Is malnutrition associated with crowding in permanent dentition?

A Literature Review of Vertical Dimension in Prosthodontics Theory and Practice - Part 1: Theoretical Foundations

Vertical dimension (VD) is a critical factor in prosthodontics, playing a pivotal role in the functional and aesthetic outcomes of dental treatments. This literature review explores theoretical foundations and the various aspects of VD, including its definition, measurement, and clinical significance in prosthodontics. The relationship between VD and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) is examined. Additionally, the impact of VD on facial proportions and aesthetics is significant, as it affects the lower third of the face and influences the patient's overall appearance and self-esteem. In conclusion, understanding the intricate relationship between VD, TMDs, facial aesthetics, and psychological well-being is essential for effective prosthodontic treatment. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the multifaceted role of VD in enhancing both functional and aesthetic outcomes, ultimately improving patient satisfaction and quality of life.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of nutrition and its impact on orthodontic treatment/management

The nutritional needs already increased by adolescent growth, activity, and stress are further exacerbated by the physical, physiological, and psychological stress that orthodontic treatment causes. Hence, the main objective of this systematic review was to analyze the relationship between adequate nutrition and its impact on orthodontic treatment success rates. Using relevant keywords, reference searches, and citation searches, the databases such as PubMed-Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus were all searched. "Diet," "Minerals," "Nutrition," "Orthodontics," and "Vitamins" were the search terms used to scour the database. The 10 studies selected for the systematic review and subsequent meta-analysis could not conclusively establish the correlation between proper nutrition and its impact on orthodontic treatment of the patient. There was virtually little connection between patients' dietary intake and the effectiveness of their orthodontic treatment. Additionally, a direct causal link between the two could not be established legitimately because the majority of the studies reviewed only noted an impact during the early stages of the treatment. PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42022380828.

Perspective Chapter: Effects of Malnutrition on Pediatric Oral Health – A Review

Malnutrition occurs when there are deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and or nutrients. Diet and nutrition affect oral health in several ways. Early childhood malnutrition is in association with dental caries, enamel hypoplasia, salivary gland hypofunction, and delayed eruption. Poor oral health is in association with tooth decay, periodontal disease, and lesions in other oral tissues among children and older adults. This correlation between malnutrition adversely affects the oral structures and poor oral health, which in turn, leads to poor nutrition (Malnutrition). Various nutritional deficiencies, along with deficiencies of protein, energy foods, or both affect the development of the oral cavity. Dietary practices, nutritional status, general health status, and oral health conditions are all interrelated factors. Due to malnutrition, there are multiple effects on the oral tissues and subsequent development of oral disease. This paper gives an insight into the interrelationship of malnutrition affecting the development of the oral cavity and the progression of the oral disease.

Relationship Between the Eruption of Third Molar Teeth and the Growing Status of the Assamese Inhabitants of a North-Eastern State of India

Objectives

Even though permanent teeth eruption time may vary, the tooth eruption stage represents a critical developmental milestone, which may help in the monitoring of the child's growing status towards adolescence. This paper aims to evaluate the relationship between the third molar eruption (TME) and investigate any possible association with the body mass index (BMI), which is used to monitor the growth of children and adolescents.

Methods

We included 1060 student participants aged 14 to 26 years from selected educational institutions in Assam for this study. We performed a conventional clinical dental examination to determine the stages of TME. Moreover, to calculate the individual height and weight, we have carried out a thorough physical examination to assess the BMI and rule out any visible congenital developmental anomalies.

Result

The overall mean age of the status of no eruption (NE), incomplete eruption (IE), and complete eruption (CE) categories of the third molar in the current research were 17.39±2.273, 18.67±2.282 and 20.33±2.566 years, respectively, and the difference in mean age was statistically significant (p-value <0.05). Among the 1060 participants assessed, 163 (15.38%) were underweight, 625 (58.97%) belonged to the average category, 207 (19.52%) were at risk of being overweight, and 65 (6.13%) were obese. The CE in both average and overweight categories was 109 (17.4%) and 37 (17.9%). Similarly, the NE status of the third molar in the underweight and obese category was 120 (73.6%) and 39 (60.0%), respectively. These differences in the frequency of TME in different BMI categories were found statistically significant (p-value <0.05).

Conclusion

The result shows a substantial relationship between the mean age of eruption of third molar teeth and BMI among children and adolescents in 14 years to 26 years in the Assamese population. Further, the mean age can be used in forensic age determination.

