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Tibeica SC, Virvescu DI, Lupu IC, Budala DG, Luchian I, Tibeica A, Surlari Z, Carausu EM. Patients' Satisfaction Regarding Oral Healthcare Services in the North-East Region of Romania: A Preliminary Questionnaire Survey. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1195. [PMID: 38921309 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12121195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This research addresses a gap in the literature by conducting a comprehensive analysis of patients' level of satisfaction with dental care. METHODS By combining quantitative and qualitative survey methods with a PSQ, this study aims to augment ongoing initiatives to enhance dental patients' experiences by painting a more comprehensive depiction of patients' level of satisfaction. RESULTS When asked about their overall level of satisfaction 77.1% of the patients said that they received excellent services from office personnel and 72.2% said they trust their doctors. CONCLUSIONS Assessing patient satisfaction in the realm of dental service quality is crucial for enhancing service quality and accuracy, which would benefit both patients and dentists and, ultimately, improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviu Catalin Tibeica
- Department of Health Management, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Dragoș Ioan Virvescu
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaşi, Romania
| | - Iulian Costin Lupu
- Department of Health Management, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Dana Gabriela Budala
- Department of Dentures, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaşi, Romania
| | - Ionut Luchian
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andreea Tibeica
- Department of Implantology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Zinovia Surlari
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaşi, Romania
| | - Elena Mihaela Carausu
- Department of Health Management, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Huang CY, Lee PC, Chen LH. Exploring Consumers' Negative Electronic Word-of-Mouth of 5 Military Hospitals in Taiwan Through SERVQUAL and Flower of Services: Web Scraping Analysis. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e54334. [PMID: 38809602 PMCID: PMC11170038 DOI: 10.2196/54334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, with the widespread use of the internet, the influence of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) has been increasingly recognized, particularly the significance of negative eWOM, which has surpassed positive eWOM in importance. Such reviews play a pivotal role in research related to service industry management, particularly in intangible service sectors such as hospitals, where they have become a reference point for improving service quality. OBJECTIVE This study comprehensively collected negative eWOM from 5 military hospitals in Taiwan that were at or above the level of regional teaching hospitals. It aimed to investigate service quality issues before and after the pandemic. The findings provide important references for formulating strategies to improve service quality. METHODS In this study, we used web scraping techniques to gather 1259 valid negative eWOM, covering the period from the inception of the first review to December 31, 2022. These reviews were categorized using content analysis based on the modified Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry service quality (PZB SERVQUAL) scale and Flower of Services. Statistical data analysis was conducted to investigate the performance of service quality. RESULTS The annual count of negative reviews for each hospital has exhibited a consistent upward trajectory over the years, with a more pronounced increase following the onset of the pandemic. In the analysis, among the 5 dimensions of PZB SERVQUAL framework, the "Assurance" dimension yielded the least favorable results, registering a negative review rate as high as 58.3%. Closely trailing, the "Responsiveness" dimension recorded a negative review rate of 34.2%. When evaluating the service process, the subitem "In Service: Diagnosis/Examination/Medical/Hospitalization" exhibited the least satisfactory performance, with a negative review rate of 46.2%. This was followed by the subitem "In Service: Pre-diagnosis Waiting," which had a negative review rate of 20.2%. To evaluate the average scores of negative reviews before and during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, independent sample t tests (2-tailed) were used. The analysis revealed statistically significant differences (P<.001). Furthermore, an ANOVA was conducted to investigate whether the length of the negative reviews impacted their ratings, which also showed significant differences (P=.01). CONCLUSIONS Before and during the pandemic, there were significant differences in evaluating hospital services, and a higher word count in negative reviews indicated greater dissatisfaction with the service. Therefore, it is recommended that hospitals establish more comprehensive service quality management mechanisms, carefully respond to negative reviews, and categorize significant service deficiencies as critical events to prevent a decrease in overall service quality. Furthermore, during the service process, customers are particularly concerned about the attitude and responsiveness of health care personnel in the treatment process. Therefore, hospitals should enhance training and management in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yuan Huang
- Department of Marketing Management, SHU-TE University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- General Education Center, R.O.C Naval Academy, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Long-Hui Chen
