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Shi Q, Qian Y, Wang B, Liu L, Chen Y, Chen C, Feng L, Chen J, Dong N. Glycyrrhizin protects against particulate matter-induced lung injury via regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis through Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110371. [PMID: 37245303 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a major environmental pollutant that contributes considerably to deaths worldwide. The pathogenesis of PM-induced lung injury (PILI) is far from elucidated and warrants effective intervention. An effective component of licorice, glycyrrhizin (GL), has been the subject of much research due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative capabilities. Although preventive properties of GL are well-known, the precise mechanism of GL in PILI has not yet been investigated. A mouse model of PILI was used to examine the protective effects of GL in vivo, and a human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) model was used in vitro. In order to determine whether GL mitigates PILI, its effects on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis and the oxidative response were examined. According to the findings, GL reduced PILI and activate anti-oxidative Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 signaling in mice. Notably, the effect of GL on PM-induced ER stress and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis was significantly attenuated by the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385. The data suggest that via the anti-oxidative Nrf2 signaling, GL may reduce oxidative stress-mediated ER stress and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis. Therefore, GL may serve as a promising treatment for PILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang 322100, China.
| | - Yao Qian
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Beibei Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Chengshui Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Lanfang Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang 322100, China.
| | - Junjie Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Nian Dong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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Gao W, Zhao Y, Guo L, Wang Y, Gong H, Zhang B, Yan M. Comparative effectiveness of glycyrrhizic acid preparations aimed at improving liver function of patients with chronic hepatitis B: A network meta-analysis of 53 randomized controlled trials. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154883. [PMID: 37224775 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Entecavir (ETV) has disadvantages, such as poor improvement in liver function, during the treatment of Chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Thus ETV is often used in clinical therapy with glycyrrhizic acid (GA) preparations. However, due to the lack of reliable and direct clinical studies, it remains controversial whether glycyrrhizic acid preparations have the best efficacy in CHB. Therefore, we aimed to compare and rank the different GA preparations in the treatment of CHB using network meta-analysis (NMA). METHODS We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China national knowledge internet (CNKI), Wanfang, VIP, and SinoMed databases as of August 4, 2022. Literature was screened according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria to extract meaningful information. A Bayesian approach was used for random effects model network meta-analysis, and Stata 17 software was used for data analysis. RESULTS From 1074 papers, we included 53 relevant randomized clinical trials (RCTs). For the primary outcome, we used the overall effective rate in assessing the effectiveness of treatment for CHB (31 RCTs including 3007 patients): CGI, CGT, DGC and MgIGI significantly reduced the incidence of overall response compared to controls (RRs range from 1.16 to 1.24); SUCRA results showed that MgIGI was the best (SUCRA 0.923). In terms of secondary outcomes, we assessed the effect of treatment for CHB according to the level of reduction in ALT and AST: for ALT (37 RCTs including 3752 patients), CGI, CGT, DGC, DGI and MgIGI significantly improved liver function index compared to controls (MD range from 14.65 to 20.41); SUCRA results showed that CGI was the best (SUCRA 0.87); for AST, GI, CGT, DGC, DGI and MgIGI significantly improved liver function index compared to the control group (MD range from 17.46 to 24.42); SUCRA results showed that MgIGI was the best (SUCRA 0.871). CONCLUSION In this study, we verified that the combination of GA and Entecavir is more effective than entecavir monotherapy in the treatment of hepatitis B. MgIGI and CGI showed clinically significant effects on liver function recovery compared with other GA preparations. MgIGI appeared to be the best choice among all GA preparations for the treatment of CHB. Our study provides some references for the treatment of CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Yichang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yikun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Bikui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Miao Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
