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Hill R, Phipps J, Greenwood R, Skuse D, Zhang ZJ. The effect of pre-treatment and process conditions on the gas barrier properties of fibrillated cellulose films and coatings: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 337:122085. [PMID: 38710579 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) is a bio-material produced by disintegrating cellulose fibres into fibrillar components. MFC could offer a sustainable solution to packaging needs since it can form an excellent barrier to oxygen. However, a comprehensive understanding of how MFC characteristics impact barrier properties of MFC films or coatings is required. This article critically reviews how the extent of separation of fibres into fibrils-and any resulting changes to the crystallinity and degree of polymerisation of cellulose-influences gas barrier properties of MFC films or coatings. Findings from publications investigating the barrier performance of MFC prepared through different processes intending to increase the effectiveness of fibrillation are evaluated and compared. The effects of processing conditions or chemical pre-treatments on barrier properties of MFC films or coatings are then discussed. A comparison of reported results showed that morphology and size polydispersity of the cellulose strongly influence the barrier properties of MFC. However, changing the MFC production process to decrease fibril diameter and polydispersity can result in changes to cellulose crystallinity; reduction in fibril length; introduction of bulky functional groups; or increased fibril surface charge: all of which could have a negative impact on the barrier properties of the final films or coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Hill
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; FiberLean Technologies, Par Moor Road, Par PL24 2SQ, UK.
| | - Jon Phipps
- FiberLean Technologies, Par Moor Road, Par PL24 2SQ, UK.
| | - Richard Greenwood
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - David Skuse
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; FiberLean Technologies, Par Moor Road, Par PL24 2SQ, UK.
| | - Zhenyu Jason Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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2
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Silva DW, Batista FG, Scatolino MV, Mascarenhas ARP, De Medeiros DT, Tonoli GHD, Lazo DAÁ, Caselli FDTR, de Souza TM, Alves Junior FT. Developing a Biodegradable Film for Packaging with Lignocellulosic Materials from the Amazonian Biodiversity. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3646. [PMID: 37688272 PMCID: PMC10490257 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of packaging films made from renewable raw materials, which cause low environmental impact, has gained attention due to their attractive properties, which have become an exciting option for synthetic films. In this study, cellulose micro/nanofibrils (MFC/NFC) films were produced with forest residues from the Amazon region and evaluated for their potential to generate alternative packaging to traditional plastic packaging. The MFC/NFC were obtained by mechanical fibrillation from fibers of açaí seeds (Euterpe oleracea), titica vine (Heteropsis flexuosa), and commercial pulps of Eucalyptus sp. for comparison. The fibrillation of the titica vine culminated in higher energy expenditure on raw materials. The açaí films showed a higher tensile strength (97.2 MPa) compared to the titica films (46.2 MPa), which also showed a higher permeability rate (637.3 g day-1 m-2). Films of all raw materials scored the highest in the grease resistance test (n° 12). The films produced in the study showed potential for use in packaging for light and low moisture products due to their adequate physical, mechanical, and barrier characteristics. New types of pre-treatments or fibrillation methods ecologically correct and viable for reducing energy consumption must be developed, mainly for a greater success of titica vine fibrillation at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danillo Wisky Silva
- Department of Production Engineering, State University of Amapá (UEAP), Post-Graduate Program in Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer for Innovation (PROFNIT), Macapá 68900-070, AP, Brazil; (D.W.S.); (F.T.A.J.)
| | - Felipe Gomes Batista
- Department of Forest Sciences, Federal University of Lavras—UFLA, Lavras 37203-202, MG, Brazil; (F.G.B.); (D.T.D.M.); (G.H.D.T.)
| | - Mário Vanoli Scatolino
- Department of Agronomic and Forest Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid (UFERSA), Mossoró 59625-900, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Dayane Targino De Medeiros
- Department of Forest Sciences, Federal University of Lavras—UFLA, Lavras 37203-202, MG, Brazil; (F.G.B.); (D.T.D.M.); (G.H.D.T.)
| | - Gustavo Henrique Denzin Tonoli
- Department of Forest Sciences, Federal University of Lavras—UFLA, Lavras 37203-202, MG, Brazil; (F.G.B.); (D.T.D.M.); (G.H.D.T.)