- Department of Business Management, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Değer MS, İşsever H. Service Quality and Related Factors in Primary Health Care Services: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:965. [PMID: 38786377 PMCID: PMC11121297 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12100965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary health care services aim to prevent diseases and improve health efficiently and effectively. This study measures perceived service quality in a primary healthcare organization and examines the effect of personality traits on service quality. The cross-sectional study population comprised individuals over the age of 18 who applied to the Bingöl Central Community Health Centre. A total of 460 participants were included in the study between November 2018 and March 2019. The participants completed a face-to-face questionnaire that included socio-demographic characteristics, the SERVQUAL Scale, and an abbreviated form of the revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. This study is based on doctoral research in public health. The study found median values for personality trait sub-dimensions as follows: neuroticism: 2, psychoticism: 2.65, extraversion: 4, and lying: 5. The SERVQUAL Score was -0.02. The study revealed that the quality of primary health care services did not meet the participants' expectations. The study findings also indicated that age, educational attainment, and extraverted and psychotic personality traits were significantly associated with the satisfaction of service quality expectations (p < 0.05). It is recommended to provide primary health care services in facilities with good physical characteristics, with sufficient and competent health personnel, and in a timely and accurate manner to improve service quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Sait Değer
- Department of Public Health, Medical Faculty, Hitit University, 19030 Corum, Türkiye
| | - Halim İşsever
- . Department of Public Health, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Türkiye;
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Ghavami V, Ghiyasi KA, Kokabi-Saghi F, Shabanikiya H. Patients' Satisfaction With Physiotherapy Services of Red Cross Physical Rehabilitation Services and Related Factors: A Case Study of Afghanistan. J Patient Exp 2024; 11:23743735241241182. [PMID: 38524388 PMCID: PMC10958791 DOI: 10.1177/23743735241241182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Patient satisfaction is essential to the patient-centered approach in health services delivery, but little is known about satisfaction with physiotherapy services in Afghanistan. This study evaluated patients' satisfaction with physiotherapy services and related factors in this country. This study was conducted on 420 recipients of a physiotherapy center in Afghanistan. A questionnaire was used to collect data that measured satisfaction in 4 dimensions: treatment process, logistics, organizational factors, and overall. The scale of the questionnaire was 5-point Likert. The highest possible score was 100. Statistics methods included Spearman's correlation coefficient, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests for univariate analysis, and Linear Regression for multivariate analysis. The average overall satisfaction score was 84.82 ± 13.24. Among the demographic variables, the relationship between education level and overall satisfaction score was significant. The findings of the linear regression model showed that the 3 dimensions of satisfaction, including the treatment process, logistics, and organizational factors, had statistically significant relationships with overall satisfaction. The level of satisfaction was high in all dimensions. To maximize satisfaction, reducing waiting time and better communication with patients, as components of logistics and organizational factors, are suggested. Patients also need to receive feedback from physiotherapists that are an essential components of the treatment process dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Ghavami
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Ahmad Ghiyasi
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kokabi-Saghi
- Department of Management Sciences and Health Economics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Shabanikiya
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Choi J, Kim JW, Lee YS, Tae JH, Choi SY, Chang IH, Kim JH. Availability of ChatGPT to provide medical information for patients with kidney cancer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1542. [PMID: 38233511 PMCID: PMC10794224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
ChatGPT is an advanced natural language processing technology that closely resembles human language. We evaluated whether ChatGPT could help patients understand kidney cancer and replace consultations with urologists. Two urologists developed ten questions commonly asked by patients with kidney cancer. The answers to these questions were produced using ChatGPT. The five-dimension SERVQUAL model was used to assess the service quality of ChatGPT. The survey was distributed to 103 urologists via email, and twenty-four urological oncologists specializing in kidney cancer were included as experts with more than 20 kidney cancer cases in clinic per month. All respondents were physicians. We received 24 responses to the email survey (response rate: 23.3%). The appropriateness rate for all ten answers exceeded 60%. The answer to Q2 received the highest agreement (91.7%, etiology of kidney cancer), whereas the answer to Q8 had the lowest (62.5%, comparison with other cancers). The experts gave low assessment ratings (44.4% vs. 93.3%, p = 0.028) in the SERVQUAL assurance (certainty of total answers) dimension. Positive scores for the overall understandability of ChatGPT answers were assigned by 54.2% of responders, and 70.8% said that ChatGPT could not replace explanations provided by urologists. Our findings affirm that although ChatGPT answers to kidney cancer questions are generally accessible, they should not supplant the counseling of a urologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joongwon Choi
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Wook Kim
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Seong Lee
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Tae
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se Young Choi
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Ho Chang
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Kim
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, 110 Deokan-Ro, Gwangmyeong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14353, South Korea.
