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Meintani DG, Chatzimitakos TG, Kasouni AI, Stalikas CD. Untargeted metabolomics of human keratinocytes reveals the impact of exposure to 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,6-dichloro-3-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone as emerging disinfection by-products. Metabolomics 2022; 18:89. [PMID: 36342571 PMCID: PMC9640400 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (DCBQ) and its derivative 2,6-dichloro-3-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DCBQ-OH) are disinfection by-products (DBPs) and emerging pollutants in the environment. They are considered to be of particular importance as they have a high potential of toxicity and they are likely to be carcinogenic. OBJECTIVES In this study, human epidermal keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) were exposed to the DCBQ and its derivative DCBQ-OH, at concentrations equivalent to their IC20 and IC50, and a study of the metabolic phenotype of cells was performed. METHODS The perturbations induced in cellular metabolites and their relative content were screened and evaluated through a metabolomic study, using 1H-NMR and MS spectroscopy. RESULTS Changes in the metabolic pathways of HaCaT at concentrations corresponding to IC20 and IC50 of DCBQ-OH involved the activation of cell membrane α-linolenic acid, biotin, and glutathione and deactivation of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis at IC50. The changes in metabolic pathways at IC20 and IC50 of DCBQ were associated with the activation of inositol phosphate, pertaining to the transfer of messages from the receptors of the membrane to the interior as well as with riboflavin. Deactivation of biotin metabolism was recorded, among others. The cells exposed to DCBQ exhibited a concentration-dependent decrease in saccharide concentrations. The concentration of steroids increased when cells were exposed to IC20 and decreased at IC50. Although both chemical factors stressed the cells, DCBQ led to the activation of transporting messages through phosphorylated derivatives of inositol. CONCLUSION Our findings provided insights into the impact of the two DBPs on human keratinocytes. Both chemical factors induced energy production perturbations, oxidative stress, and membrane damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra G Meintani
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Theodoros G Chatzimitakos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Athanasia I Kasouni
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Constantine D Stalikas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
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Dehghani F, Yousefinejad S, Walker DI, Omidi F. Metabolomics for exposure assessment and toxicity effects of occupational pollutants: current status and future perspectives. Metabolomics 2022; 18:73. [PMID: 36083566 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Work-related exposures to harmful agents or factors are associated with an increase in incidence of occupational diseases. These exposures often represent a complex mixture of different stressors, challenging the ability to delineate the mechanisms and risk factors underlying exposure-disease relationships. The use of omics measurement approaches that enable characterization of biological marker patterns provide internal indicators of molecular alterations, which could be used to identify bioeffects following exposure to a toxicant. Metabolomics is the comprehensive analysis of small molecule present in biological samples, and allows identification of potential modes of action and altered pathways by systematic measurement of metabolites. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to review the application of metabolomics studies for use in occupational health, with a focus on applying metabolomics for exposure monitoring and its relationship to occupational diseases. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Scopus electronic databases were systematically searched for relevant studies published up to 2021. RESULTS Most of reviewed studies included worker populations exposed to heavy metals such as As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Mn and organic compounds such as tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, trichloroethylene, polyfluoroalkyl, acrylamide, polyvinyl chloride. Occupational exposures were associated with changes in metabolites and pathways, and provided novel insight into the relationship between exposure and disease outcomes. The reviewed studies demonstrate that metabolomics provides a powerful ability to identify metabolic phenotypes and bioeffect of occupational exposures. CONCLUSION Continued application to worker populations has the potential to enable characterization of thousands of chemical signals in biological samples, which could lead to discovery of new biomarkers of exposure for chemicals, identify possible toxicological mechanisms, and improved understanding of biological effects increasing disease risk associated with occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Dehghani
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Research Institute for Health, Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Health Shiraz, University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Yousefinejad
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Research Institute for Health, Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Health Shiraz, University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Fariborz Omidi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Kim M, Jee SC, Kim S, Hwang KH, Sung JS. Identification and Characterization of mRNA Biomarkers for Sodium Cyanide Exposure. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9110288. [PMID: 34822678 PMCID: PMC8624962 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9110288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers in exposure assessment are defined as the quantifiable targets that indicate the exposure to hazardous chemicals and their resulting health effect. In this study, we aimed to identify, validate, and characterize the mRNA biomarker that can detect the exposure of sodium cyanide. To identify reliable biomarkers for sodium cyanide exposure, critical criteria were defined for candidate selection: (1) the expression level of mRNA significantly changes in response to sodium thiocyanate treatment in transcriptomics results (fold change > 2.0 or <0.50, adjusted p-value < 0.05); and (2) the mRNA level is significantly modulated by sodium cyanide exposure in both normal human lung cells and rat lung tissue. We identified the following mRNA biomarker candidates: ADCY5, ANGPTL4, CCNG2, CD9, COL1A2, DACT3, GGCX, GRB14, H1F0, HSPA1A, MAF, MAT2A, PPP1R10, and PPP4C. The expression levels of these candidates were commonly downregulated by sodium cyanide exposure both in vitro and in vivo. We functionally characterized the biomarkers and established the impact of sodium cyanide on transcriptomic profiles using in silico approaches. Our results suggest that the biomarkers may contribute to the regulation and degradation of the extracellular matrix, leading to a negative effect on surrounding lung cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kim
- Department of Life Science, Biomedi Campus, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (M.K.); (S.-C.J.); (S.K.)
