1
|
Liu C, Wang J, Ko YZ, Shiao MS, Wang Y, Sun J, Yuan Q, Wang L, Chiang YC, Guo L. Genetic diversities in wild and cultivated populations of the two closely-related medical plants species, Tripterygium Wilfordii and T. Hypoglaucum (Celastraceae). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:195. [PMID: 38493110 PMCID: PMC10944624 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sustainable supply of medicinal plants is important, and cultivating and domesticating them has been suggested as an optimal strategy. However, this can lead to a loss of genetic diversity. Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. is a medicinal plant commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine, but its wild populations are dwindling due to excessive harvesting. To protect the species and meet the increasing demand, it is urgent to cultivate it on a large scale. However, distinguishing between T. wilfordii and T. hypoglaucum, two similar species with different medicinal properties, is challenging. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the genetic diversity and population structure of these species for their sustainable utilization. RESULTS In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of the two traditional medicinal semiwoody vines plant species, Tripterygium wilfordii and T. hypoglaucum, including wild and cultivated populations using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences and microsatellite loci. Our results indicated that the two species maintain a high level of genetic divergence, indicating possible genetic bases for the different contents of bioactive compounds of the two species. T. wilfordii showed lower genetic diversity and less subdivided population structures of both markers than T. hypoglaucum. The potential factors in shaping these interesting differences might be differentiated pollen-to-seed migration rates, interbreeding, and history of population divergence. Analyses of cpDNA and microsatellite loci supported that the two species are genetically distinct entities. In addition, a significant reduction of genetic diversity was observed for cultivated populations of the two species, which mainly resulted from the small initial population size and propagated vegetative practice during their cultivation. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate significant genetic divergence between T. wilfordii and T. hypoglaucum. The genetic diversity and population structure analyses provide important insights into the sustainable cultivation and utilization of these medicinal plants. Accurate identification and conservation efforts are necessary for both species to ensure the safety and effectiveness of crude drug use. Our study also highlighted the importance of combined analyses of different DNA markers in addressing population genetics of medicinal plants because of the contrasts of inheritance and rates of gene flow. Large-scale cultivation programs should consider preserving genetic diversity to enhance the long-term sustainability of T. wilfordii and T. hypoglaucum. Our study proposed that some populations showed higher genetic diversity and distinctness, which can be considered with priority for conservation and as the sources for future breeding and genetic improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ya-Zhu Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shin Shiao
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Yiheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qingjun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Lisong Wang
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332900, China.
| | - Yu-Chung Chiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
- The Multidisciplinary and Data Science Research Center(MDSRC), National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
| | - Lanping Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martínez A, Manunza A, Delgado JV, Landi V, Adebambo A, Ismaila M, Capote J, El Ouni M, Elbeltagy A, Abushady AM, Galal S, Ferrando A, Gómez M, Pons A, Badaoui B, Jordana J, Vidal O, Amills M. Detecting the existence of gene flow between Spanish and North African goats through a coalescent approach. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38935. [PMID: 27966592 PMCID: PMC5155231 DOI: 10.1038/srep38935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-driven migrations are one of the main processes shaping the genetic diversity and population structure of domestic species. However, their magnitude and direction have been rarely analysed in a statistical framework. We aimed to estimate the impact of migration on the population structure of Spanish and African goats. To achieve this goal, we analysed a dataset of 1,472 individuals typed with 23 microsatellites. Population structure of African and Spanish goats was moderate (mean FST = 0.07), with the exception of the Canarian and South African breeds that displayed a significant differentiation when compared to goats from North Africa and Nigeria. Measurement of gene flow with Migrate-n and IMa coalescent genealogy samplers supported the existence of a bidirectional gene flow between African and Spanish goats. Moreover, IMa estimates of the effective number of migrants were remarkably lower than those calculated with Migrate-n and classical approaches. Such discrepancies suggest that recent divergence, rather than extensive gene flow, is the main cause of the weak population structure observed in caprine breeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Martínez
