunei Darussalam. A total of 364 responses were collected, where the median age of the study participants was 23 years. The mean knowledge score was 7.3 out of 9, with most respondents (77.7%) having good knowledge of OTC medicines. Almost all (92.9%) showed a positive attitude towards OTC use. A statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) was observed in attitude scores between age groups and education levels. Most of the study participants (88.2%) have practiced self-medication with OTC medicines, mainly due to their easy accessibility (79.4%). A small number practiced improper habits, such as consuming more than the recommended dose (6.0%) and not checking the expiry date (0.5%). The practice of self-medicating with OTC medicines can be advantageous when patients fully know the medications and nature of their disease. Knowledge of proper OTC medicine use among adults in Brunei Darussalam is essential to avoid improper user practices and potential health hazards associated with the misuse of medications.
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Nakajima R, Morita N, Watanabe F, Kosuge Y. Association Between Inappropriate Use of Over-The-Counter Drugs for Allergic Rhinitis and Side Effects on the Central Nervous system-a Cross-Sectional Survey. Patient Prefer Adherence 2022; 16:3111-3118. [PMID: 36419583 PMCID: PMC9677884 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s388226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Antihistamine over-the-counter (OTC) drugs for allergic rhinitis are widely used and cause central nervous system side effects. Most available data on anti-allergic drugs are on controlled usage. It is necessary to investigate the occurrence of side effects in the context of self-medication to avoid inappropriate use. We aimed to clarify the association between the usage of OTC anti-allergic drugs and central nervous system side effects. PATIENTS AND METHODS An online, anonymous, cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire. People who had used OTC anti-allergic drugs in the year prior to the study were recruited. To assess the association between inappropriate drug use and the occurrence of side effects, a binary logistics regression analysis was performed according to three dosage forms (oral only, nasal only, and oral and nasal combined use). RESULTS Somnolence was experienced by 59.1% of the participants using the OTC drug for allergic rhinitis. Using logistic regression analysis, "drug use exceeding the upper limit" was seen to be associated with side effects in only oral (Somnolence: OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.17-1.70; Dull head: OR=1.41, 95% CI = 1.16-1.70; Loss of concentration: OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.04-1.49) and oral and nasal combined use groups (Somnolence: OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.04-1.71; Dull head: OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.15-1.89; Loss of concentration: OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.19-1.91). Furthermore, "expired drug use" was associated with side effects in the nasal spray-only group (Somnolence: OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.07-1.60; Dull head: OR =1.25, 95% CI = 1.02-1.53; Loss of concentration: OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.00-1.54). CONCLUSION Inappropriate use was common among users of OTC allergic rhinitis drugs. Differences in side effects depending on the dosage form used were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Nakajima
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
- Correspondence: Rie Nakajima, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Tel +81 47 465 7389, Fax +81 47 465 7389, Email
| | - Nana Morita
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Kosuge
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
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