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Zhang Z, Xiang S, Cui R, Peng H, Mridul R, Xiang M. ILP-2: A New Bane and Therapeutic Target for Human Cancers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:922596. [PMID: 35814477 PMCID: PMC9260022 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.922596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis protein-related-like protein-2 (ILP-2), also known as BIRC-8, is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAPs) family, which mainly encodes the negative regulator of apoptosis. It is selectively overexpressed in a variety of human tumors and can help tumor cells evade apoptosis, promote tumor cell growth, increase tumor cell aggressiveness, and appears to be involved in tumor cell resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Several studies have shown that downregulation of ILP-2 expression increases apoptosis, inhibits metastasis, reduces cell growth potential, and sensitizes tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. In addition, ILP-2 inhibits apoptosis in a unique manner; it does not directly inhibit the activity of caspases but induces apoptosis by cooperating with other apoptosis-related proteins. Here, we review the current understanding of the various roles of ILP-2 in the apoptotic cascade and explore the use of interfering ILP-2, and the combination of related anti-tumor agents, as a novel strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, China
- The State Ethnic Committee's Key Laboratory of Clinical Engineering Laboratory of Xiangxi Miao Pediatric Tuina, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Siqi Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, China
- The State Ethnic Committee's Key Laboratory of Clinical Engineering Laboratory of Xiangxi Miao Pediatric Tuina, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Ruxia Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, China
- The State Ethnic Committee's Key Laboratory of Clinical Engineering Laboratory of Xiangxi Miao Pediatric Tuina, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Hang Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, China
- The State Ethnic Committee's Key Laboratory of Clinical Engineering Laboratory of Xiangxi Miao Pediatric Tuina, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Roy Mridul
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, China
- The State Ethnic Committee's Key Laboratory of Clinical Engineering Laboratory of Xiangxi Miao Pediatric Tuina, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Mingjun Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, China
- The State Ethnic Committee's Key Laboratory of Clinical Engineering Laboratory of Xiangxi Miao Pediatric Tuina, Jishou University, Jishou, China
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2
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Xiang S, Zhu L, Zhang Z, Wang S, Cui R, Xiang M. Proteomic analysis of inhibitor of apoptosis protein‑like protein‑2 on breast cancer cell proliferation. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:89. [PMID: 35039877 PMCID: PMC8809121 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although inhibitor of apoptosis protein-like protein-2 (ILP-2) is considered to be a novel enhancer of breast cancer proliferation, its underlying mechanism of action remains unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the expression profile of ILP-2-related proteins in MCF-7 cells to reveal their effect on promoting breast cancer cell proliferation. The isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) method was used to analyse the expression profile of ILP-2-related proteins in MCF-7 breast cancer cells transfected with small interfering (si)RNA against ILP-2 (siRNA-5 group) and the negative control (NC) siRNA. The analysis of the iTRAQ data was carried out using western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. A total of 4,065 proteins were identified in MCF-7 cells, including 241 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs; fold change ≥1.20 or ≤0.83; P<0.05). Among them, 156 proteins were upregulated and 85 were downregulated in the siRNA-5 group compared with in the NC group. The aforementioned DEPs were mainly enriched in ‘ECM-receptor interaction’. In addition, the top 10 biological processes related to these proteins were associated with signal transduction, cell proliferation and immune system processes. Furthermore, ILP-2 silencing upregulated N(4)-(β-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase, metallothionein-1E and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, whereas ILP-2 overexpression exerted the opposite effect. The results of the present study suggested that ILP-2 could promote breast cancer growth via regulating cell proliferation, signal transduction, immune system processes and other cellular physiological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Zhiliang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Ruxia Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Mingjun Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
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3
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Wen X, Chen Y, Fang X. Overexpression of HOXD8 inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells by downregulating ILP2 expression. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1006. [PMID: 34345288 PMCID: PMC8311240 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women. Although a number of homeobox (HOX) genes are known to serve an important role in breast cancer, the role of HOXD8 in breast cancer remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of HOXD8 in the physiological behaviors of breast cancer cells. The Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis database was used to analyze the expression of HOXD8 in patients with breast cancer and in healthy subjects. Western blotting was performed to determine the expression levels of HOXD8 in several breast cancer cell lines; subsequently, HOXD8 expression was knocked down and overexpressed in MCF-7 cells. Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, wound healing and Transwell assays were used to evaluate the effects of HOXD8 on breast cancer cell viability, proliferation, migration and invasion, respectively. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase reporter assays were conducted to identify the binding sites between HOXD8 and inhibitor of apoptosis-like protein-2 (ILP2). In addition, ILP2 expression levels were knocked down in MCF-7 cells. The results demonstrated that the expression levels of HOXD8 were significantly downregulated in breast cancer tissues and cell lines, and that the overexpression of HOXD8 inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migration of cancer cells. HOXD8 was shown to bind to the ILP2 promoter to regulate the expression of ILP2. Furthermore, ILP2 knockdown reversed the effects of HOXD8 knockdown on breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion and migration. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggested that HOXD8 may inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells by downregulating ILP2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Xiansong Fang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