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | - Arianna Manunza
- Department of Animal Genetics, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | | | - Vincenzo Landi
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | - Ayotunde Adebambo
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta PMB 2240, Nigeria
| | - Muritala Ismaila
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta PMB 2240, Nigeria
| | - Juan Capote
- Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias, La Laguna 38108, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Mabrouk El Ouni
- Livestock & Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Land Institute Medenine, 4119 Médenine, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Elbeltagy
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Production Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M. Abushady
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shubra 11241, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salah Galal
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Abbassia 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ainhoa Ferrando
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Mariano Gómez
- Servicio de Ganadería. Diputación Foral de Bizkaia. Avda. Lehendakari Aguirre n° 9-2°, 48014 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Agueda Pons
- Unitat de Races Autòctones, Servei de Millora Agrària, (SEMILLA-SAU), Son Ferriol 07198, Spain
| | - Bouabid Badaoui
- University Mohammed V, Agdal, Faculty of Sciences, 4 Av. Ibn Battota, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jordi Jordana
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Oriol Vidal
- Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona 17071, Spain
| | - Marcel Amills
- Department of Animal Genetics, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
RNA-Seq SSRs of Moth Orchid and Screening for Molecular Markers across Genus Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141761. [PMID: 26523377 PMCID: PMC4629892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The moth orchid (Phalaenopsis species) is an ornamental crop that is highly commercialized worldwide. Over 30,000 cultivars of moth orchids have been registered at the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). These cultivars were obtained by artificial pollination of interspecific hybridization. Therefore, the identification of different cultivars is highly important in the worldwide market. Methods/Results We used Illumina sequencing technology to analyze an important species for breeding, Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana and develop the expressed sequence tag (EST)-simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. After de novo assembly, the obtained sequence covered 29.1 Mb, approximately 2.2% of the P. aphrodite subsp. formosana genome (1,300 Mb), and a total of 1,439 EST-SSR loci were detected. SSR occurs in the exon region, including the 5’ untranslated region (UTR), coding region (CDS), and 3’UTR, on average every 20.22 kb. The di- and tri-nucleotide motifs (51.49% and 35.23%, respectively) were the two most frequent motifs in the P. aphrodite subsp. formosana. To validate the developed EST-SSR loci and to evaluate the transferability to the genus Phalaenopsis, thirty tri-nucleotide motifs of the EST-SSR loci were randomly selected to design EST-SSR primers and to evaluate the polymorphism and transferability across 22 native Phalaenopsis species that are usually used as parents for moth orchid breeding. Of the 30 EST-SSR loci, ten polymorphic and transferable SSR loci across the 22 native taxa can be obtained. The validated EST-SSR markers were further proven to discriminate 12 closely related Phalaenopsis cultivars. The results show that it is not difficult to obtain universal SSR markers by transcriptome deep sequencing in Phalaenopsis species. Conclusions This study supported that transcriptome analysis based on deep sequencing is a powerful tool to develop SSR loci in non-model species. A large number of EST-SSR loci can be isolated, and about 33.33% EST-SSR loci are universal markers across the Phalaenopsis breeding germplasm after preliminary validation. The potential universal EST-SSR markers are highly valuable for identifying all of Phalaenopsis cultivars.
