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Folahan JT, Olorundare OE, Ajayi AM, Oyewopo AO, Soyemi SS, Adeneye AA, Okoye II, Afolabi SO, Njan AA. Oxidized dietary lipids induce vascular inflammation and atherogenesis in post-menopausal rats: estradiol and selected antihyperlipidemic drugs restore vascular health in vivo. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:107. [PMID: 37495992 PMCID: PMC10369757 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01818-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thermoxidation of edible oil through deep fat frying results in the generation of several oxidized products that promote lipid peroxidation and ROS production when eaten. Consumption of thermoxidized oil in post-menopausal conditions where the estrogen level is low contributes to cardiovascular disease. This study evaluates the role of estradiol and antihyperlipidemic agents (AHD) in restoring the vascular health of ovariectomized (OVX) rats fed with thermoxidized palm oil (TPO) and thermoxidized soya oil (TSO) diets. METHOD A total of 10 groups of rats (n = 6) were set up for the experiment. Group I (normal control) rats were sham handled while other groups were OVX to bring about estrogen deficient post-menopausal state. Group II (OVX only) was not treated and received normal rat chow. Groups III-X were fed with either TPO or TSO diet for 12 weeks and treated with estradiol (ETD) 0.2 mg/kg/day, atorvastatin (ATV) 10 mg/kg/day, and a fixed-dose combination of ezetimibe and ATV (EZE 3 mg/kg/day + ATV 10 mg/kg/day). RESULTS Pro-atherogenic lipids levels were significantly elevated in untreated TSO and TPO groups compared to OVX and sham, resulting in increased atherogenic and Coronary-risk indices. Treatment with Estradiol and AHDs significantly reduced the total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as AI and CRI compared to untreated TSO and TPO groups, whereas TSO and TPO groups showed significant elevation in these parameters compared to Group I values. Moreover, aortic TNF-α levels were extremely elevated in the untreated TSO and TPO compared to Group I. TNF-α levels were significantly reduced in rats treated with AHDs and ETD. Localized oxidative stress was indicated in the aortic tissues of TSO and TPO-fed OVX rats by increased malondialdehyde and decreased glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase levels. This contributed to a depletion in aortic nitric oxide. AHDs and ETD replenished the nitric oxide levels significantly. Histological evaluation of the aorta of TSO and TPO rats revealed increased peri-adventitia fat, aortic medial hypertrophy, and aortic recanalization. These pathologic changes were less seen in AHDs and ETD rats. CONCLUSION This study suggests that ETD and AHDs profoundly attenuate oxidized lipid-induced vascular inflammation and atherogenesis through oxidative-stress reduction and inhibition of TNF-α signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Temiloluwa Folahan
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, 71209, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara-State, Nigeria
| | - Olufunke Esan Olorundare
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara-State, Nigeria.
| | - Abayomi Mayowa Ajayi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo-State, Nigeria
| | - Adeoye Oyetunji Oyewopo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara- State, Nigeria
| | - Sunday Sokunle Soyemi
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Nigeria
| | - Adejuwon Adewale Adeneye
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Nigeria
| | - Ikechukwu Innocent Okoye
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Nigeria
| | - Saheed Olanrewaju Afolabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara-State, Nigeria
| | - Anoka Ayembe Njan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara-State, Nigeria
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Hernández-Olivas E, Muñoz-Pina S, Andrés A, Heredia A. Impact of Cooking Preparation on In Vitro Digestion of Eggs Simulating Some Gastrointestinal Alterations in Elders. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4402-4411. [PMID: 33835800 PMCID: PMC8719756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to in vitro assess the impact of the cooking process of eggs (hard-boiled, poached, and omelet) on nutrients digestibility and vitamins A and D3 bioaccessibility under elderly gastrointestinal (GI) conditions. Three elderly digestion models were mimicked: oral (E1); oral and gastric (E2); and oral, gastric, and intestinal (E3), and a healthy adult model (C). Proteolysis extent reduced after digestion of omelet under the E3 model (p < 0.05) (up to 37% of reduction). Thus, hard-boiled and poached were more recommendable to enhance protein digestibility in elders. Altered GI conditions negatively influence neither the absorbable lipid fraction nor the cholesterol stability. Finally, vitamin A bioaccessibility was not affected but D3 slightly decreased with the elderly (E3). Hence, the digestion of nutrients was dependent on the resulting matrix, poached being the greater supplier of protein and lipid end-digestion products. Poached and omelet, however, offer a high net supply of bioaccessible vitamin D3 for elders.