Effect of socioeconomic, nutritional status, diet, and oral habits on the prevalence of different types of malocclusion in school-children

OBJECTIVE

Although there have been many reports on the prevalence of malocclusion, there is paucity of data concerning factors associated with it. The present study aimed to study the effects of three environmental factors namely socio-economic status (SES), nutritional status, and oral habits on malocclusion.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A total number of 765 students [Low socio-economic status (LSS; 369 subjects) and High socio-economic status (HSS; 396 subjects)] based on Modified Kuppuswamy scale were examined within the age group of 13- 15 years amongst various government and private schools in Chandigarh, India. A questionnaire was filled up by the subjects, which was followed up with clinical examination using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Additionally, the provisional diagnosis, retained, transposed teeth, and overbite were estimated.

RESULTS

The total prevalence of malocclusion in the population was 49.7%. The prevalence of malocclusion in LSS was found to be 42.90% and in HSS was 57.10% (P: 0.003). The mean DAI score in LSS was 26.011 and in HSS was 27.179. The mean DAI score in soft eaters was 29.527, average eaters was 26.369 and hard eaters was 26.410.

CONCLUSION

The total prevalence of malocclusion in Chandigarh was 49.7%. Class I type 1 was the most prevalent type of malocclusion. Adolescents belonging to HSS had more malocclusion as compared to those belonging to LSS. Soft diet caused increased malocclusion. The present study highlighted the effect of diet pattern on the prevalence of malocclusion. (www.actabiomedica.it).

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Brazilian adolescents over time: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To estimate the burden of excess weight in Brazilian adolescents.

DESIGN

Systematic review with meta-analysis.

SETTING

We searched the literature in four databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, SciELO and LILACS). Studies were included if they had cross-sectional or cohort design and enrolled Brazilian adolescents. Studies based on self-reported measures were excluded. Random effect models were used to calculate prevalence estimates and their 95 % CI.

PARTICIPANTS

Brazilian adolescents (10 to 19 years old).

RESULTS

One hundred and fifty-one studies were included. Trend analyses showed a significant increase in the prevalence of excess weight in the last decades: 8·2 % (95 % CI 7·7, 8·7) until year 2000, 18·9 (95 % CI 14·7, 23·2) from 2000 to 2009, and 25·1 % (95 % CI 23·4, 26·8) in 2010 and after. A similar temporal pattern was observed in the prevalence of overweight and obesity separately. In sensitivity analyses, lower prevalence of excess weight was found in older adolescents and those defined using International Obesity Task Force cut-off points. The Southeast and South regions had the highest prevalence of excess weight, overweight and obesity. No significant difference in prevalence by sex was found, except for studies before the year 2000.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Brazilian adolescents is high and continues to rise. Public policies on an individual level and targeting modifications in the obesogenic environment are necessary.

Alterations of oral functions and dental malocclusions in adolescents: a cross-sectional population-based study

This article aims to assess whether alterations of oral functions (AOF) are associated with malocclusion (MO)'s type and severity. Cross-sectional study of a representative sample of 332 adolescents aged 12 years in São Luís-MA, Northeastern Brazil. MO criteria included Angle's classification, Dental Aesthetic Index, and other morphological problems. The AOF were evaluated by breathing, phonation, chewing, and swallowing. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated using logistic and multinomial regression analyses (α=5%). Mouth breathing was associated with defined (OR=3.84; 95%CI=1.45-10.12), disabling (OR=4.34; 95%CI=1.99-9.49), and class III (OR=4.15; 95%CI=1.19-14.54) MO. Phonation problems were associated with defined (OR=2.01; 95%CI=1.02-4.39), disabling (OR=3.04; 95%CI=1.55-5.96), and Class II (OR=2.02; 95%CI=1.28-3.18) MO. Chewing disorders were associated with posterior crossbite (PCB) (OR=2.32; 95%CI=1.12-4.82). Swallowing disorders were associated with Class III MO (OR=5.66; 95%CI=1.35-23.71), PCB (OR=6.13; 95%CI=2.76-13.62), and posterior open bite (OR=4.53; 95%CI=1.72-8.92). Breathing and phonation alterations are associated with MO in anterior arch segments, while chewing and swallowing disorders, in the posterior segments.

Analyzing the Role of Malnourishment in Malocclusion: A Cross-sectional Study

Background:

Malocclusion is defined as an occlusion in which there is malrelationship between the arches in any of the three planes or anomalies in tooth position beyond normal limits, the etiology being multifactorial. Malnutrition may also be allied to malocclusion, predominantly crowding, due to insufficient space for the teeth to erupt in the correct place.