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Msacky RF. Quality of health service in the local government authorities in Tanzania: a perspective of the healthcare seekers from Dodoma City and Bahi District councils. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:81. [PMID: 38229095 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-10381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improvement and access to quality healthcare are a global agenda. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG-3) is committed to ensuring good health and well-being of the people by 2030. However, this commitment heavily depends on joint efforts by local authorities and the immediate service providers to communities. This paper is set to inform the status of health service provision in local authorities in Tanzania using the determinants for quality health services in Dodoma City and Bahi District. METHODS A cross-sectional research design was employed to collect data from 400 households in the Local Government Authorities. The five-service quality (SERVQUAL) dimensions of Parasuraman were adopted to gauge the quality of service in public healthcare facilities. Descriptive statistics were used to compute the frequency and mean of the demographic information and the quality of health services, respectively. A binary logistic regression model was used to establish the influence of the demographic dimensions on the quality of health services. FINDINGS The findings revealed that quality health services have not been realised for healthcare seekers. Further, the area of residence, education, and occupation are significantly associated with the perceived quality of health service delivery in the Local Government Authorities. CONCLUSION The healthcare facilities under the LGAs offer services whose quality is below the healthcare seekers' expectations. The study recommends that the Local Government Authorities in Tanzania strengthen the monitoring and evaluation of health service delivery in public healthcare facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Msacky
- Department of Business Administration, College of Business Education, P.O Box 2077, Dodoma, Tanzania.
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Dai J, Lyu F, Yu L, Zhou Z, He Y. Medical service quality evaluation based on LDA and sentiment analysis: Examples of seven chronic diseases. Digit Health 2024; 10:20552076241233864. [PMID: 38465296 PMCID: PMC10921859 DOI: 10.1177/20552076241233864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective In this article, we investigate how chronic noncommunicable disease (CND) patients evaluate the medical service, and what obstacles exist in this process, which is useful for hospitals to improve efficiency and enhance patient satisfaction. Methods Based on the total number of CND patients in China, 7 CNDs were selected as the evaluation objects, and then selected the Haodaifu website as the data source, crawled 15,682 medical service reviews, then the 9 themes were analyzed by the LDA theme model. The evaluation index system of six indicators was constructed based on quality management theory. The binary long short-term memory model was used to analyze the sentiment, and the entropy-valued, TOPSIS and gray correlation model was implemented for medical service quality evaluation; the barrier model was used to find out the key factors limiting medical services. Results (a) Hypertension was rated at a good level in the degree of gray correlation closeness, bronchitis was rated at a low level and the rest were at an intermediate level. (b) The first two overall barriers were the hospitalization process and registration services which occupy about 30%, respectively. This implies that hospitals should focus on providing registration services and inpatient settings in the future. Conclusion To promote hospitals to provide better services for patients with CNDs and improve patient satisfaction with medical care. And it is necessary to optimize medical services fundamentally by optimizing the inpatient process and improving the registration process to improve efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dai
- Faculty of Management and Economics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Fang Lyu
- Faculty of Management and Economics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Yu
- Faculty of Management and Economics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zixuan Zhou
- Faculty of Management and Economics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunyu He
- Department of Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Liu S, Zhang Y. Designing a doctor evaluation index system for an online medical platform based on the information system success model in China. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1185036. [PMID: 37900027 PMCID: PMC10602723 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1185036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective In the context of "internet + medical health" and emphasis on evaluation mechanism for medical and health talents in China, we design an evaluation index system for doctors on online medical platforms by synthesizing two patterns of existing online medical platforms, which is the first step to enhance the capabilities of doctors on online medical platforms. Methods Based on the doctor evaluation model integrating information systems success model (ISS-DE model) and grounded theory, the evaluation indicators were obtained through expert interviews, offline medical institutions investigation, online platforms investigation, and literature research, and were assigned weights using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. A working group composed of 23 experts was set up to review and determine the competency standards of doctors on the online medical platforms. Results A new indicator framework covering 3 dimensions of system quality, service quality and information quality was constructed in this study. The index system included 3 first-level indicators, 8 s-level indicators and 60 third-level indicators, and each indicator was given different weightage. Conclusion The complete index system constructed by the Delphi method in this study is suitable for China's online medical platforms, which will help to improve the quality of platforms and the ability of doctors, thus promoting the process of internet medical integration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunqiu Zhang