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Xiang M, Jiang Y, Hu Z, Yang Y, Du X, Botchway BOA, Fang M. Serotonin receptors 2A and 1A modulate anxiety-like behavior in post-traumatic stress disordered mice. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:2288-2303. [PMID: 31105836 PMCID: PMC6511758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
5-hydroxytryptamine receptors 2A and 1A (5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors) are most closely related to anxiety-like behavior in post-traumatic stress disorder. This study was aimed at determining how 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors mediate stress-induced anxiety-like behavior. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to conditioned fear stress combined with single-prolonged stress and injected with corresponding antagonists of 5-HT2A or 5-HT1A receptors or DMSO. The established mouse model was used in conjunction with open-field test, freezing behavioral test and elevated plus maze test. Protein expression levels of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors, ERK1 and ERK2, pERK1, pERK2 and c-Myc in mice hippocampus were evaluated by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence labeling. Relative mRNA expression levels of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors, ERK1, ERK2 and c-Myc were analyzed with RT-qRCR. 5-HT2A receptor plays a significant role in anxiety-like behavior by inhibiting 5-HT1A receptor expression. Effect of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors on stress-related anxiety-like behavior was elicited via ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation. On the basis of our experimental results, we hypothesize interaction between 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors in mouse hippocampus to mediate anxiety-like behavior via ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Xiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Medical Science, Jishou UniversityJishou 416000, China
| | - Yuting Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiying Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou Red Cross HospitalHangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoxue Du
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou 310058, China
| | - Benson OA Botchway
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou 310058, China
| | - Marong Fang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou 310058, China
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Zhu L, Zhou W, Zhu X, Xiang S, Wang S, Peng Y, Lu B, Tang P, Chen Q, Wu M, Peng X, Chen Z, Sun Z, Yang K, Xiang M, Yu D. Inhibitor of apoptosis protein‑like protein‑2: A novel growth accelerator for breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:2047-2055. [PMID: 30106449 PMCID: PMC6111458 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the inhibitor of apoptosis protein-like protein-2 (ILP-2) has been shown as a serological biomarker for breast cancer, its effect on breast cancer cell growth remains elusive. The present study aimed to determine the role of ILP-2 in breast cancer cell growth. We used immunohistochemistry to analyze ILP-2 expression in 59 tissue paraffin-embedded blocks, which included 35 breast cancer tissues and 24 galactophore hyperplasia tissues. Western blot analysis was used to detect protein expression levels of ILP-2 in breast cancer cell lines such as HCC-1937, MX-1 and MCF-7 as well as breast gland cell line MCF 10A. ILP-2 was silenced by siRNA in HCC-1937, MX-1 and MCF-7 cell lines. MTT assays, scratch assays and AO-EB double staining analysis were conducted to evidence the role of ILP-2 on breast cancer cell growth. Results from this study showed increased ILP-2 expression in breast cancer tissues and breast cancer cell lines such as HCC-1937, MX-1 and MCF-7. Cell viability or rate of cell migration of HCC-1937, MX-1 and MCF-7 cell lines was significantly inhibited when ILP-2 was knocked down by siRNA. The apoptosis rate of HCC-1937, MX-1 and MCF-7 cell lines was increased when compared with that of the control group. Thus, ILP-2 plays an active role in the growth of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Xidi Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Siqi Xiang
- Department of Bioengineering, Biological Science and Engineering School, North University of Nationalities, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Yingxia Peng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Bangyun Lu
- Tumor Hospital, Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Peizhi Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Qian Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Mengjuan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Xia Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Ziyu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Ziyi Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Kunliang Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Mingjun Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical Research Center, Institute of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
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Liu TH, Zheng F, Cai MY, Guo L, Lin HX, Chen JW, Liao YJ, Kung HF, Zeng YX, Xie D. The putative tumor activator ARHGEF3 promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell pathogenesis by inhibiting cellular apoptosis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:25836-48. [PMID: 27028992 PMCID: PMC5041948 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most prevalent forms of highly invasive malignancy in Southern China and Southeast Asia. The pathogenesis of NPC is a multistep process driven by the acquisition of numerous genetic abnormalities. We investigated the potential oncogenic role of the Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 gene, ARHGEF3, in NPC pathogenesis. Expression levels of ARHGEF3 were frequently up-regulated in NPC cell lines and tissues. In a large cohort of clinical NPC tissues high expression of ARHGEF3 was positively associated with an increased T status, distant metastasis, and a more advanced clinical stage (P < 0.05). Survival analysis revealed that ARHGEF3 expression was a significant and independent prognosis factor for NPC patients. In NPC cell lines, knockdown of ARHGEF3 was sufficient to inhibit cell growth, motility, and invasion in vitro, whereas ectopic overexpression of ARHGEF3 substantially enhanced NPC cells tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo. Depletion of ARHGEF3 in NPC cells dramatically promoted caspase-3 induced apoptosis and an anti-apoptosis factor, BIRC8, was identified as a critical downstream target of the ARHGEF3. Our findings suggest that increased expression of ARHGEF3 plays a critical oncogenic role in NPC pathogenesis by preventing cell apoptosis through the up-regulation of BIRC8, and ARHGEF3 might be employed as a novel prognostic marker and effective therapeutic target for human NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Hao Liu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Yan Cai