| | | | - Francisco de Tarso Ribeiro Caselli
- Department of Forest Sciences, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Post-Graduate Program in Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer for Innovation (PROFNIT), Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil;
| | - Tiago Marcolino de Souza
- Department of Production Engineering, State University of Amapá (UEAP), Macapá 68900-070, AP, Brazil;
| | - Francisco Tarcísio Alves Junior
- Department of Production Engineering, State University of Amapá (UEAP), Post-Graduate Program in Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer for Innovation (PROFNIT), Macapá 68900-070, AP, Brazil; (D.W.S.); (F.T.A.J.)
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3
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Jang NS, Noh CH, Kim YH, Yang HJ, Lee HG, Oh H. Evaluation of a Hydrophobic Coating Agent Based on Cellulose Nanofiber and Alkyl Ketone Dimer. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4216. [PMID: 37374400 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report on the development and testing of hydrophobic coatings using cellulose fibers. The developed hydrophobic coating agent secured hydrophobic performance over 120°. In addition, a pencil hardness test, rapid chloride ion penetration test, and carbonation test were conducted, and it was confirmed that concrete durability could be improved. We believe that this study will promote the research and development of hydrophobic coatings in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nag-Seop Jang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Hoon Noh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hwan Kim
- Bricon Lab Inc., Advanced Construction Materials Testing Center, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jun Yang
- Bricon Lab Inc., Advanced Construction Materials Testing Center, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Gi Lee
- Bricon Lab Inc., Advanced Construction Materials Testing Center, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - HongSeob Oh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
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4
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Beluns S, Gaidukovs S, Platnieks O, Grase L, Gaidukova G, Thakur VK. Sustainable hemp-based bioplastics with tunable properties via reversible thermal crosslinking of cellulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125055. [PMID: 37245763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Modern bioplastics and biocomposites frequently contain non-biodegradable or non-sustainable components and require complex recycling routes. Sustainable materials require integrating bio-based, cheap, widely available, recycled, or waste components. In order to incorporate these concepts, we selected hemp stalk waste, the industrial byproducts glycerol and xylan (hemicellulose), and citric acid as key components. Hemp stalks were processed into cast papers using only mechanical processes and no chemical modifications or pre-treatments. Cast papers were impregnated with a crosslinking mixture of glycerol, xylan, citric acid, and the plasticizer polyethylene glycol (PEG). Thermal crosslinking was performed as a single-step reaction by curing materials at 140 °C. All prepared bioplastics were washed in water for 48 h and extensively tested for water resistance and water absorption. A recycling route with depolymerization (for pulp recovery) in sodium hydroxide is demonstrated. A comprehensive analysis of crosslinking reaction is provided via FTIR and rheology, supplemented by structure analysis via SEM. A 7-fold reduction in water uptake was achieved compared to cast hemp paper. Obtained bioplastics, after washing in water, show elastic modulus up to 2.9 GPa, tensile strength up to 70 MPa, and elongation up to 4.3 %. As a result of component ratio variation, bioplastics achieve a high tuneability of properties ranging from brittle to ductile. Dielectric analysis indicates that bioplastics have the potential for application in electric insulation. A three-layer laminate is demonstrated as a concept for potential application as an adhesive for bio-based composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergejs Beluns
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P.Valdena 3/7, Riga LV-1048, Latvia.
| | - Sergejs Gaidukovs
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P.Valdena 3/7, Riga LV-1048, Latvia.
| | - Oskars Platnieks
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P.Valdena 3/7, Riga LV-1048, Latvia.
| | - Liga Grase
- Institute of Materials and Surface Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P.Valdena 3, Riga LV-1048, Latvia.
| | | | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
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5
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Wang X, Zhao Q, He L, Shi Y, Fan J, Chen Y, Huang A. Milk-clotting properties on bovine caseins of a novel cysteine peptidase from germinated Moringa oleifera seeds. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:3770-3781. [PMID: 35181141 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A cysteine peptidase was previously identified from germinated Moringa oleifera seeds, but its milk-clotting properties on bovine caseins was still unclear. In this study, this novel cysteine peptidase (MoCP) showed preferential activity on κ-casein (κ-CN), with greater hydrolytic activity compared with calf rennet, whereas weak hydrolysis of α-casein and β-casein made MoCP suitable for application in cheesemaking and may yield various functional peptides. All 3 evaluated caseins were hydrolyzed to form relatively stable peptide bands within 3 h of proteolysis with MoCP. Cleavage sites were determined by gel electrophoresis, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, and peptide sequencing, which revealed that cleavage of κ-CN by MoCP occurred at residue Ile129-Pro130 and generated a 14,895.37-Da peptide. The flocculation reaction between MoCP and κ-CN determined by 3-dimensional microscopy with super-depth of field revealed that the initial 30 min of reaction were key for milk coagulation, which may affect curd yield. Overall, the findings presented herein suggest that the cysteine peptidase from germinated M. oleifera seeds can be considered a promising plant-derived rennet alternative for use in cheese manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Li He
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanan Shi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiangping Fan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, Yunnan, China.
| | - Aixiang Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.
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Nascimento ES, Barros MO, Cerqueira MA, Lima HL, Borges MDF, Pastrana LM, Gama FM, Rosa MF, Azeredo HM, Gonçalves C. All-cellulose nanocomposite films based on bacterial cellulose nanofibrils and nanocrystals. Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Casadei R, Firouznia E, Baschetti MG. Effect of Mobile Carrier on the Performance of PVAm-Nanocellulose Facilitated Transport Membranes for CO 2 Capture. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11060442. [PMID: 34204612 PMCID: PMC8231264 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11060442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Facilitated transport membranes obtained by coupling polyvinylamine with highly charged carboxymethylated nanocellulose fibers were studied considering both water sorption and gas permeation experiments. In particular, the effect of the L-arginine as a mobile carrier was investigated to understand possible improvements in CO2 transport across the membranes. The results show that L-arginine addition decreases the water uptake of the membrane, due to the lower polyvinylamine content, but was able to improve the CO2 transport. Tests carried on at 35 °C and high relative humidity indeed showed an increase of both CO2 permeability and selectivity with respect to nitrogen and methane. In particular, the CO2 permeability increased from 160 to about 340 Barrer when arginine loading was increased from 0 to 45 wt%. In the same conditions, selectivity with respect to nitrogen was more than doubled, increasing from 20 to 45. Minor improvements were instead obtained with respect to methane; CO2/CH4 selectivity, indeed, even in presence of the mobile carrier, was limited to about 20.
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8
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Lakshmi Balasubramaniam S, Singh Patel A, Nayak B. Fabrication of antioxidative food packaging films using cellulose nanofibers, kappa‐Carrageenan, and gallic acid. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Avinash Singh Patel
- Food Science and Human Nutrition School of Food and Agriculture University of Maine Orono ME USA
| | - Balunkeswar Nayak
- Food Science and Human Nutrition School of Food and Agriculture University of Maine Orono ME USA
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9
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A review on cationic starch and nanocellulose as paper coating components. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:578-598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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10
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Clinical Translational Potential in Skin Wound Regeneration for Adipose-Derived, Blood-Derived, and Cellulose Materials: Cells, Exosomes, and Hydrogels. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101373. [PMID: 32992554 PMCID: PMC7650547 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic skin wounds due to burns, pressure injuries, and trauma represent a substantial challenge to healthcare delivery with particular impacts on geriatric, paraplegic, and quadriplegic demographics worldwide. Nevertheless, the current standard of care relies extensively on preventive measures to mitigate pressure injury, surgical debridement, skin flap procedures, and negative pressure wound vacuum measures. This article highlights the potential of adipose-, blood-, and cellulose-derived products (cells, decellularized matrices and scaffolds, and exosome and secretome factors) as a means to address this unmet medical need. The current status of this research area is evaluated and discussed in the context of promising avenues for future discovery.