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Yan M, Zhi M, Xu Y, Hu L, Liu Y. Inpatient Satisfaction with Nursing Care and Its Impact Factors in Chinese Tertiary Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16523. [PMID: 36554403 PMCID: PMC9778790 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the level of patient satisfaction with nursing care in China's major tertiary hospitals, and to explore patient and hospital level factors associated with patient satisfaction, in order to provide policy implications for the evaluation and improvement of nursing care, toward a patient-centered healthcare system. BACKGROUND Patient satisfaction with nursing care has been designated as a key measure of the quality of nursing care and is one of the main focuses of the current healthcare improvement campaign in China. METHODS We participated in the 2021 China National Patient Survey and designed and administered a survey instrument with five domains, to evaluate patient satisfaction with nursing care among 24,971 inpatients from 143 tertiary hospitals across 31 provinces in China. Descriptive analysis and binary logistic regressions were utilized to assess the level of satisfaction and identify key factors related to nursing satisfaction. RESULTS The overall satisfaction level is high, but satisfaction with health guidance is relatively low. Patients' sociodemographic characteristics, including age, income, and education, are significantly associated with their satisfaction. Hospital characteristics, such as geographic location, type, and nurse-to-doctor ratio, significantly impact inpatient satisfaction with nursing care. Patients of hospitals in the eastern region, general hospitals, and hospitals with higher nurse-to-doctor ratios are more satisfied with nursing care. CONCLUSION More attention should be paid to equitably allocating healthcare resources among different regions, improving the management and competence of non-general hospitals, and strengthening the recruitment and retention of the nursing workforce. Moreover, patient characteristics should be considered when evaluating patient satisfaction across hospitals. Patient and Public Contribution: These findings will help us better understand patients' satisfaction regarding nursing care in Chinese tertiary hospitals and develop targeted interventions, to establish a patient-centered healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Linlin Hu
- Correspondence: (L.H.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-13661229049 (L.H.); +86-13522592907 (Y.L.)
| | - Yuanli Liu
- Correspondence: (L.H.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-13661229049 (L.H.); +86-13522592907 (Y.L.)
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Malathi A, Jasim K. Validating the relationship between service quality, patient sensitivity and experience towards medical applications using SERVQUAL. Int J Med Inform 2022; 168:104883. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Nguyen BQ, Nguyen CTT. An Assessment of Outpatient Satisfaction with Hospital Pharmacy Quality and Influential Factors in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10101945. [PMID: 36292392 PMCID: PMC9601799 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10101945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aims to evaluate outpatient satisfaction (OS) with health insurance drug dispensing at the central hospital in Vietnam and to explore the influential factors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on adult outpatients via an adjusted SERVQUAL questionnaire. The questionnaire's internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) and construct validity (exploratory factor analysis) were considered. The difference between groups was solved using a t-test or ANOVA-test. The multiple-regression analysis determined the influence levels of each factor. A p-value less than 0.05 was statistically significant. A total of 210 participants participated, with most being over 55 years old, female, with a high school education, and freelancers. The mean general satisfaction score was 3.42 (SD = 0.79). The reliability obtained the highest satisfaction score, and the guarantee was the lowest. The final questionnaire, including five factors (reliability, responsiveness, assurance, sympathy, and tangible) with 26 observational variables, had an internal consistency reliability and construct validity. These five factors had a statistically significant correlation and influence on the general satisfaction of the outpatients. The reliability factor had the strongest influence, and assurance had the weakest. Training staff about communication, counseling, and consolidating the facilities are the core solutions for increasing OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binh Quoc Nguyen
- Pharmacy Department, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Cuc Thi Thu Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Management and Economics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi City 100000, Vietnam
- Correspondence:
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