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Xin Lin
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Wei Chen
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ji Liao
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hsiang-Fu Kung
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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Finlay D, Teriete P, Vamos M, Cosford NDP, Vuori K. Inducing death in tumor cells: roles of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. F1000Res 2017; 6:587. [PMID: 28529715 PMCID: PMC5414821 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10625.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous group of diseases collectively termed cancer results not just from aberrant cellular proliferation but also from a lack of accompanying homeostatic cell death. Indeed, cancer cells regularly acquire resistance to programmed cell death, or apoptosis, which not only supports cancer progression but also leads to resistance to therapeutic agents. Thus, various approaches have been undertaken in order to induce apoptosis in tumor cells for therapeutic purposes. Here, we will focus our discussion on agents that directly affect the apoptotic machinery itself rather than on drugs that induce apoptosis in tumor cells indirectly, such as by DNA damage or kinase dependency inhibition. As the roles of the Bcl-2 family have been extensively studied and reviewed recently, we will focus in this review specifically on the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family. IAPs are a disparate group of proteins that all contain a baculovirus IAP repeat domain, which is important for the inhibition of apoptosis in some, but not all, family members. We describe each of the family members with respect to their structural and functional similarities and differences and their respective roles in cancer. Finally, we also review the current state of IAPs as targets for anti-cancer therapeutics and discuss the current clinical state of IAP antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Finlay
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Peter Teriete
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Mitchell Vamos
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kristiina Vuori
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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8
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Khalili S, Mohammadpour H, Shokrollahi Barough M, Kokhaei P. ILP-2 modeling and virtual screening of an FDA-approved library:a possible anticancer therapy. Turk J Med Sci 2016; 46:1135-43. [PMID: 27513416 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1503-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The members of the inhibitors of apoptosis protein (IAP) family inhibit diverse components of the caspase signaling pathway, notably caspase 3, 7, and 9. ILP-2 (BIRC-8) is the most recently identified member of the IAPs, mainly interacting with caspase 9. This interaction would eventually lead to death resistance in the case of cancerous cells. Therefore, structural modeling of ILP-2 and finding applicable inhibitors of its interaction with caspase 9 are a compelling challenge. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three main protein modeling approaches along with various model refinement measures were harnessed to achieve a reliable 3D model, using state-of-the-art software. Thereafter, the selected model was employed to perform virtual screening of an FDA approved library. RESULTS A model built by a combinatorial approach (homology and ab initio approaches) was chosen as the best model. Model refinement processes successfully bolstered the model quality. Virtual screening of the compound library introduced several high affinity inhibitor candidates that interact with functional residues of ILP2. CONCLUSION Given the 3D structure of the ILP2 molecule, we found promising inhibitory molecules. In addition to high affinity towards the ILP2 molecule, these molecules interact with residues that play pivotal rules in ILP2-caspase interaction. These molecules would inhibit ILP2-caspase interaction and consequently would lead to reactivated cell apoptosis through the caspases pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Khalili
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hemn Mohammadpour
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Parviz Kokhaei
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene Therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK),Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Yang C, He P, Liu Y, He Y, Yang C, Du Y, Zhou M, Wang W, Zhang G, Wu M, Gao F. Assay of serum CEACAM1 as a potential biomarker for breast cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 450:277-81. [PMID: 26343926 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is a widely expressed multi-functional adhesion molecule reported to serve as a serum biomarker in several types of cancer. However, the serum CEACAM1 expression in breast cancer is unclear. We investigated the serum concentrations of CEACAM1 in patients with breast cancer and determine the potential of serum CEACAM1 as a breast cancer biomarker. METHODS Serum specimens were obtained from 33 patients with breast cancer, 30 patients with benign breast diseases and 34 healthy donors. The serum CEACAM1 concentrations were examined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The serum CEACAM1 concentrations in the malignant group (532 ng/ml) were significantly higher than those of the benign group (423 ng/ml) and healthy control group (386 ng/ml) (both p<0.001). Based on univariable logistic regression, serum CEACAM1 concentrations significantly predicted breast cancer versus normal controls or benign breast diseases. Area under receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) for serum CEACAM1 was 0.925(95% CI: 0.866-0.984). The optimal cut-off concentration of CEACAM1 was 475.82 ng/ml for discriminating breast cancer from normal controls. CONCLUSION Serum concentrations of CEACAM1 may serve as a useful indicator for the presence of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Pingqing He
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Yiqing He
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Cuixia Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Yan Du
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Muqing Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Man Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China.