Objectives:

The present study was conducted to investigate the role of diet as an etiological factor in the occurrence of malocclusion.

Materials and Methods:

Two hundred and twenty malnourished subjects were examined by a single experienced dental professional and the occlusal relationships were evaluated at a centric occlusion position by instructing the subject to swallow and then bite on the teeth together.

Results:

Ninety-eight subjects (44.54%) had Angle's Class I malocclusion with crowding: 18 (8.1%) presented with spacing. Angle's Class II division 1 malocclusion was evident in 52 subjects (23.63%), while Class II division 2 in 38 subjects (17.27%). Only 14 subjects (6.3%) presented with Angle's class III malocclusion.

Conclusion:

Dietary factors and dentition measures from a subset 220 malnourished subjects found that malnourished subjects with basal metabolic index <18.5 had statistically significant relationships with the crowding variables.

The influence of breastfeeding and pacifier use on the association between preterm birth and primary-dentition malocclusion: A population-based birth cohort study

INTRODUCTION

Little is known about the influence of biological characteristics on the occurrence of malocclusion. This study aimed to investigate the association between preterm birth and primary-dentition malocclusion and how breastfeeding and the use of pacifiers are related to this association.

METHODS

A representative sample (n = 1129) of children from the 2004 Pelotas, Brazil birth cohort study underwent a dental examination at age 5 years. Malocclusions were diagnosed according to the World Health Organization criteria, and the outcome was considered as the presence of moderate or severe malocclusion (MSM). Questionnaires including the children's oral health information were completed by the mothers. Data on socioeconomic status, breastfeeding, and preterm birth were obtained from previous follow-ups. Poisson regression analysis was conducted, followed by an interaction test.

RESULTS

The prevalence of MSM was 26.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 23.6%-29.1%) in the total sample, 24.1% (95% CI, 21.5%-26.9%) in full-term births, and 42.2% (95% CI, 39.1%-45.3%) in preterm births. After adjustment, the prevalence of MSM was 42% higher in preterm births. Breastfeeding duration and pacifier use up to age 4 years modified the effect of gestational age on MSM.

CONCLUSIONS

Preterm birth is associated with the development of MSM. Breastfeeding reduces the effect of preterm birth on MSM, and pacifier use strengthens this association. Dentists should be aware that preterm birth may be a risk factor for malocclusion in primary dentition. The findings reinforce the benefits of breastfeeding on occlusal development and the negative consequences of pacifier use.

Prediction Formula of Permanent Canine and Premolar Eruption in Mixed Dentition Patients at Universitas Airlangga, Dental Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia

Background

The eruption of permanent canine, first and second premolars need to be predicted because they are erupted last, before the eruption of permanent first and second molars, in order to estimate the available space in orthodontic treatment.

Aim

This study aimed to predict the eruption of permanent canine, first and second premolars in mixed dentition.

Materials and Methods

A cross sectional clinical observation was conducted in 21 subjects of 13 males nad 8 females with the age range of 8-12 years old. Their panoramic radiographs were used to create a prediction formula of permanent canine and premolars. The independent variables of this research are age, weight, height, birth weight, birth height, period of breastfeeding, and vertical distance of eruption. Data were analyzed by coefficient of multiple correlation followed by multiple linear regression analysis.

Results

The prediction formula is as follows: Y = -5107 + 1645 X ₁ + 078 X ₂, where Y is the time of eruption, X ₁ is the height, and X ₂ is the vertical distance of eruption.

Conclusion

The prediction formula is useful for serial extraction in orthodontic treatment. It is also useful for forensic odontology, especially in the determination or identification of ages. It is recommended to be implemented in the science of development, especially in orthodontics and forensic odontology.

Influence of head and linear growth on the development of malocclusion at six years of age: a cohort study

The aim of this article was to evaluate the influence of biological and sociobehavioral factors on the development of malocclusions in children. This is a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort of 350 children who participated in a community intervention study. After six years, an active search identified 290 children with occlusal abnormalities. Socioeconomic status, linear growth, and nutritional status of the child at birth and at the time of measurement, as well as dietary and sucking habits, were investigated. Malocclusions were evaluated across three spatial planes - anteroposterior, vertical, and transverse. The prevalence of these anomalies was 64.5%, primarily in the anteroposterior plane. The logistic regression analysis revealed that pacifier use for 60 months or more, stunting as measured at age six, and reduced gain in head circumference from birth to six years of age, were significantly associated with the development of malocclusion in childhood. Head circumference and linear growth are associated with occlusal anomalies in infants, independent of pacifier sucking.