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Mohammed EAH, Peng Y, Wang Z, Qiang X, Zhao Q. Synthesis, Antiviral, and Antibacterial Activity of the Glycyrrhizic Acid and Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022; 48:906-918. [PMID: 35919388 PMCID: PMC9333650 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022050132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid and its primary metabolite glycyrrhetinic acid, are the main active ingredients in the licorice roots (glycyrrhiza species), which are widely used in several countries of the world, especially in east asian countries (China, Japan). These ingredients and their derivatives play an important role in treating many diseases, especially infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and hepatic infections. This review aims to summarize the different ways of synthesising the amide derivatives of glycyrrhizic acid and the main ways to synthesize the glycyrrhitinic acid derivatives. Also, to determine the main biological and pharmacological activity for these compounds from the previous studies to provide essential data to researchers for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. A. H. Mohammed
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Y. Peng
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Z. Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - X. Qiang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Q. Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy of Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
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Bakr AF, Shao P, Farag MA. Recent advances in glycyrrhizin metabolism, health benefits, clinical effects and drug delivery systems for efficacy improvement; a comprehensive review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:153999. [PMID: 35220130 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycyrrhizin (GL) is a major active constituent of licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) that is considered one of the oldest and most frequently employed botanicals in Chinese medicine and worldwide, with most effects attributed to its rich GL content. Structurally, GL a triterpene saponin that is widely used as a flavoring agent in foodstuffs and cosmetics, and also proposed for various clinical applications with a myriad of health benefits. Pharmacological and biological activities of GL include antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities (in vitro and in vivo). Currently, there is no comprehensive review on GL biological effects and its action mechanisms. PURPOSE This review summarizes GL pharmacological actions from a molecular biology perception, presented on its metabolism and side effects based on in vitro, in vitro and clinical studies. Moreover, the potential of GL as a nanomedicine delivery system is also summarized. The progress in drug delivery research using GL presented herein is expected to provide a theoretical basis for developing other novel drugs formulations. METHODS A systematic review was carried out in several electronic databases (Science Direct, SpringerLink, CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, and Scopus), using the following key words: glycyrrhizin "AND" bioactivity "OR" clinic "OR" therapeutic "OR" drug delivery. This search included manuscripts published between 1989 and 2021. RESULTS 126 researches were selected and summarized in this review. The analysis of these studies indicated that GL has antiviral activity against different viruses. Further, GL efficiently suppressed the respiratory manifestations associated with COVID-19 by reducing the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) that employed by the virus as an entry point. Otherwise, GL was found to induce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory, and anticancer activity. Besides, diminution the particle size of GL to nanometer size significantly augments their action and biodistribution. CONCLUSION This article summarizes the pharmacological actions of GL. The potential of GL as a nanomedicine delivery system is also presented. Nevertheless, most studies reported provide no deep insight of GL health effects warranting for more future studies to elucidate its action mechanism and potential therapeutic benefits through preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa F Bakr
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Gamaa St., Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ping Shao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research, China National Light Industry, China.
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
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Dai W, Wang K, Zhen X, Huang Z, Liu L. Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate attenuates acute alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis in a zebrafish model by regulating lipid metabolism and ER stress. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2022; 19:23. [PMID: 35331265 PMCID: PMC8944020 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-022-00655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcoholism is a well-known risk factor for liver injury and is one of the major causes of hepatic steatosis worldwide. Although many drugs have been reported to have protective effects against acute alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity, there is limited available treatment for alcoholic liver disease (ALD), indicating an urgent need for effective therapeutic options. Herein, we first reported the protective effects of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate (MgIG) on acute alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis and its related mechanisms in a zebrafish model. Methods Alcohol was administered directly to embryo medium at 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) for up to 32 h. MgIG was given to the larvae 2 h before the administration of alcohol and then cotreated with alcohol starting at 5 dpf. Oil red O staining was used to determine the incidence of steatosis, and pathological features of the liver were