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10
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Nipple discharge of CA15-3, CA125, CEA and TSGF as a new biomarker panel for breast cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9546-65. [PMID: 24879526 PMCID: PMC4100109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. Serum biomarkers such as cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3), cancer antigen 125 (CA125), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) can be used as diagnostic and prognostic factors and can also provide valuable information during follow-up. However, serum protein biomarkers show limited diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in stand-alone assays because their levels reflect tumor burden. To validate whether biomarkers in nipple discharge may serve as novel biomarkers for breast cancer, we composed a panel of potential cancer biomarkers, including CA15-3, CA125, CEA, and malignant tumor-specific growth factor (TSGF), and evaluated their expression in both serum and nipple discharge in order to explore the expression and significance of estrogen receptor (ER), progestrone receptor (PR), epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2/neu), CA15-3, CA125, CEA, and TSGF expression for their combined predictive value for breast cancer and in judging the prognosis of breast cancer. Univariate analysis revealed that combined detection of CA15-3, CA125, CEA, and TSGF in nipple discharge served as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer, but in the multivariate analyses the adverse effects of the four biomarkers combination in nipple discharge positivity on overall survival were lost. Multivariate analysis revealed that the positivity of the combined detection of the four biomarkers in both nipple discharge and serum was significantly higher than that of other detection methods. Thus, the combined detection of these four biomarkers both in serum and nipple discharge was retained as an independent prognostic variable in breast cancer patients. Our results indicate that CA15-3, CA125, CEA, and TSGF in nipple discharge can serve as novel biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer.
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Lu DP, Zhou XY, Yao LT, Liu CG, Ma W, Jin F, Wu YF. Serum soluble ST2 is associated with ER-positive breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:198. [PMID: 24636276 PMCID: PMC3995159 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ST2, a member of the interleukin (IL)-1receptor family, regulates Th1/Th2 immune responses in autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. However, the role of ST2 signaling in tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancers has not been investigated. This study investigated the possible role of soluble ST2 (sST2) in breast cancer. METHODS The serum levels of IL-33, sST2, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in 150 breast cancer patients and 90 healthy women were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Estrogen receptor(ER), progesterone receptor, human epithelial receptor (HER)-2, and cell cycle regulated protein Ki-67 were measured. Clinical stage, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and histological type were also recorded. RESULTS The serum levels of sST2, IL-33, and VEGF were significantly higher in breast cancer patients than in the control group (P < 0.05, each). Serum sST2 levels in ER-positive breast cancer patients were significantly associated with age, histological type, clinical stage, tumor size, and Ki-67 status (P < 0.05, each). Moreover, the serum levels of IL-33 and sST2 in breast cancers significantly correlated with VEGF levels (IL-33: r = 0.375, P < 0.0001; sST2: r = 0.164, P = 0.045). Serum levels of sST2, IL-33, and VEGF decreased after modified radical mastectomy in ER-positive breast cancers. Serum levels of IL-33, sST2, and VEGF and clinicopathological factors were not significantly correlated with disease-free survival and overall survival of ER-positive breast cancer women during follow-up. CONCLUSION Serum sST2 levels in ER-positive breast cancer patients are significantly associated with factors that indicate poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yun-Fei Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, PR China.
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Hudler P, Kocevar N, Komel R. Proteomic approaches in biomarker discovery: new perspectives in cancer diagnostics. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:260348. [PMID: 24550697 PMCID: PMC3914447 DOI: 10.1155/2014/260348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite remarkable progress in proteomic methods, including improved detection limits and sensitivity, these methods have not yet been established in routine clinical practice. The main limitations, which prevent their integration into clinics, are high cost of equipment, the need for highly trained personnel, and last, but not least, the establishment of reliable and accurate protein biomarkers or panels of protein biomarkers for detection of neoplasms. Furthermore, the complexity and heterogeneity of most solid tumours present obstacles in the discovery of specific protein signatures, which could be used for early detection of cancers, for prediction of disease outcome, and for determining the response to specific therapies. However, cancer proteome, as the end-point of pathological processes that underlie cancer development and progression, could represent an important source for the discovery of new biomarkers and molecular targets for tailored therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hudler
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Kocevar
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Radovan Komel
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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