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Jankowski M, Rees VW. Awareness and use of nicotine pouches in a nationwide sample of adults in Poland. Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-155. [PMID: 39253305 PMCID: PMC11382348 DOI: 10.18332/tid/192522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nicotine pouches are a new type of nicotine-containing product that have been marketed in many countries worldwide, generating growing acceptance among consumers. The aim of this study was to assess factors associated with public awareness and use of nicotine pouches among adults in Poland. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a nationally representative sample of 1080 adults in Poland (February 2024). Awareness of nicotine pouches, history of use, current (past 30-day) use of nicotine pouches, as well as perception of harm was assessed using a purpose-designed questionnaire. RESULTS Awareness of nicotine pouches was reported by 24% of the sample, while 9.2% reported ever having used a nicotine pouch product, and 4.3% using a nicotine pouch in the past 30 days. Among all respondents, 60.7% perceived nicotine pouches as harmful as combustible cigarettes, 28.2% perceived nicotine pouches as less harmful, and 11% as more harmful than combustible cigarettes. In multivariable logistic regression model, women (adjusted odds ratio, AOR=1.40; 95% CI: 1.03-1.91; p<0.05), individuals aged <60 years (p<0.05), current tobacco smokers (AOR=2.59; 95% CI: 1.75-3.82; p<0.001), former tobacco smokers (AOR=1.53; 95% CI: 1.01-2.32; p<0.05) and ever users of e-cigarette or heated tobacco (AOR=2.90; 95% CI: 2.07-4.05; p<0.001) were more likely to declare that had ever heard of nicotine pouches. Moreover, individuals aged <60 years (p<0.05), occupationally active individuals (AOR=1.82; 95% CI: 1.01-3.31; p<0.05), current tobacco smokers (AOR=2.71; 95% CI: 1.48-4.97; p<0.01), and ever users of e-cigarette or heated tobacco (AOR=5.29; 95% CI: 2.96-9.44; p<0.001) were more likely to declare ever use of nicotine pouches. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first national data on public awareness and use (ever and current) of nicotine pouches in Poland. Young adults, current smokers, and ever e-cigarette and heated tobacco users are at higher risk of ever use of nicotine pouches, so policy interventions are needed to protect young people from nicotine pouch marketing and nicotine initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Jankowski
- Department of Population Health, School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vaughan W Rees
- Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
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Tian Y, Zhao L, Shen X, Shang S, Pan Y, Dong G, Huo W, Zhu D, Tang X. Self-assembled core-shell nanoparticles with embedded internal standards for SERS quantitative detection and identification of nicotine released from snus products. Front Chem 2024; 12:1348423. [PMID: 38601887 PMCID: PMC11005032 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1348423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a unique analytical technique with excellent performance in terms of sensitivity, non-destructive detection and resolution. However, due to the randomness and poor repeatability of hot spot distribution, SERS quantitative analysis is still challenging. Meanwhile, snus is a type of tobacco product that can release nicotine and other components in the mouth without burning, and the rapid detection technique based on SERS can reliably evaluate the amount of nicotine released from snus, which is of great significance for understanding its characteristics and regulating its components. Herein, the strategy was proposed to solve the feasibility of SERS quantitative detection based on self-assembled core-shell nanoparticles with embedded internal standards (EIS) due to EIS signal can effectively correct SERS signal fluctuations caused by different aggregation states and measurement conditions, thus allowing reliable quantitative SERS analysis of targets with different surface affinity. By means of process control, after the Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) were modified with 4-Mercaptobenzonitrile (4-MBN) as internal standard molecules, Ag shell with a certain thickness was grown on the surface of the AuNP@4-MBN, and then the Au@4-MBN@Ag NPs were used to regulate and control the assembly of liquid-liquid interface. The high-density nano-arrays assembled at the liquid-liquid interface ensure high reproducibility as SERS substrates, and which could be used for SERS detection of nicotine released from snus products. In addition, time-mapping research shows that this method can also be used to dynamically monitor the release of nicotine. Moreover, such destruction-free evaluation of the release of nicotine from snus products opens up new perspectives for further research about the impact of nicotinoids-related health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Tian
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shen
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Shanzhai Shang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Yonghua Pan
- Hongta Tobacco (Group) Co., Ltd., Yuxi, China
| | - Gaofeng Dong
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Wang Huo
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Donglai Zhu
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Xianghu Tang
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
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Dorotheo EU, Arora M, Banerjee A, Bianco E, Cheah NP, Dalmau R, Eissenberg T, Hasegawa K, Naidoo P, Nazir NT, Newby LK, Obeidat N, Skipalskyi A, Stępińska J, Willett J, Wang Y. Nicotine and Cardiovascular Health: When Poison is Addictive - a WHF Policy Brief. Glob Heart 2024; 19:14. [PMID: 38312998 PMCID: PMC10836189 DOI: 10.5334/gh.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Nicotine is universally recognized as the primary addictive substance fuelling the continued use of tobacco products, which are responsible for over 8 million deaths annually. In recent years, the popularity of newer recreational nicotine products has surged drastically in many countries, raising health and safety concerns. For decades, the tobacco industry has promoted the myth that nicotine is as harmless as caffeine. Nonetheless, evidence shows that nicotine is far from innocuous, even on its own. In fact, numerous studies have demonstrated that nicotine can harm multiple organs, including the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Tobacco and recreational nicotine products are commercialized in various types and forms, delivering varying levels of nicotine along with other toxic compounds. These products deliver nicotine in profiles that can initiate and perpetuate addiction, especially in young populations. Notably, some electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and heated tobacco products (HTP) can deliver concentrations of nicotine that are comparable to those of traditional cigarettes. Despite being regularly advertised as such, ENDS and HTP have demonstrated limited effectiveness as tobacco cessation aids in real-world settings. Furthermore, ENDS have also been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In contrast, nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) are proven to be safe and effective medications for tobacco cessation. NRTs are designed to release nicotine in a slow and controlled manner, thereby minimizing the potential for abuse. Moreover, the long-term safety of NRTs has been extensively studied and documented. The vast majority of tobacco and nicotine products available in the market currently contain nicotine derived from tobacco leaves. However, advancements in the chemical synthesis of nicotine have introduced an economically viable alternative source. The tobacco industry has been exploiting synthetic nicotine to circumvent existing tobacco control laws and regulations. The emergence of newer tobacco and recreational nicotine products, along with synthetic nicotine, pose a tangible threat to established tobacco control policies. Nicotine regulations need to be responsive to address these evolving challenges. As such, governments should regulate all tobacco and non-medical nicotine products through a global, comprehensive, and consistent approach in order to safeguard tobacco control progress in past decades.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amitava Banerjee