assessed by hematoxylin–eosin staining. Biological indexes, total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglycerol (TG) were detected in the livers of zebrafish larvae. Morphological changes in the livers of zebrafish larvae were observed using liver-specific EGFP transgenic zebrafish (Tg(lfabp10a:eGFP)). The expression levels of critical molecules related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and lipid metabolism were detected by qRT–PCR, whole-mount in situ hybridization and western blotting. Results Alcohol-treated larvae developed hepatomegaly and steatosis after 32 h of exposure. We found that MgIG improved hepatomegaly and reduced the incidence of steatosis in a dose-dependent manner by oil red O staining and diminished deposits of alcohol-induced fat droplets by histologic analysis. Moreover, MgIG significantly decreased the levels of TC and TG in the livers of zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, the expression levels of critical genes involved in ER stress (atf6, irela, bip, chop) and the key enzymes regulating lipid metabolism (acc1, fasn, hmgcs1 and hmgcra) were significantly higher in the alcohol-treated group than in the control group. However, in the MgIG plus alcohol-treated group, the expression of these genes was markedly decreased compared with that in the alcohol-treated group. Whole-mount in situ hybridization and western blotting also showed that MgIG had an effect on the expression levels of critical genes and proteins involved in lipid metabolism and ER stress. Our results revealed that MgIG could markedly regulate these genes and protect the liver from ER stress and lipid metabolism disorders. Conclusions Our study is the first to demonstrate that MgIG could protect the liver from acute alcohol stimulation by ameliorating the disorder of lipid metabolism and regulating ER stress in zebrafish larvae. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12986-022-00655-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Kunyuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinchun Zhen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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Chen K, Yang R, Shen FQ, Zhu HL. Advances in Pharmacological Activities and Mechanisms of Glycyrrhizic Acid. Curr Med Chem 2021; 27:6219-6243. [PMID: 31612817 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666191011115407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) is widely regarded as an important medicinal plant and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine because of its therapeutic properties. Studies have shown that metabolites isolated from licorice have many pharmacological activities, such as antiinflammatory, anti-viral, participation in immune regulation, anti-tumor and other activities. This article gives an overview of the pharmacological activities and mechanisms of licorice metabolites and the adverse reactions that need attention. This review helps to further investigate the possibility of licorice as a potential drug for various diseases. It is hoped that this review can provide a relevant theoretical basis for relevant scholars' research and their own learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele Univeristy for Gene Interference and
Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Yang
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele Univeristy for Gene Interference and
Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fa-Qian Shen
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele Univeristy for Gene Interference and
Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
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Tsai JJ, Pan PJ, Hsu FT, Chung JG, Chiang IT. Glycyrrhizic Acid Modulates Apoptosis through Extrinsic/Intrinsic Pathways and Inhibits Protein Kinase B- and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase-Mediated Metastatic Potential in Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Vitro and In Vivo. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:223-244. [PMID: 32054305 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A previous study presented that glycyrrhizic acid as the hepatoprotective agent inhibits total parenteral nutrition-associated acute liver injury in rats. However, the anticancer effect and mechanism of glycyrrhizic acid in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is ambiguous. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of glycyrrhizic acid on apoptosis dysregulation and metastatic potential in HCC in vitro and in vivo. Both SK-Hep1 and Hep3B cells were treated with different concentrations of glycyrrhizic acid for 24 or 48h. SK-Hep1/luc2 tumor-bearing mice were treated with vehicle or glycyrrhizic acid (50mg/kg/day by intraperitoneal injection) for 7 days. Tumor cells growth, apoptotic, and metastatic signaling transduction were evaluated by using MTT assay, digital caliper, bioluminescence imaging (BLI), flow cytometry, western blotting assay, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. The results demonstrated glycyrrhizic acid significantly inhibits tumor cell growth, cell invasion, and expression of AKT (Ser473), extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation, anti-apoptotic and metastatic proteins in HCC in vitro and in vivo. Glycyrrhizic acid also significantly triggered apoptosis and extrinsic/intrinsic apoptotic signaling transduction. In addition, PD98059 (ERK inhibitor) and LY294002 (AKT inhibitor) obviously reduced cell invasion and expression of metastasis-associated proteins. Taken together, these results indicated that glycyrrhizic acid induces apoptosis through