Collapse
|
4
|
Tsai CC, Chou CH, Wang HV, Ko YZ, Chiang TY, Chiang YC. Biogeography of the Phalaenopsis amabilis species complex inferred from nuclear and plastid DNAs. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:202. [PMID: 26276316 PMCID: PMC4537552 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0560-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phalaenopsis is one of the important commercial orchids in the world. Members of the P. amabilis species complex represent invaluable germplasm for the breeding program. However, the phylogeny of the P. amabilis species complex is still uncertain. The Phalaenopsis amabilis species complex (Orchidaceae) consists of subspecies amabilis, moluccana, and rosenstromii of P. amabilis, as well as P. aphrodite ssp. aphrodite, P. ap. ssp. formosana, and P. sanderiana. The aims of this study were to reconstruct the phylogeny and biogeographcial patterns of the species complex using Neighbor Joining (NJ), Maxinum Parsimony (MP), Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis Sampling Trees (BEAST) and Reconstruct Ancestral State in Phylogenies (RASP) analyses based on sequences of internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 from the nuclear ribosomal DNA and the trnH-psbA spacer from the plastid DNA. RESULTS A pattern of vicariance, dispersal, and vicariance + dispersal among disjunctly distributed taxa was uncovered based on RASP analysis. Although two subspecies of P. aphrodite could not be differentiated from each other in dispersal state, they were distinct from P. amabilis and P. sanderiana. Within P. amabilis, three subspecies were separated phylogenetically, in agreement with the vicariance or vicariance + dispersal scenario, with geographic subdivision along Huxley's, Wallace's and Lydekker's Lines. Molecular dating revealed such subdivisions among taxa of P. amabilis complex dating back to the late Pleistocene. Population-dynamic analyses using a Bayesian skyline plot suggested that the species complex experienced an in situ range expansion and population concentration during the late Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). CONCLUSIONS Taxa of the P. amabilis complex with disjunct distributions were differentiated due to vicariance or vicariance + dispersal, with events likely occurring in the late Pleistocene. Demographic growth associated with the climatic oscillations in the Würm glacial period followed the species splits. Nevertheless, a subsequent population slowdown occurred in the late LGM due to extinction of regional populations. The reduction of suitable habitats resulted in geographic fragmenttation of the remaining taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chu Tsai
- Crop Improvement Division, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Improvement Station, Pingtung, 900, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Hung Chou
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Biodiversity, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
| | - Hao-Ven Wang
- Department of Life Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Zhu Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
| | - Tzen-Yuh Chiang
- Department of Life Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chung Chiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environment Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Applying Effective Population Size Estimates of Kandelia obovata Sheue, Liu and Yong to Conservation and Restoration Management. FORESTS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/f6051439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
6
|
Tsai CC, Wu PY, Kuo CC, Huang MC, Yu SK, Hsu TW, Chiang TY, Chiang YC. Analysis of microsatellites in the vulnerable orchid Gastrodia flavilabella: the development of microsatellite markers, and cross-species amplification in Gastrodia. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2014; 55:72. [PMID: 28510952 PMCID: PMC5430336 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-014-0072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrodia flabilabella is a mycoheterotrophic orchid that obtains carbohydrates and nutrients from its symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi. The species is an endemic and vulnerable species enlisted in the "A Preliminary Red List of Taiwanese Vascular Plants" according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria Version 3.1. G. flabilabella dwells the underground of broadleaf and coniferous forest with richness litter. Based on herbarium records, this species is distributed in central Taiwan. Twenty eight microsatellite loci were developed in G. flabilabella and were tested for cross-species amplification in additional taxa of G. confusoides, G. elata, and G. javanica. We estimated the genetic variation that is valuable for conservation management and the development of the molecular identification system for G. elata, a traditional Chinese medicine herb. RESULTS Microsatellite primer sets were developed from G. flabilabella using the modified AFLP and magnetic bead enrichment method. In total, 257 microsatellite loci were obtained from a magnetic bead enrichment SSR library. Of the 28 microsatellite loci, 16 were polymorphic, in which the number of alleles ranged from 2 to 15, with the observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.02 to 1.00. In total, 15, 13, and 7 of the loci were found to be interspecifically amplifiable to G. confusoides, G. elata, and G. javanica, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Amplifiable and transferable microsatellite loci are potentially useful for future studies in investigating intraspecific genetic variation, reconstructing phylogeographic patterns among closely related species, and establishing the standard operating system of molecular identification in Gastrodia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chu Tsai
- Crop Improvement Division, Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Pingtung, 908 Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yin Wu
- Department of Life Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Kuo