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Chauhan P, Kumar RR, Mendiratta SK, Talukder S, Gangwar M, Sakunde DT, Meshram SK. In-vitro functional efficacy of extracts from Phyllanthus emblica, Eucalyptus globulus, Tinospora cordifolia as pancreatic lipase inhibitor and source of anti-oxidant in goat meat nuggets. Food Chem 2021; 348:129087. [PMID: 33516997 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to evaluate the functional efficacy of plant extracts as a source of pancreatic lipase inhibitor and antioxidant in goat meat nuggets to address the fat paradox issue of red meat. The PPLIA, antioxidant potential, and resistance against fat digestion were in the order ofPhyllanthus emblica > Eucalyptus globulus > Tinospora cordifolia.PPL inhibition activities of water and ethanolic extracts fromPhyllanthus emblicausing DNPB and Triolein as substrate were 63.76, 67.94 and 56.17 and 64.36 percent respectively whereas, TPC, DPPH RSA, FRPA were 40.82 and 59.52 (mgGAE/g), 54.89 and 59.84 (percent), 1.26 and 1.61 (OD) respectively. The average diameter of fat globules in digest was maximum (8.91 µm) withPhyllanthus emblicafruits extracts whereas; TBARs (0.347 mg MDA/Kg) and FFA (4.47 µg/g) values were lowest. This study showed that extracts from plants can act as a promising natural alternative in the development of healthy meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Chauhan
- Division of Livestock Products Technology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Rajiv Ranjan Kumar
- Division of Livestock Products Technology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India.
| | - Sanjod Kumar Mendiratta
- Division of Livestock Products Technology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Suman Talukder
- Division of Livestock Products Technology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Mukesh Gangwar
- Division of Livestock Products Technology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Deepali T Sakunde
- Division of Livestock Products Technology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Somesh Kumar Meshram
- Division of Livestock Products Technology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
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Liu XY, Liu D, Lin GP, Wu YJ, Gao LY, Ai C, Huang YF, Wang MF, El-Seedi HR, Chen XH, Zhao C. Anti-ageing and antioxidant effects of sulfate oligosaccharides from green algae Ulva lactuca and Enteromorpha prolifera in SAMP8 mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 139:342-351. [PMID: 31377292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides from green algae Ulva lactuca (ULO) and Enteromorpha prolifera (EPO) were used for investigation of anti-ageing effects and the underlying mechanism in SAMP8 mice. The structural properties of ULO and EPO were analyzed by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and agarose gel electrophoresis. These oligosaccharides enhanced the glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and telomerase levels and total antioxidant capicity, and decreased the levels of malondialdehyde and advanced glycation end products. After ULO and EPO treatment, the levels of inflammatory factors, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6, decreased; the BDNF and ChAT levels increased; and hippocampal neurons were protected. Downregulation of the p53 and FOXO1 genes and upregulation of the Sirt1 gene indicated that ULO and EPO have potential therapeutic effects in the prevention of ageing in SAMP8 mice. By 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing, the abundance of Desulfovibrio was discovered to be markedly different in mice treated with ULO and EPO. The abundances of Verrucomicrobiaceae, Odoribacteraceae, Mogibacteriaceae, Planococcaceae, and Coriobacteriaceae were positively correlated with age-related indicators. These results demonstrated that oligosaccharides from U. lactuca and E. prolifera are ideal candidate compounds that can be used in functional foods and pharmaceuticals to prevent ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guo-Peng Lin
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yi-Jing Wu
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Lu-Ying Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Chao Ai
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yi-Fan Huang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ming-Fu Wang
- Food and Nutrition Department, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan
| | - Hesham R El-Seedi
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xin-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.