- University College London, United Kingdom
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Koji Hasegawa
- National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Japan
| | - Pamela Naidoo
- Heart and Stroke Foundation South Africa, South Africa
- University of the Western Cape, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - Janina Stępińska
- Department of Medical Communication, School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
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Tian Y, Zhao L, Pan Y, Li Z, Shen X, Zhang X, Tang X, Feng X, Huang X. The volatile release evaluation of nicotine from snus products under different storage conditions based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy technology. RSC Adv 2023; 13:23130-23137. [PMID: 37533785 PMCID: PMC10391323 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03977c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a highly sensitive analytical detection technique that provides unique chemical and structural information on target molecules. Snus is a type of tobacco product that can release nicotine and other components under certain humidity and temperature without burning, and the evaluation of its nicotine release under different storage conditions is very important for understanding its characteristics, regulating its components, and setting reasonable storage conditions. Herein, by means of an artificial climate box and suction extraction device, the volatile release evaluations of nicotine from snus products under different storage conditions were performed based on Fe3O4 microparticles coated with Au nanorods and Au nanoparticles (Fe3O4@AuNRsNPs) as SERS substrates combined with a capillary. The Fe3O4@AuNRsNPs assemblies can be fixed in the inner wall of the capillary with the aid of an external magnetic field, which improved the maneuverability of the SERS substrates. By comparing the intensities of the spectral peaks of the symmetrical breathing of the pyridine moiety of nicotine molecules with increasing temperature and humidity, which could significantly accelerate the volatile release of a small amount of nicotine, the nicotine release under different conditions could be evaluated. Based on this strategy, it was possible to obtain the storage or placement conditions of the product. The results of this study provide a reference to clarify the volatile release of nicotine under various storage conditions, which is helpful for better regulation of the levels of nicotine in snus. Moreover, such destruction-free evaluation of the volatile release of nicotine from snus products under different storage conditions opens up new perspectives for further research about the impact of nicotinoids on smokers' health and cessation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Tian
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd. Kunming 650231 China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences Kunming 650000 China
| | - Yonghua Pan
- Hongta Tobacco (Group) Co., Ltd. Yuxi 653100 China
| | - Zhengfeng Li
- The Raw Material Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd. Kunming 650231 China
| | - Xiaofeng Shen
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd. Kunming 650231 China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd. Kunming 650231 China
| | - Xianghu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
- Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
| | - Xin Feng
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd. Kunming 650231 China
| | - Xingjiu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
- Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
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Jabba SV, Erythropel HC, Woodrow JG, Anastas PT, O'Malley S, Krishnan-Sarin S, Zimmerman JB, Jordt SE. Synthetic cooling agent in oral nicotine pouch products marketed as 'Flavour-Ban Approved'. Tob Control 2023:tc-2023-058035. [PMID: 37380351 PMCID: PMC10753027 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND US sales of oral nicotine pouches (ONPs) have rapidly increased, with cool/mint-flavoured ONPs the most popular flavour category. Restrictions on sales of flavoured tobacco products have either been implemented or proposed by several US states and localities. Zyn, the most popular ONP brand, is marketing Zyn Chill and Zyn Smooth as 'Flavour-Ban Approved' or 'unflavoured', probably to evade flavour bans and increase product appeal. At present, it is unclear whether these ONPs are indeed free of flavour additives that can impart pleasant sensations such as cooling. METHODS Sensory cooling and irritant activities of 'Flavour-Ban Approved' Zyn ONPs, Chill and Smooth, along with minty varieties (Cool Mint, Peppermint, Spearmint, Menthol), were analysed by Ca2+ microfluorimetry in HEK293 cells expressing the cold/menthol (TRPM8) or menthol/irritant receptor (TRPA1). Flavour chemical content of these ONPs was analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS Zyn Chill ONP extracts robustly activated TRPM8, with much higher efficacy (39%-53%) than the mint-flavoured ONPs. In contrast, mint-flavoured ONP extracts elicited stronger TRPA1 irritant receptor responses than Chill extracts. Chemical analysis demonstrated that Chill exclusively contained WS-3, an odourless synthetic cooling agent, while mint-flavoured ONPs contained WS-3 together with mint flavourants. CONCLUSIONS ONP products marketed as 'Flavour-Ban Approved' or 'unflavoured' contain flavouring agents, proving that the manufacturer's advertising is misleading. Synthetic coolants such as WS-3 can provide a robust cooling sensation with reduced sensory irritancy, thereby increasing product appeal and use. Regulators need to develop effective strategies for the control of odourless sensory additives used by the industry to bypass flavour bans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairam V Jabba
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hanno C Erythropel
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Paul T Anastas
- Center for Green Chemistry & Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stephanie O'Malley
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Julie B Zimmerman
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sven Eric Jordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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