Malocclusion in preschool children: prevalence and determinant factors

PURPOSE

To evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion and associated factors in the primary dentition of preschoolers in the city of Diamantina, Brazil.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was carried out with 381 children aged 3-5 years treated at the 10 basic health care units in the city during immunisation campaigns. The dependent variables (presence of malocclusion, open bite, crossbite and crowding) were evaluated through a clinical oral exam. The independent variables (gender, age, health problems, breastfeeding, bottle feeding, harmful oral habits, mother's schooling, household income and number of children in the home) were collected through interviews. Statistical analysis involved descriptive analysis, Chi square test and Poisson regression.

RESULTS

The prevalence of malocclusion was 32.5%. Open bite was the most frequent type of malocclusion. Children with a history of bottle feeding (PR 1.74; 95% CI 1.24-2.44) and those with harmful oral habits (PR 1.49; 95% CI 1.23-1.99) had greater prevalence rates of malocclusion. Greater prevalence rates of open bite were also found in children with a history of bottle feeding (PR 5.00; 95% CI 1.99-12.5) and those with harmful oral habits (PR 2.90; 95% CI 1.59-5.29), whereas greater prevalence rates of crossbite were found in boys (PR 1.79; 95% CI 1.10-2.91) and were associated with mother's schooling (PR 1.91; 95% CI 1.20-3.06).

CONCLUSION

A history of bottle feeding and the presence of harmful oral habits were identified as determinants for the occurrence of malocclusion in preschoolers.

Management of Traumatic Injury to Maxillary Central Incisors associated with Inverted Mesiodens: A Case Report

Maxillary incisors are the most frequently injured teeth in the primary and permanent dentition. Stage of adolescence show a significant number of dental injuries as they engage in contact sports. Children with accident prone profile, i.e. class II division I or class I type II malocclusion are more prone for injuries because of the proclined maxillary incisors. Supernumerary teeth are those that are additional to the normal complement. They occur in single or multiple, unilateral or bilateral in either of the jaws. This paper reports the presence of an inverted supernumerary tooth in the right maxillary central incisor region with trauma involving both maxillary central incisors and also the management of the supernumerary tooth and traumatized teeth in a 14-year-old boy.

How to cite this article: Pavuluri C, Nuvvula S. Management of Traumatic Injury to Maxillary Central Incisors associated with Inverted Mesiodens: A Case Report. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2013;6(1):30-32.

Crouzon's Syndrome: A Case Report

Crouzon's syndrome (CS) is a rare autosomal dominant condition with multiple mutations of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR2) gene, which accounts for 4.8% of all cases of craniosynostosis. It is characterized by premature closure of cranial sutures, cranial deformities, midface hypoplasia, relative mandibular prognathism, hypertelorism, proptosis, strabismus and short upper lip, crowding of teeth, pseudocleft or sometimes cleft palate and other associated abnormalities. The CS can vary in severity from mild presentation to severe forms involving multiple cranial sutures. We report a case of CS in 11-year-old boy. How to cite this article: Kumar GR, Jyothsna M, Ahmed SB, Lakshmi KS, Crouzon's Syndrome: A Case Report. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2013;6(1):33-37.

Effect of Propolis on Streptococcus mutans Counts: An in vivo Study

Propolis, a natural antibiotic, is a resinous substance that honey bees (Apis mellifera) produce. The main chemical classes present in propolis are flavonoids, phenolics and other various aromatic compounds.

Aim: To evaluate the antibacterial action of propolis on the concentration of Streptococcus mutans colonizing the oral cavity of children.

Materials and methods: Thirty children performed the rinses, with no other changes in their oral hygiene and dietary habits. Saliva was collected at two time points: Before using the product, 1 hour after the rinse.

Results: Paired t-test was used for analysis of the results. A reduction in the concentration of Streptococcus mutans was observed in samples collected after use of the extract. There was a reduction in Streptococcus mutans count when compared to samples obtained in baseline. Significant reductions were seen at the end of 1 hour. The result was statistically significant. There were no side effects in soft and hard tissues of mouth.

Conclusion and clinical implication: The propolis possesses in vivo antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans present in the oral cavity and might be used as a measure to prevent dental caries.

How to cite this article: Hegde KS, Bhat SS, Rao A, Sain S. Effect of Propolis on Streptococcus mutans Counts: An in vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2013;6(1):22-25.