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11
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Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) loaded alginate films against lipid oxidation of chicken breast. Food Res Int 2020; 132:109110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Wang L, Chen C, Wang J, Gardner DJ, Tajvidi M. Cellulose nanofibrils versus cellulose nanocrystals: Comparison of performance in flexible multilayer films for packaging applications. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Albornoz-Palma G, Betancourt F, Mendonça RT, Chinga-Carrasco G, Pereira M. Relationship between rheological and morphological characteristics of cellulose nanofibrils in dilute dispersions. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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14
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Satam CC, Irvin CW, Coffey CJ, Geran RK, Ibarra-Rivera R, Shofner ML, Meredith JC. Controlling Barrier and Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals by Blending with Chitin Nanofibers. Biomacromolecules 2019; 21:545-555. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Tyagi P, Lucia LA, Hubbe MA, Pal L. Nanocellulose-based multilayer barrier coatings for gas, oil, and grease resistance. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 206:281-288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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16
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Lambert E, Aguié-Béghin V, Dessaint D, Foulon L, Chabbert B, Paës G, Molinari M. Real Time and Quantitative Imaging of Lignocellulosic Films Hydrolysis by Atomic Force Microscopy Reveals Lignin Recalcitrance at Nanoscale. Biomacromolecules 2018; 20:515-527. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore Lambert
- LRN EA 4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51685 Reims, France
| | | | - Delphine Dessaint
- FARE Laboratory, INRA, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100, Reims, France
| | - Laurence Foulon
- FARE Laboratory, INRA, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100, Reims, France
| | - Brigitte Chabbert
- FARE Laboratory, INRA, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100, Reims, France
| | - Gabriel Paës
- FARE Laboratory, INRA, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100, Reims, France
| | - Michaël Molinari
- LRN EA 4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51685 Reims, France
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17
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Mechanical characteristics of nanocellulose-PEG bionanocomposite wound dressings in wet conditions. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 69:377-384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Orsolini P, Michen B, Huch A, Tingaut P, Caseri WR, Zimmermann T. Characterization of Pores in Dense Nanopapers and Nanofibrillated Cellulose Membranes: A Critical Assessment of Established Methods. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:25884-25897. [PMID: 26516781 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) is a natural fibrous material that can be readily processed into membranes. NFC membranes for fluid separation work in aqueous medium, thus in their swollen state. The present study is devoted to a critical investigation of porosity, pore volume, specific surface area, and pore size distribution of dry and wet NFC nanopapers, also known as membranes, with various established techniques, such as electron microscopy, helium pycnometry, mercury intrusion, gas adsorption (N2 and Kr), and thermoporometry. Although these techniques can be successfully applied to inorganic materials (e.g., mesoporous silica), it is necessary to appraise them for organic and hydrophilic products such as NFC membranes. This is due to different phenomena occurring at the materials interfaces with the probing fluids. Mercury intrusion and gas adsorption are often used for the characterization of porosity-related properties; nevertheless, both techniques characterize materials in the dry state. In parallel, thermoporometry was employed to monitor the structure changes upon swelling, and a water permeance test was run to show the accessibility of the membranes to fluids. For the first time, the methods were systematically screened, and we highlighted the need of uniform sample treatments prior to the measurements (i.e., sample cutting and outgassing protocols) in order to harmonize results from the literature. The need for revising the applicability range of mercury intrusion and the inappropriateness of nitrogen adsorption were pointed out. We finally present a table for selecting the most appropriate method to determine a desired property and propose guidelines for results interpretation from which future users could profit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Orsolini
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Applied Wood Materials Laboratory , CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Michen
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Applied Wood Materials Laboratory , CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Anja Huch
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Applied Wood Materials Laboratory , CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Tingaut
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Applied Wood Materials Laboratory , CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Tanja Zimmermann
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Applied Wood Materials Laboratory , CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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19
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Bedane AH, Eić M, Farmahini-Farahani M, Xiao H. Water vapor transport properties of regenerated cellulose and nanofibrillated cellulose films. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Abstract
This Special Issue “Biodegradable Materials” features research and review papers concerning recent advances on the development, synthesis, testing and characterisation of biomaterials. These biomaterials, derived from natural and renewable sources, offer a potential alternative to existing non-biodegradable materials with application to the food and biomedical industries amongst many others. In this Special Issue, the work is expanded to include the combined use of fillers that can enhance the properties of biomaterials prepared as films. The future application of these biomaterials could have an impact not only at the economic level, but also for the improvement of the environment.
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