extrinsic/intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways and diminishes EGFR/AKT/ERK-modulated metastatic potential in HCC in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai-Jen Tsai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan 260, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Po-Jung Pan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan 260, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fei-Ting Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - I-Tsang Chiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 505, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 406, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 505, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Orazizadeh M, Khorsandi L, Mansouri E, Fakhredini F. The effect of glycyrrhizin acid on Bax and Bcl2 expression in hepatotoxicity induced by Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in rats. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2020; 13:168-176. [PMID: 32308939 PMCID: PMC7149808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM This research studied the effects of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) on apoptosis induced with by titanium dioxide (NTiO2) in the liver of rats. BACKGROUND It is widely accepted that the contamination resulting from nanoparticles (NPs) is an emerging dangerous issue. Metal oxide nanoparticles have high environmental stability and cause toxicity in the food chain. Thus, the present study investigated the anti-apoptotic effects of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) on the hepatotoxicity generated by titanium dioxide (NTiO2) NPs in the liver tissue. METHODS Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. NTiO2-treated rats were given 300 mg / kg of NTiO2 solution via gavage for 14 days; GA-treated were administered 100 mg/kg GA for 14 days; protection group was pre-treated with GA before NTiO2 administration for 7 days. Then, apoptotic index was evaluated through immunolocalization of Bax and Bcl-2 and TUNEL assay. RESULTS we found that HSCORE of Bax expression and apoptotic index experienced a significant increase with NTiO2 (P <0.001), while Bcl-2 expression significantly diminished in NTiO2-treated rats (P <0.001). The results revealed that the increased Bax expression and apoptotic index were reversed by GA and enhanced the activities of Bcl2. CONCLUSION The results revealed that GA effectively attenuated apoptosis against NTiO2 in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Orazizadeh
- Cell & Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Layasadat Khorsandi
- Cell & Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Esrafil Mansouri
- Cell & Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fereshtesadat Fakhredini
- Cell & Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Natural products in licorice for the therapy of liver diseases: Progress and future opportunities. Pharmacol Res 2019; 144:210-226. [PMID: 31022523 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver diseases related complications represent a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide, creating a substantial economic burden. Oxidative stress, excessive inflammation, and dysregulated energy metabolism significantly contributed to liver diseases. Therefore, discovery of novel therapeutic drugs for the treatment of liver diseases are urgently required. Licorice is one of the most commonly used herbal drugs in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of liver diseases and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Various bioactive components have been isolated and identified from the licorice, including glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, liquiritigenin, Isoliquiritigenin, licochalcone A, and glycycoumarin. Emerging evidence suggested that these natural products relieved liver diseases and prevented DILI through multi-targeting therapeutic mechanisms, including anti-steatosis, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, immunoregulation, anti-fibrosis, anti-cancer, and drug-drug interactions. In the current review, we summarized the recent progress in the research of hepatoprotective and toxic effects of different licorice-derived bioactive ingredients and also highlighted the potency of these compounds as promising therapeutic options for the treatment of liver diseases and DILI. We also outlined the networks of underlying molecular signaling pathways. Further pharmacology and toxicology research will contribute to the development of natural products in licorice and their derivatives as medicines with alluring prospect in the clinical application.
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Li YJ, Wang L, Zhang B, Gao F, Yang CM. Glycyrrhizin, an HMGB1 inhibitor, exhibits neuroprotective effects in rats after lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:390-399. [PMID: 30417405 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
It has been proven that extracellular HMGB1 is involved in progression of neurologic disorders, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, meningitis and epilepsy. Glycyrrhizin (GL) is a direct inhibitor of HMGB1, and blocks HMGB1 release into the extracellular. We aim in this study to investigate the neuroprotective effects of GL in a rat model after lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE).
Methods
Adult male SD rats were divided into three groups: Sham group, SE-group and (SE + GL)-treated group. The HMGB1 expression in serum and hippocampus, the damage extent of blood brain barrier (BBB) and hippocampal neuronal damage were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry, western blot and nissl's staining.