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, 912 Taiwan
| | - Min-Chun Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804 Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Kun Yu
- Taiwan Society of Plant Systematics, Kaohsiung, 804 Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Wen Hsu
- Endemic Species Research Institute, Nantou, 552 Taiwan
| | - Tzen-Yuh Chiang
- Department of Life Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chung Chiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nkambo W, Anyama NG, Onegi B. In vivo hypoglycemic effect of methanolic fruit extract of Momordica charantia L. Afr Health Sci 2013; 13:933-9. [PMID: 24940315 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v13i4.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Momordica charantia L. is a medicinal plant commonly used in the management of diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVES We investigated the blood glucose lowering effect of the methanolic fruit extract of the Ugandan variety of M. charantia L. in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. METHODS 500g of M. charantia powder were macerated in methanol and the extract administered to two groups of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The first group received 125mg/kg, the second 375mg/kg and a third group 7mg/kg of metformin. A fourth group received 1ml normal saline. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were measured at 0.5,1,2,3,5,8 and 12 hours and compared using one-way ANOVA. RESULTS There was an initial rise in FBG for 1 hour after administration of extracts followed by steep reductions. Significant reduction in FBG occurred at 2 hours for 125mg/kg of extract (-3.2%, 313±25.9 to 303±25.0mg/dL, p = 0.049), 375mg/kg of extract (-3.9%, 356±19.7 to 342±20.3mg/dL, p = 0.001), and metformin (-2.6%, 344±21.7 to 335±21.1mg/dL, p = 0.003) when compared to normal saline. The maximum percentage reduction in FBG by both extracts occurred between 3 and 12 hours post dose. CONCLUSIONS The methanolic fruit extract of M. charantia exhibits dose dependent hypoglycaemic activity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Nkambo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - N G Anyama
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - B Onegi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Characterization of 42 microsatellite markers from poison ivy, Toxicodendron radicans (Anacardiaceae). Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:20414-26. [PMID: 24129176 PMCID: PMC3821622 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poison ivy, Toxicodendron radicans, and poison oaks, T. diversilobum and T. pubescens, are perennial woody species of the Anacardiaceae and are poisonous, containing strong allergens named urushiols that cause allergic contact dermatitis. Poison ivy is a species distributed from North America to East Asia, while T. diversilobum and T. pubescens are distributed in western and eastern North America, respectively. Phylogreography and population structure of these species remain unclear. Here, we developed microsatellite markers, via constructing a magnetic enriched microsatellite library, from poison ivy. We designed 51 primer pairs, 42 of which successfully yielded products that were subsequently tested for polymorphism in poison oak, and three subspecies of poison ivy. Among the 42 loci, 38 are polymorphic, while 4 are monomorphic. The number of alleles and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 1 to 12 and from 0.10 to 0.87, respectively, in poison ivy, while varied from 2 to 8 and, from 0.26 to 0.83, respectively in poison oak. Genetic analysis revealed distinct differentiation between poison ivy and poison oak, whereas slight genetic differentiation was detected among three subspecies of poison ivy. These highly polymorphic microsatellite fingerprints enable biologists to explore the population genetics, phylogeography, and speciation in Toxicodendron.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chiang YC, Huang BH, Chang CW, Wan YT, Lai SJ, Huang S, Liao PC. Asymmetric introgression in the horticultural living fossil cycas sect. Asiorientales using a genome-wide scanning approach. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:8228-51. [PMID: 23591840 PMCID: PMC3645740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14048228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian cycads are mostly allopatric, distributed in small population sizes. Hybridization between allopatric species provides clues in determining the mechanism of species divergence. Horticultural introduction provides the chance of interspecific gene flow between allopatric species. Two allopatrically eastern Asian Cycas sect. Asiorientales species, C. revoluta and C. taitungensis, which are widely distributed in Ryukyus and Fujian Province and endemic to Taiwan, respectively, were planted in eastern Taiwan for horticultural reason. Higher degrees of genetic admixture in cultivated samples than wild populations in both cycad species were detected based on multilocus scans by neutral AFLP markers. Furthermore, bidirectional but asymmetric introgression by horticultural introduction of C. revoluta is evidenced by the reanalyses of species associated loci, which are assumed to be diverged after species divergence. Partial loci introgressed from native cycad to the invaders were also detected at the loci of strong species association. Consistent results tested by all neutral loci, and the species-associated loci, specify the recent introgression from the paradox of sharing of ancestral polymorphisms. Phenomenon of introgression of cultivated cycads implies niche conservation among two geographic-isolated cycads, even though the habitats of the extant wild populations of two species are distinct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chung Chiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Bing-Hong Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; E-Mails: (B.-H.H.); (Y.-T.W.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Chun-Wen Chang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan; E-Mail: (C.-W.C); (S.H.)
- Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Technical Service Division, Taipei 10066, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Wan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; E-Mails: (B.-H.H.); (Y.-T.W.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Shih-Jie Lai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; E-Mails: (B.-H.H.); (Y.-T.W.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Shong Huang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan; E-Mail: (C.-W.C); (S.H.)
| | - Pei-Chun Liao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; E-Mails: (B.-H.H.); (Y.-T.W.); (S.-J.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-8-7-703-202 (ext. 6364); Fax: +886-8-7-740-584
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Renner SS, Pandey AK. The Cucurbitaceae of India: Accepted names, synonyms, geographic distribution, and information on images and DNA sequences. PHYTOKEYS 2013:53-118. [PMID: 23717193 PMCID: PMC3652411 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.20.3948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The most recent critical checklists of the Cucurbitaceae of India are 30 years old. Since then, botanical exploration, online availability of specimen images and taxonomic literature, and molecular-phylogenetic studies have led to modified taxon boundaries and geographic ranges. We present a checklist of the Cucurbitaceae of India that treats 400 relevant names and provides information on the collecting locations and herbaria for all types. We accept 94 species (10 of them endemic) in 31 genera. For accepted species, we provide their geographic distribution inside and outside India, links to online images of herbarium or living specimens, and information on publicly available DNA sequences to highlight gaps in the current understanding of Indian cucurbit diversity. Of the 94 species, 79% have DNA sequences in GenBank, albeit rarely from Indian material. The most species-rich genera are Trichosanthes with 22 species, Cucumis with 11 (all but two wild), Momordica with 8, and Zehneria with 5. From an evolutionary point of view, India is of special interest because it harbors a wide range of lineages, many of them relatively old and phylogenetically isolated. Phytogeographically, the north eastern and peninsular regions are richest in species, while the Jammu Kashmir and Himachal regions have few Cucurbitaceae. Our checklist probably underestimates the true diversity of Indian Cucurbitaceae, but should help focus efforts towards the least known species and regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne S Renner
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich, Menzingerstr. 67, 80638 Munich, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Momordica charantia Extract Induces Apoptosis in Human Cancer Cells through Caspase- and Mitochondria-Dependent Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:261971. [PMID: 23091557 PMCID: PMC3471438 DOI: 10.1155/2012/261971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Plants are an invaluable source of potential new anti-cancer drugs. Momordica charantia is one of these plants with both edible and medical value and reported to exhibit anticancer activity. To explore the potential effectiveness of Momordica charantia, methanol extract of Momordica charantia (MCME) was used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity on four human cancer cell lines, Hone-1 nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, AGS gastric adenocarcinoma cells, HCT-116 colorectal carcinoma cells, and CL1-0 lung adenocarcinoma cells, in this study. MCME showed cytotoxic activity towards all cancer cells tested, with the approximate IC50 ranging from 0.25 to 0.35 mg/mL at 24 h. MCME induced cell death was found to be time-dependent in these cells. Apoptosis was demonstrated by DAPI staining and DNA fragmentation analysis using agarose gel electrophoresis. MCME activated caspase-3 and enhanced the cleavage of downstream DFF45 and PARP, subsequently leading to DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation. The apoptogenic protein, Bax, was increased, whereas Bcl-2 was decreased after treating for 24 h in all cancer cells, indicating the involvement of mitochondrial pathway in MCME-induced cell death. These findings indicate that MCME has cytotoxic effects on human cancer cells and exhibits promising anti-cancer activity by triggering apoptosis through the regulation of caspases and mitochondria.
Collapse
|