Association of Sleep Duration and Self-Reported Insomnia Symptoms with Metabolic Syndrome Components among Middle-Aged and Older Adults

Association of Insomnia, Lipid Profile, and Lipid-Lowering Medications: A Narrative Review

Sleep is a fundamental phenomenon that helps maintain normal physiological processes. Conversely, sleep disorders, usually presented as insomnia, are a common public health problem that can lead to multiple pathophysiological changes in humans, including lipid metabolic abnormality. Interestingly, several previous studies have examined the potential relation of insomnia to metabolic syndrome and hyperlipidemia and found that insomnia was associated with elevated plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. This review summarizes evidence regarding the linkage between insomnia and lipid abnormalities. Moreover, the underlying physiologic mechanisms linking insomnia to lipid abnormalities are systemically discussed. Finally, issues with lipid-lowering drugs and the risk of insomnia are also presented. This knowledge can improve our understanding of the pathophysiological features of insomnia, which may help to prevent and treat insomnia-induced dyslipidemia clinically.

Insomnia, Short Sleep, and Their Treatments: Review of Their Associations with Weight

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Insomnia and short sleep have been linked with weight gain and obesity. However, these findings have not been consistent across studies. We review recent evidence for the association between insomnia, short sleep, and weight gain, as well as the relationship between behavioral and pharmacological treatments for sleep and weight.

RECENT FINDINGS

The relationship between insomnia and obesity is mixed, with stronger associations between insomnia with short sleep and obesity than other presentations of insomnia. Short sleep is associated with weight gain. Z-drugs and benzodiazapines do not appear to impact weight, but many antidepressants and antipsychotics that are used for insomnia treatment do cause weight gain. The relationships between insomnia and short sleep with weight gain and obesity are inconsistent. More prospective trials are needed to identify mediators and moderators of this relationship to better develop and deliver effective interventions for both sleep and weight problems.

Associations between Components of Metabolic Syndrome and Demographic, Nutritional, and Lifestyle Factors

Objectives

To evaluate the associations between individuals with and without changes in components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and demographic, nutritional, and lifestyle factors.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted with 224 individuals followed-up at a public hospital in Northeast Brazil. We used National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP) criteria to diagnose MetS. We assessed components of MetS as dependent variables, while sex, age, food consumption, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, anthropometric parameters, and sleep hours were independent variables.

Results

Comparing individuals with and without changes in components of MetS, the logistic regression models revealed that female sex was predictive of increased waist circumference and low HDL-c levels while advanced age was predictive of increased blood pressure and blood glucose levels. BMI emerged as a predictor for waist circumference and a protective factor for triglyceride levels. In addition, potassium intake, physical activity, and sleep duration were protective against decreased HDL-c, elevated triglyceride, and elevated blood pressure levels, respectively.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that sex, age, BMI, dietary potassium intake, physical activity, and hours of sleep are factors to be targeted in public health actions for prevention and treatment of MetS.

Nonrestorative sleep is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome in the general Japanese population

BACKGROUND

This longitudinal study aimed to investigate the effects of nonrestorative sleep on developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) and related diseases in a general Japanese middle-aged population.

METHODS

Overall, 83,224 adults without MetS (mean age: 51.5 ± 3.5 years) from the Health Insurance Association in Japan were followed up for a maximum of 8 years between 2011 and 2019. The Cox proportional hazard method was used to determine whether nonrestorative sleep, assessed using a single-item question, was significantly associated with the respective development of MetS, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. The MetS criteria were adopted by the Examination Committee for Criteria of Metabolic Syndrome in Japan.

RESULTS

The mean follow-up duration was 6.0 years. The incidence rate of MetS was 50.1 person-years/1,000 during the study period. Data suggested that nonrestorative sleep was associated with MetS (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-1.16) and other disorders, such as obesity (HR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.02-1.12), hypertension (HR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.04-1.11), and diabetes (HR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01-1.12) but not with dyslipidemia (HR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.97-1.03).

CONCLUSIONS

Nonrestorative sleep is associated with the development of MetS and many of its core components in the middle-aged Japanese population. Therefore, assessing nonrestorative sleep may help identify individuals at a risk of MetS development.

Association of coffee consumption pattern and metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and older adults: A cross-sectional study

Objectives

The association between coffee consumption and the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains inconsistent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between coffee intake and components of MetS.

Method

A cross-sectional survey including 1,719 adults was conducted in Guangdong, China. Data on age, gender, education level, marriage status, body mass index (BMI), current smoking and drinking status and breakfast habit, coffee consumption type, and daily servings were derived based on 2-day, 24-h recall. MetS were assessed according to the International Diabetes Federation definition. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to examine the association between the coffee consumption type, daily servings, and the components of MetS.

Results

Regardless of the coffee type, compared with non-coffee consumers, coffee consumers had higher odds ratios (ORs) of the elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) in both men [OR: 3.590; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 2.891-4.457] and women (OR: 3.590; 95% CI: 2.891-4.457). In women, the risk of elevated blood pressure (BP) was 0.553 times (OR: 0.553; 95% CI: 0.372-0.821, P = 0.004) for people who drank total coffee > 1 serving/day than for non-coffee drinkers.

Conclusion

In conclusion, regardless of type, coffee intake is associated with an increased prevalence of FBG in both men and women, but has a protective effect on hypertension only in women.