Key findings
Glycyrrhizin markedly reduced HMGB1 expression in serum and hippocampus, prevented HMGB1 translocation from nucleus to cytoplasm in hippocampal CA1, CA3 and hilus areas of SE rats. Meanwhile, GL significantly ameliorated neuronal damage in the CA1, CA3 and hilus areas of hippocampus, and protected BBB disruption after SE. The administration of GL significantly decreased the mortality from 25 to 8.9% in rats.
Conclusions
Glycyrrhizin may exert neuroprotective effects via inhibiting HMGB1 and protect BBB permeability in lithium-pilocarpine-induced rats with SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-jun Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chun-Mei Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Zhang T, Yan J, Wang N, Dai L, Wang Y, Cai W. Autophagy May Protect Against Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Liver Disease by Suppressing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2018; 43:96-106. [PMID: 29761871 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of this study were to address the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of parenteral nutrition (PN)-associated liver disease (PNALD) and its possible mechanism in vivo. METHODS Five-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were fed Shoobree chow (Xietong Organism, Jiangsu, China) and administered intravenous 0.9% saline (sham group), PN (PN group), PN plus rapamycin (1 mg/kg; PN + Rapa group), or rapamycin (Rapa group) for 7 days. Before and after study, body weight, biochemical indicators, hepatic histology, level of autophagy, hepatocyte apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress indicators including binding immunoglobulin protein (BIP), spliced X-box-binding protein-1 (sXBP1), and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) were measured. RESULTS Autophagy was suppressed in the PNALD model, which was demonstrated by less light chain 3 fluorescence (LC3) puncta and lower LC3II expression. Rapamycin effectively induced hepatic autophagy in PN rats. The PN + Rapa group presented improved hepatic function, decreased pathology scores, and less steatosis than the PN group. In addition, rapamycin treatment decreased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling and cleaved-caspase 3 expression, indicating a lower level of hepatocyte apoptosis. Compared with the PN group, the PN + Rapa group had lower levels of ROS and reduced expression of ER stress-related protein markers, such as BIP, sXBP1 and CHOP. CONCLUSIONS Autophagy was suppressed in the PNALD model. Rapamycin treatment induced autophagy and protected against PNALD, possibly by suppressing ROS-induced ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junkai Yan
- Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Dai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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12
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Li YW, Yang FC, Lu HQ, Zhang JS. Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B surface protein. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:1943-1952. [PMID: 26877602 PMCID: PMC4726670 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i6.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumorigenesis of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been widely studied. HBV envelope proteins are important for the structure and life cycle of HBV, and these proteins are useful for judging the natural disease course and guiding treatment. Truncated and mutated preS/S are produced by integrated viral sequences that are defective for replication. The preS/S mutants are considered “precursor lesions” of HCC. Different preS/S mutants induce various mechanisms of tumorigenesis, such as transactivation of transcription factors and an immune inflammatory response, thereby contributing to HCC. The preS2 mutants and type II “Ground Glass” hepatocytes represent novel biomarkers of HBV-associated HCC. The preS mutants may induce the unfolded protein response and endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent and stress-independent pathways. Treatments to inhibit hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and damage secondary to HBsAg or the preS/S mutants include antivirals and antioxidants, such as silymarin, resveratrol, and glycyrrhizin acid. Methods for the prevention and treatment of HCC should be comprehensive.