| | - Seung-Cheol Jee
- Department of Life Science, Biomedi Campus, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (M.K.); (S.-C.J.); (S.K.)
| | - Soee Kim
- Department of Life Science, Biomedi Campus, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (M.K.); (S.-C.J.); (S.K.)
| | - Kyung-Hwa Hwang
- Jeonbuk Branch, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KIT, KRICT, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeongeup-si 56212, Jeollabuk-do, Korea;
| | - Jung-Suk Sung
- Department of Life Science, Biomedi Campus, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (M.K.); (S.-C.J.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-961-5132; Fax: +82-31-961-5108
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Lionetto MG, Caricato R, Giordano ME. Pollution Biomarkers in Environmental and Human Biomonitoring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1875318301909010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants generate harmful conditions for living organisms, including humans. This accounts for the growing interest to early warning tools for detection of adverse biological responses to pollutants in both humans and wildlife. Molecular and cellular biomarkers of pollution meet this requirement. A pollution biomarker is defined as an alteration in a biological response occurring at molecular, cellular or physiological levels which can be related to exposure to or toxic effects of environmental chemicals.Pollution biomarkers have known a growing development in human and environmental biomonitoring representing a valuable tool for early pollutant exposure detection or early effect assessment (exposure/effect biomarkers).The review discusses the recent developments in the use of pollution biomarker in human and environmental biomonitoring and analyzes future perspectives in the application of this tool such as their potentiality for bridging human and environmental issued studies.
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Biomonitoring of workers using nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics of exhaled breath condensate: A pilot study. Toxicol Lett 2018; 298:4-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Gajski G, Gerić M, Oreščanin V, Garaj-Vrhovac V. Cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay parameters in peripheral blood lymphocytes of the general population: Contribution of age, sex, seasonal variations and lifestyle factors. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:561-570. [PMID: 29127818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN Cyt) assay was used to evaluate the baseline frequency of cytogenetic damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of the general population (average age, 38.28 ± 12.83 years) in relation to age, sex, body mass index, seasonal variations (season of sampling, period of sampling and different meteorological parameters) and lifestyle factors (smoking habit, alcohol consumption, exposure to medications and diagnostic radiation, physical activity, and family history of cancer). The background frequency of micronuclei (MNi) for the 200 subjects assayed was 5.06 ± 3.11 per 1000 binucleated cells, while the mean frequency of nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) was 1.21 ± 1.46 and of nuclear buds (NBUDs) 3.48 ± 2.14. The background frequency of apoptosis and necrosis was 1.58 ± 1.50 and 1.39 ± 1.56, respectively, while the mean nuclear division index (NDI) was 1.99 ± 0.14. The cut-off value, which corresponds to the 95th percentile of the distribution of 200 individual values, was 11 MNi, 4 NPBs and 7 NBUDs. The study also confirmed an association of the above mentioned parameters with age, sex and several lifestyle factors. Moreover, significant confounders based on our results are also sampling season, sampling period and different meteorological parameters that were dependent on the CBMN Cyt assay parameters. In line with the above mentioned, several factors should be taken into account when it comes to the monitoring of exposed populations using cytogenetic biomarkers. Moreover, the normal and cut-off values obtained in this study present background data for the general population, and can later serve as baseline values for further biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Gajski
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marko Gerić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Vera Garaj-Vrhovac