A comparative study of color stability and fluoride release from glass ionomer cements combined with chlorhexidine

Background: Restoring carious teeth is one of the major treatment needs of young children. Glass ionomer cement (GIC) systems had become the most important dental restorative and luting materials for use in preschoolers, children and teenagers. Several attempts in developing GIC with antibacterial effects by addition of bactericides, such as chlorhexidine, have been reported.

Aim: Aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the color and fluoride ion release of conventional and resin-modified GICs in combination with 1.25 and 2.5% chlorhexidine diacetate.

Materials and methods: The control groups consisted of conventional GIC and resin-modified GIC. The experimental groups consisted of conventional and resin-modified GIC groups, consisting of 1.25 and 2.5% chlorhexidine. A total of six groups were included with each group being allotted 20 specimens for the evaluation of color stability and 10 specimens each were allotted for the evaluation of fluoride release.

Color and fluoride release were recorded using spectrophoto-meter and fluoride selective electrode respectively at 24 hours 7 days and 1 month.

Results: Resin-modified GIC groups showed less color stability and better fluoride release at the end of the study compared to conventional GIC groups.

Conclusion: There was no significant change in color and fluoride release between 1.25 and 2.5% conventional GIC and also between 1.25 and 2.5% resin-modified GIC combined with chlorhexidine diacetate at the end of the study. Conventional GIC showed better color stability and less fluoride release compared to resin-modified GIC.

How to cite this article: Prabhakar AR, Pattanshetti K, Sugandhan S. A Comparative Study of Color Stability and Fluoride Release from Glass Ionomer Cements Combined with Chlorhexidine. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2013;6(1):26-29.

Foreign body in root canals of two adjacent deciduous molars: a case report

Children often tend to have the habit of inserting foreign objects in the oral cavity unknowingly for relief of dental pain. Sometimes, children do not reveal to their parents due to fear. These foreign objects may act as a potent source of infection and painful condition. The discovery of foreign bodies in the teeth is a special situation, which is often diagnosed accidentally. Detailed case history, clinical and radiographic examinations are necessary to come to a conclusion about the nature, size, location of the foreign body and the difficulty involved in its retrieval. Here is a case report, where foreign object was accidentally lodged in the carious deciduous molars by a child. How to cite this article: Dhull KS, Acharya S, Ray P, Dhull RS. Foreign Body in Root Canals of Two Adjacent Deciduous Molars: A Case Report. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2013;6(1):38-39.

Classification of Interdental Space for Different Quadrants on the Basis of Standardization through Threshold Data and Its Comparison with BMI and Socioeconomic Status

BACKGROUND

A better knowledge about the Interdental space is important since it provides insights on the prevalence of malocclusion. To date, there is conflicting evidence on the impact of body mass index (BMI) and Socioeconomic status (SES) on interdental space. A recent review concluded that a greater understanding is required of the interdental space. Therefore, there is a need for a more comprehensive and rigorous assessments of the interdental space and impacts of BMI and SES.

AIM

BMI and SES can be associated with the interdental spacing in deciduous dentition.

DESIGN

The present cross-sectional study was carried out on 448 children of age group of 3 to 5 years out of which 392 were meeting our criteria. Research assessment questionnaire on demographic data was completed by the parents. Study model cast of 392 children free from malocclusion were analyzed.

RESULTS

A statistically significant association between interdental spacing and BMI category was observed. Comparison of BMI with above threshold interdental space revealed that after an optimum weight there is no effect on interdental space. A significant association between SES and interdental spacing was observed for all the four locations (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Evolved normative value can be taken as a standard and the occlusion and interdental spaces are not two completely separate entities and they are interdependent. How to cite this article: Singh T, Singh R, Singh JP. Classification of Interdental Space for Different Quadrants on the Basis of Standardization through Threshold Data and Its Comparison with BMI and Socioeconomic Status. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2013;6(1):16-21.

Malnutrition and its oral outcome - a review

Malnutrition affects the oral health and a poor oral health in turn, may lead to malnutrition. This interdependent relationship sees good nutritional health, thus promoting good oral health and vice versa. Malnutrition may alter the homeostasis, which can lead to disease progression of the oral cavity, reduce the resistance to the microbial biofilm and reduce the capacity of tissue healing. It may even affect the development of the oral cavity. Protein-energy malnutrition occurs when there is a deficiency of protein, energy foods or both, which are relative to a body's need. Studies have suggested that enamel hypoplasia, salivary gland hypofunction and saliva compositional changes may be the mechanisms through which the malnutrition is associated with caries, while an altered eruption timing may create a challenge in the analysis of the age specific caries rates. This paper gives an insight on the relationship of the malnutrition and the protein-energy malnutrition with the oral health status.