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13
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Abstract
Liquorice foliage
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14
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Tsai JJ, Kuo HC, Lee KF, Tsai TH. Proteomic analysis of plasma from rats following total parenteral nutrition-induced liver injury. Proteomics 2015; 15:3865-74. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jai-Jen Tsai
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Medicine; National Yang-Ming University Hospital; I-Lan Taiwan
- Institute of Traditional Medicine; School of Medicine; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Chun Kuo
- Department of Nursing; Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center CGUST; Taiwan
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology; Chang Gung University of Science and Technology; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Kam-Fai Lee
- Department of Pathology; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chiayi; Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine; School of Medicine; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy; College of Pharmacy; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research; Taipei City Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
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15
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Global proteomic analysis of brain tissues in transient ischemia brain damage in rats. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11873-91. [PMID: 26016499 PMCID: PMC4490420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160611873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury resulting from arterial occlusion or hypotension in patients leads to tissue hypoxia with glucose deprivation, which causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and neuronal death. A proteomic approach was used to identify the differentially expressed proteins in the brain of rats following a global ischemic stroke. The mechanisms involved the action in apoptotic and ER stress pathways. Rats were treated with ischemia-reperfusion brain injuries by the bilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery. The cortical neuron proteins from the stroke animal model (SAM) and the control rats were separated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) to purify and identify the protein profiles. Our results demonstrated that the SAM rats experienced brain cell death in the ischemic core. Fifteen proteins were expressed differentially between the SAM rats and control rats, which were assayed and validated in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, the set of differentially expressed, down-regulated proteins included catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) and cathepsin D (CATD), which are implicated in oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis. After an ischemic stroke, one protein spot, namely the calretinin (CALB2) protein, showed increased expression. It mediated the effects of SAM administration on the apoptotic and ER stress pathways. Our results demonstrate that the ischemic injury of neuronal cells increased cell cytoxicity and apoptosis, which were accompanied by sustained activation of the IRE1-alpha/TRAF2, JNK1/2, and p38 MAPK pathways. Proteomic analysis suggested that the differential expression of CALB2 during a global ischemic stroke could be involved in the mechanisms of ER stress-induced neuronal cell apoptosis, which occurred via IRE1-alpha/TRAF2 complex formation, with activation of JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK. Based on these results, we also provide the molecular evidence supporting the ischemia-reperfusion-related neuronal injury.
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16
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Zhu X, Xiao Z, Chen X, Li Y, Zhang X, Xu Y, Feng X, Wang J. Parenteral nutrition-associated liver injury and increased GRP94 expression prevented by ω-3 fish oil-based lipid emulsion supplementation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 59:708-13. [PMID: 25199039 PMCID: PMC4255760 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parenteral nutrition in infants with gastrointestinal disorders can be lifesaving, but it is also associated with parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. We investigated the effects of incorporating ω-3 fish oil in a parenteral nutrition mixture on signs of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease and explored the mechanism involved in this process. METHODS Seven-day-old New Zealand rabbits were divided into 3 groups of 8, and for 1 week they were infused via the right jugular vein with standard total parenteral nutrition with soybean oil (TPN-soy) or TPN with ω-3 fish oil-based lipid emulsion (TPN-FO), or naturally nursed with rabbit milk (control). Serum and liver tissues were analyzed for serological indicators and pathology, respectively. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the messenger RNA levels of the endoplasmic reticulum stress chaperone protein glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) in liver tissues and GRP94 protein levels were compared through immunohistochemistry and Western blot assays. RESULTS TPN-soy animals had significantly higher serum total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and lower serum albumin than the controls (P < 0.01, each) or the TPN-FO group, which were similar to the controls (P < 0.01 cf. TPN). Damage to liver tissues of the TPN-FO group was much less than that of the TPN-soy group. GRP94 messenger RNA and protein levels in liver tissues of TPN-soy animals were significantly higher than that of the controls or TPN-FO rabbits, which were similar to the controls. CONCLUSIONS Incorporating ω-3 fish oil in parenteral nutrition emulsion greatly prevented liver dysfunction and liver tissue damage in week-old rabbit kits, possibly by preventing endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neonatology Surgery, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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17
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Effect of glycyrrhizic acid on titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 220:214-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Chen JH, Kuo HC, Lee KF, Tsai TH. Magnolol protects neurons against ischemia injury via the downregulation of p38/MAPK, CHOP and nitrotyrosine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:294-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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19