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Dudka I, Kossowska B, Senhadri H, Latajka R, Hajek J, Andrzejak R, Antonowicz-Juchniewicz J, Gancarz R. Metabonomic analysis of serum of workers occupationally exposed to arsenic, cadmium and lead for biomarker research: a preliminary study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 68:71-81. [PMID: 24713610 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Environmental metabonomics is the application of metabonomics to characterize the interactions of organisms with their environment. Metabolic profiling is an exciting addition to the armory of the epidemiologist for the discovery of new disease risk biomarkers and diagnostics. This work is a continuation of research searching for preclinical serum markers in a group of 389 healthy smelter workers exposed to lead, cadmium and arsenic. Changes in the metabolic profiles were studied using Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy on pooled serum samples from both the metal exposed and control groups. These multivariate metabonomic datasets were analyzed with Principal Component Analysis and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis. Analysis of metabolic profiles of people exposed to heavy metals suggests energy metabolism disturbance induced by heavy metals. Changes in lipid fraction (very-low-density lipoprotein - VLDL, low-density lipoprotein - LDL), unsaturated lipids and in the level of amino acids suggest perturbation of the metabolism of lipids and amino acids. This study illustrated the high reliability of NMR-based metabonomic profiling on the study of the biochemical effects induced by the mixture of heavy metals. This approach is capable of identifying intermediate biomarkers of response to toxicants at environmental/occupational concentrations, paving the way to its use in a monitoring of smelter workers exposed to low doses of lead, cadmium and arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Dudka
- Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology Group, Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Barbara Kossowska
- Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże L. Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Hanna Senhadri
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Technology, Plac Grunwaldzki 13, 50-377 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Rafał Latajka
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Julianna Hajek
- Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology Group, Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Ryszard Andrzejak
- Department of Internal and Occupational Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże L. Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Antonowicz-Juchniewicz
- Department of Internal and Occupational Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże L. Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Roman Gancarz
- Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology Group, Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
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König S. Urine molecular profiling distinguishes health and disease: new methods in diagnostics? Focus on UPLC–MS. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 11:383-91. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.11.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Egorov AI, Dalbokova D, Krzyzanowski M. Biomonitoring-based environmental public health indicators. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 930:275-93. [PMID: 23086846 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-059-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
This chapter discusses the use ofbiomonitoring-based indicators of exposure to environmental pollutants in environmental health information systems. Matrices for biomonitoring, organization and standardization of surveillance programs, the use of intake and body burden data, and the interpretation of surveillance data are discussed. The concept of environmental public health indicators is demonstrated using the "Persistent organic pollutants in human milk" indicator implemented in the Environment and Health Information System (ENHIS) of the WHO Regional Office for Europe. This indicator is based on the data from the WHO-coordinated surveillance of persistent organic pollutants in human milk as well as data from selected national studies. The WHO survey data demonstrate a steady decline in breast milk concentrations of dioxins across Europe. The data from biomonitoring surveys in Sweden also show a steady decline of breast milk concentrations of most persistent organic pollutants since 1970s with the exception of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) which increased rapidly until the late 1990s and then started to decline after the implementation of policy measures aiming at reducing exposures. The application of human biomonitoring data in support of environmental public health policy actions requires carefully designed standardized and sustainable surveillance, comprehensive interpretation of the data, and an effective communication strategy based on credible information presented in the form of indicator factsheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey I Egorov
- World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health (ECEH), Bonn, Germany.