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Ghanemi A, Yoshioka M, St-Amand J. Broken Energy Homeostasis and Obesity Pathogenesis: The Surrounding Concepts. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E453. [PMID: 30463389 PMCID: PMC6262529 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7110453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity represents an abnormal fat accumulation resulting from energy imbalances. It represents a disease with heavy consequences on population health and society economy due to its related morbidities and epidemic proportion. Defining and classifying obesity and its related parameters of evaluation is the first challenge toward understanding this multifactorial health problem. Therefore, within this review we report selected illustrative examples of the underlying mechanisms beyond the obesity pathogenesis which is systemic rather than limited to fat accumulation. We also discuss the gut-brain axis and hormones as the controllers of energy homeostasis and report selected impacts of obesity on the key metabolic tissues. The concepts of "broken energy balance" is detailed as the obesity starting key step. Sleep shortage and psychological factors are also reported with influences on obesity development. Importantly, describing such mechanistic pathways would allow clinicians, biologists and researchers to develop and optimize approaches and methods in terms of diagnosis, classification, clinical evaluation, treatment and prognosis of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Ghanemi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, CREMI, Québec Genome Center, CHUL-CHU de Québec Research Center, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Mayumi Yoshioka
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, CREMI, Québec Genome Center, CHUL-CHU de Québec Research Center, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Jonny St-Amand
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, CREMI, Québec Genome Center, CHUL-CHU de Québec Research Center, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada.
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Chitra J, Ghosh M, Mishra H. Rapid quantification of cholesterol in dairy powders using Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cardenia V, Olivero G, Rodriguez-Estrada MT. Thermal oxidation of cholesterol: Preliminary evaluation of 2-methyl-6-heptanone and 3-methylbutanal as volatile oxidation markers. Steroids 2015; 99:161-71. [PMID: 25846978 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidation in food and model systems is usually monitored by evaluating cholesterol oxidation products, but the analysis is time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, the determination of volatile compounds deriving from cholesterol thermoxidation could be valuable to identify other possible oxidation markers. Cholesterol alone and in the presence of a triacylglycerol mixture (tripalmitin, tristearin, and triolein) were thermoxidized at 170°C for 15min. In both model systems, the total volatile compounds increased three times when oxidation time rose from 5 to 15min. The main classes of volatile compounds were aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and hydrocarbons, displaying a similar behavior in both systems. After 5min of oxidation, 2-methyl-6-heptanone was the main volatile compound, followed by 3-methylpentane, 2,3-dimethyl-1-pentene and 3-methylbutanal. To verify if 2-methyl-6-heptanone could be used as volatile marker of cholesterol oxidation, data were compared with the total cholesterol oxidation products content of each system. A significant correlation between total cholesterol oxidation products content and 2-methyl-6-heptanone amount was found when cholesterol was oxidized alone (r(2)=0.994) and in presence of triacylglycerols (r(2)=0.998). When egg yolk was thermoxidized at 80°C for 6h, 3-methylbutanal was the volatile compound that better explained the oxidative trend in this food system, showing a significant correlation with cholesterol oxidation rate (r=0.91). In conclusion, 2-methyl-6-heptanone and 3-methylbutanal could represent an easy and cheaper strategy for monitoring cholesterol oxidation in model systems and food samples, respectively; however, a deeper investigation on the amount and type of volatile compounds generated from cholesterol oxidation according to the food matrix, should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimiro Cardenia
- Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy
| | - Giulia Olivero
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 40, 40127 Bologna (BO), Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Rodriguez-Estrada
- Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy; Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 40, 40127 Bologna (BO), Italy.