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Lee KF, Chen JH, Teng CC, Shen CH, Hsieh MC, Lu CC, Lee KC, Lee LY, Chen WP, Chen CC, Huang WS, Kuo HC. Protective effects of Hericium erinaceus mycelium and its isolated erinacine A against ischemia-injury-induced neuronal cell death via the inhibition of iNOS/p38 MAPK and nitrotyrosine. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:15073-89. [PMID: 25167134 PMCID: PMC4200813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150915073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hericium erinaceus, an edible mushroom, has been demonstrated to potentiate the effects of numerous biological activities. The aim of this study was to investigate whether H. erinaceus mycelium could act as an anti-inflammatory agent to bring about neuroprotection using a model of global ischemic stroke and the mechanisms involved. Rats were treated with H. erinaceus mycelium and its isolated diterpenoid derivative, erinacine A, after ischemia reperfusion brain injuries caused by the occlusion of the two common carotid arteries. The production of inflammatory cytokines in serum and the infracted volume of the brain were measured. The proteins from the stroke animal model (SAM) were evaluated to determine the effect of H. erinaceus mycelium. H. erinaceus mycelium reduced the total infarcted volumes by 22% and 44% at a concentration of 50 and 300 mg/kg, respectively, compared to the SAM group. The levels of acute inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor á, were all reduced by erinacine A. Levels of nitrotyrosine-containing proteins, phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) and homologous protein (CHOP) expression were attenuated by erinacine A. Moreover, the modulation of ischemia injury factors present in the SAM model by erinacine A seemed to result in the suppression of reactive nitrogen species and the downregulation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), p38 MAPK and CHOP. These findings confirm the nerve-growth properties of Hericium erinaceus mycelium, which include the prevention of ischemic injury to neurons; this protective effect seems to be involved in the in vivo activity of iNOS, p38 MAPK and CHOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam-Fai Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
| | - Jiann-Hwa Chen
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Chuan Teng
- Department of Nursing and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Heng Shen
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Chiao Hsieh
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Chang Lu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
| | - Ko-Chao Lee
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Ya Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
| | - Wan-Ping Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Chu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Shih Huang
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
| | - Hsing-Chun Kuo
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
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Shen CH, Tung SY, Huang WS, Lu CC, Lee KC, Hsieh YY, Chang PJ, Liang HF, Chen JH, Lin TH, Hsieh MC, Kuo HC. Exploring the effects of tert-butylhydroperoxide induced liver injury using proteomic approach. Toxicology 2014; 316:61-70. [PMID: 24394546 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP), an organic lipid hydroperoxide analog, has been demonstrated to exert pro-oxidant effects to evaluate mechanisms involving oxidative stress in hepatocyte cells and rat liver. Herein, we present an investigation of the event of molecular mechanism of t-BHP related acute liver injury. A proteomic approach was used to identify proteins which are differentially expressed in liver cells following t-BHP treatment and the mechanism of its action in apoptotic and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways. Our results demonstrate that the t-BHP treatment of liver cells increased cell cytoxicity and apoptosis. t-BHP dose-dependent induction of cell apoptosis and stained liver sections relieved the acute rat liver injury were accompanied by sustained phosphorylation of JNK1/2 and p65. In addition, there were 13 differentially displayed proteins between the t-BHP-induced and untreated were assayed and validated in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrated that t-BHP induced human Chang liver cell viability and apoptosis properties by up-regulating the levels of ETFA (electron transfer flavoprotein subunit alpha). This study demonstrated that there was an increase in the cellular levels of ETFA in the t-BHP induction in viability and apoptosis via the activation of JNK1/2 and NFκB signaling modules. NAC administration and shRNA ETFA conferred resistance to t-BHP-increased ETFA and CHOP expression via IRE1-alpha/TRAF2 complex formation, activation of JNK1/2 and p50. We concluded that the mechanism of t-BHP-induced an apoptosis cascade and endoplasmic reticulum stress in hepatocyte cells by up-regulation of ETFA, providing a new mechanism for liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Heng Shen
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taiwan
| | - Shui-Yi Tung
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shih Huang
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Lu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital - Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital - Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chao Lee
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital - Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital - Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Yu Hsieh
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Pey-Jium Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taiwan
| | - Hwey-Fang Liang
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan; Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, CGUST, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Hwa Chen
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan
| | - Tseng-Hsi Lin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng Chiao Hsieh
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Chun Kuo
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan; Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, CGUST, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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