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Kossowska B, Dudka I, Gancarz R, Antonowicz-Juchniewicz J. Application of classic epidemiological studies and proteomics in research of occupational and environmental exposure to lead, cadmium and arsenic. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sharma A, Saurabh K, Yadav S, Jain SK, Parmar D. Expression profiling of selected genes of toxication and detoxication pathways in peripheral blood lymphocytes as a biomarker for predicting toxicity of environmental chemicals. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2012; 216:645-51. [PMID: 23273579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To develop a rapid and sensitive tool for determining gene expression profiles of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) as a surrogate for predicting toxicity associated with environmental exposures, studies were initiated using Taqman Low Density Array (TLDA), a medium throughput method for real time PCR (RT-PCR), for selected genes involved in toxication and detoxication processes. Total RNA was prepared from PBL and liver samples isolated from young rats treated with inducers of drug metabolizing enzymes, e.g. phenobarbital (PB, 80mg/kg i.p. X5 days) or methylcholanthrene (30mg/kg, i.p. X5 days) or ethanol (0.8ml/kg, i.p. X1 day). TLDA data showed that PBL expressed drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), though the level of expression was several folds lower when compared to liver. Treatment with different inducers of DMEs produced a similar pattern of an increase in the expression of various phase I and phase II DMEs and their respective transcription factors in liver and PBL. While treatment with MC increased the expression of MC inducible cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A2 & 3A1 and their associated transcription factors in PBL, an increase in the expression of CYP2B1, 2B2, 2C11 & 3A1 and their transcription factor was observed in PBL after PB treatment. Similarly, treatment of ethanol increased the expression of CYP2E1 and 3A1 along with transcription factors in PBL. These inducers were found to increase the expression of various phase II enzymes such as glutathione S-transferases, GSTs (GSTM1, GSTA1, GSTP1 and GSTK1), NQO1, Ephx1 and Sod1, genes involved in inflammation and apoptosis (p53, BCl2, Apaf1 and Caspase9) in both PBL and liver. The data suggests that the low-density array of selected genes in PBL has the potential to be developed as a rapid and sensitive tool for monitoring of individuals exposed to environmental chemicals as well as in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226 001, UP, India; Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110 062, India
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Gajski G, Gerić M, Oreščanin V, Garaj-Vrhovac V. Cytogenetic status of healthy children assessed with the alkaline comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay. Mutat Res 2012; 750:55-62. [PMID: 23123630 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study the alkaline comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN Cyt) assay were used to evaluate the baseline frequency of cytogenetic damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of 50 healthy children from the general population in Croatia (age, 11.62±1.81 years). Mean values of tail length, tail intensity and tail moment, as comet assay parameters, were 12.92±0.10, 0.73±0.06 and 0.08±0.01, respectively. The mean frequency of micronuclei (MN) for all subjects was 2.32±0.28 per 1000 bi-nucleated cells, while the mean frequency of nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) was 1.72±0.24 and of nuclear buds (NBUDs) 1.44±0.19. The mean nuclear division index (NDI) was 1.70±0.05. When comet-assay parameters were considered, higher mean values for all three were found for the female population. According to the Mann-Whitney U test applied on the results of the comet assay, the only statistically significant difference between the male and female populations was found for tail length. Similar to the results obtained by the comet assay, girls showed higher mean values of all three measured parameters of the CBMN Cyt assay. This difference was statistically significant for total number of NPBs only. In the case of the NDI, a higher mean value was also obtained in girls, but this difference was not statistically significant. The results obtained present background data that could be considered as normal values for healthy children living in urban areas, and can later on serve as baseline values for further toxicological monitoring. Additionally, the usefulness of both techniques in measuring cytogenetic damage during bio-monitoring of children is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Gajski
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, Zagreb, Croatia
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Muñoz B, Albores A. Occupational toxicology in Mexico: current status and the potential use of molecular studies to evaluate chemical exposure. Toxicol Mech Methods 2011; 21:637-48. [PMID: 22003922 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.599885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Occupational toxicology is of considerable concern for several world organizations including the International Labour Organization, the World Health Organization and the International Commission for Occupational Health and, in Latin America, the Pan American Health Organization. The countries of this Region, including Mexico, own manufacturing, chemical, and petrochemical industries that employ thousands workers who are continually exposed to hazardous chemicals such as solvents, particles and exhaust fumes, many of which are very complex mixtures. Traditionally, physicians have used biochemical analyses to assess the damage caused by chronic chemical exposure. Presently, recent advances in molecular biology may offer tools to perform more thorough and precise evaluations on worker health damage, risk and current health status. In this review, we present a perspective of occupational toxicology in Mexico, as an example for Latin America and developing countries. Moreover, we summarize current reports about occupational disease associated with chemical exposure, and we present an array of molecular studies proposed for the analysis and diagnosis of workers related with industry and the relevance of including molecular biology testing to complement traditional occupational medical assays in order to improve occupational health. We conclude that developing countries, e.g., Mexico, should improve work environment standards by using new technical approaches that will result in more reliable and precise data to design better health policy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balam Muñoz
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico.
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