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Damianou C, Christofi C, Mylonas N. Removing atherosclerotic plaque created using high cholesterol diet in rabbit using ultrasound. J Ther Ultrasound 2015; 3:3. [PMID: 25648586 PMCID: PMC4314792 DOI: 10.1186/s40349-015-0025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the proposed study was to conduct a feasibility study using a flat rectangular (3 × 10 mm2) transducer operating at 5 MHz for removing atherosclerotic plaque in an in vivo model. The proposed method can be used in the future for treating atherosclerotic plaques in humans. Methods and results The plaque in the rabbits was created using high cholesterol diet for 4 months. The amount of plaque removed was studied as a function of intensity, with a fixed pulse repetition frequency (PRF), and duty factor (DF). Conclusions The amount of plaque removed is directly related to the acoustic intensity. It was found that the presence of bubbles accelerates the removal of plaque. In order to ensure that pure mechanical mode ultrasound was used, the intensity used does not produce temperatures that exceed 1°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christakis Damianou
- Electrical Engineering Department, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus ; R&D Department, MEDSONIC, LTD, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Christos Christofi
- Electrical Engineering Department, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Nicos Mylonas
- Computer Science Department, Frederick Research Center, Limassol, Cyprus
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Hur SJ, Lee SY, Lee SJ. Effect of biopolymer encapsulation on the digestibility of lipid and cholesterol oxidation products in beef during in vitro human digestion. Food Chem 2015; 166:254-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hur SJ, Lee SY, Moon SS, Lee SJ. In Vitro Effects of Cooking Methods on Digestibility of Lipids and Formation of Cholesterol Oxidation Products in Pork. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2014; 34:280-6. [PMID: 26761168 PMCID: PMC4597860 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.3.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of cooking methods on the digestibility of lipids and formation of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) in pork, during in vitro human digestion. Pork patties were cooked using four different methods (oven cooking, pan frying, boiling, and microwaving), to an internal temperature of approximately 85℃. The digestibility of pork patties were then evaluated, using the in vitro human digestion model that simulated the composition (pH, minerals, surfaceactive components, and enzymes) of digestive juices in the human mouth, stomach, and small intestine. The total lipid digestibility was higher after microwave cooking, whereas pan-frying resulted in lower in vitro digestibility, compared to the other cooking methods. The microwaving method followed by in vitro digestion also showed significantly higher content of free fatty acids and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), compared to the other cooking methods; whereas, the pan frying and boiling methods showed the lowest. Cholesterol content was not significantly different among the cooked samples before, and after in vitro human digestion. The formation of COPs was significantly higher in the microwave-treated pork samples, compared to those cooked by the other methods, which was consistent with the trend for lipid peroxidation (TBARS). We propose that from the point of view of COPs formation and lipid oxidation, the pan-frying or boiling methods would be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Jin Hur
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Korea
| | - Seung Yuan Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Korea
| | | | - Seung Jae Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Korea
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Effects of dietary cholesterol and its oxidation products on pathological lesions and cholesterol and lipid oxidation in the rabbit liver. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:598612. [PMID: 24696857 PMCID: PMC3950612 DOI: 10.1155/2014/598612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary cholesterol (CHO) and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) on the induction of pathological lesions in rabbit liver tissues. Liver lesions were induced only when the levels of CHO and COPs in the diet were very high. The amount of CHO measured in the liver increased when dietary CHO was increased; by comparison, dietary COPs affected liver CHO amounts to a lesser extent. The TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) value measured for the liver samples also increased when dietary CHO and COP levels were elevated, and the TBARS value was more strongly affected by the amount of COPs in the diet than by the amount of CHO. At 6 and 12 weeks, COP levels were the highest in the group that received 1.2 g CHO + 0.8 g COPs, followed by the 0.5 g CHO + 0.5 g COPs and 1.6 g CHO + 0.4 g COPs groups; the control (0 g) group showed the lowest COP levels among all groups. In this study, we found that not only dietary CHO but also COPs were involved in hypercholesterolemia induced liver lesions when the amount of CHO and COPs was high.
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