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Palusińska-Szysz M, Jurak M, Gisch N, Waldow F, Zehethofer N, Nehls C, Schwudke D, Koper P, Mazur A. The human LL-37 peptide exerts antimicrobial activity against Legionella micdadei interacting with membrane phospholipids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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The Role of Lipids in Legionella-Host Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031487. [PMID: 33540788 PMCID: PMC7867332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella are Gram-stain-negative rods associated with water environments: either natural or man-made systems. The inhalation of aerosols containing Legionella bacteria leads to the development of a severe pneumonia termed Legionnaires' disease. To establish an infection, these bacteria adapt to growth in the hostile environment of the host through the unusual structures of macromolecules that build the cell surface. The outer membrane of the cell envelope is a lipid bilayer with an asymmetric composition mostly of phospholipids in the inner leaflet and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the outer leaflet. The major membrane-forming phospholipid of Legionella spp. is phosphatidylcholine (PC)-a typical eukaryotic glycerophospholipid. PC synthesis in Legionella cells occurs via two independent pathways: the N-methylation (Pmt) pathway and the Pcs pathway. The utilisation of exogenous choline by Legionella spp. leads to changes in the composition of lipids and proteins, which influences the physicochemical properties of the cell surface. This phenotypic plasticity of the Legionella cell envelope determines the mode of interaction with the macrophages, which results in a decrease in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and modulates the interaction with antimicrobial peptides and proteins. The surface-exposed O-chain of Legionella pneumophila sg1 LPS consisting of a homopolymer of 5-acetamidino-7-acetamido-8-O-acetyl-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-l-glycero-d-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid is probably the first component in contact with the host cell that anchors the bacteria in the host membrane. Unusual in terms of the structure and function of individual LPS regions, it makes an important contribution to the antigenicity and pathogenicity of Legionella bacteria.
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Palusińska-Szysz M, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Luchowski R, Reszczyńska E, Śmiałek J, Mak P, Gruszecki WI, Cytryńska M. Choline Supplementation Sensitizes Legionella dumoffii to Galleria mellonella Apolipophorin III. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165818. [PMID: 32823647 PMCID: PMC7461559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth of Legionella dumoffii can be inhibited by Galleria mellonella apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) which is an insect homologue of human apolipoprotein E., and choline-cultured L. dumoffii cells are considerably more susceptible to apoLp-III than bacteria grown without choline supplementation. In the present study, the interactions of apoLp-III with intact L. dumoffii cells cultured without and with exogenous choline were analyzed to explain the basis of this difference. Fluorescently labeled apoLp-III (FITC-apoLp-III) bound more efficiently to choline-grown L. dumoffii, as revealed by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The cell envelope of these bacteria was penetrated more deeply by FITC-apoLp-III, as demonstrated by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy analyses. The increased susceptibility of the choline-cultured L. dumoffii to apoLp-III was also accompanied by alterations in the cell surface topography and nanomechanical properties. A detailed analysis of the interaction of apoLp-III with components of the L. dumoffii cells was carried out using both purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and liposomes composed of L. dumoffii phospholipids and LPS. A single micelle of L. dumoffii LPS was formed from 12 to 29 monomeric LPS molecules and one L. dumoffii LPS micelle bound two molecules of apoLp-III. ApoLp-III exhibited the strongest interactions with liposomes with incorporated LPS formed of phospholipids isolated from bacteria cultured on exogenous choline. These results indicated that the differences in the phospholipid content in the cell membrane, especially PC, and LPS affected the interactions of apoLp-III with bacterial cells and suggested that these differences contributed to the increased susceptibility of the choline-cultured L. dumoffii to G. mellonella apoLp-III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Palusińska-Szysz
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.Z.-B.); (M.C.)
| | - Rafał Luchowski
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Square 1, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (R.L.); (W.I.G.)
| | - Emilia Reszczyńska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Justyna Śmiałek
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.Ś.); (P.M.)
| | - Paweł Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.Ś.); (P.M.)
| | - Wiesław I. Gruszecki
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Square 1, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (R.L.); (W.I.G.)
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.Z.-B.); (M.C.)
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Palusińska-Szysz M, Szuster-Ciesielska A, Janczarek M, Wdowiak-Wróbel S, Schiller J, Reszczyńska E, Gruszecki WI, Fuchs B. Genetic diversity of Legionella pcs and pmtA genes and the effect of utilization of choline by Legionella spp. on induction of proinflammatory cytokines. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5645234. [PMID: 31778176 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella species synthesize phosphatidylcholine (PC) in two independent pathways: the three-step methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine PMT pathway and the one-step PCS pathway, in which the Pcs enzyme catalyzes the reaction between choline and CDP-diacylglycerol to form PC. Legionella pcs genes encode highly hydrophobic proteins with phosphatidylcholine synthase activity, which contain up to eight transmembrane helices with N- and C-termini located inside the bacterial cell. The comparative analysis of nucleotide sequences of pcs showed that these genes share high sequence identity among members of the Legionellaceae family. Legionella pmtA genes involved in the PMT pathway encoded small cytosolic proteins with putative phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity. The pmtA genes identified in Legionella species had lower sequence identity to each other than the pcs genes. The phylogenetic tree constructed based on the pcs and pmtA gene sequences showed phylogenetic relatedness between Legionella spp. and other bacteria. The utilization of extracellular choline by the four Legionella species leads to changes not only in the lipid components but also in proteins, and the interactions between these components lead to changes in cell surface properties, which result in a decline in induction of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Palusińska-Szysz
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szuster-Ciesielska
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Janczarek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Wdowiak-Wróbel
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Hartelstr. 16/18, D-04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emilia Reszczyńska
- Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Wiesław I Gruszecki
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Beate Fuchs
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Square 1, 20-031 Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Palusinska-Szysz M, Luchowski R, Gruszecki WI, Choma A, Szuster-Ciesielska A, Lück C, Petzold M, Sroka-Bartnicka A, Kowalczyk B. The Role of Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 Lipopolysaccharide in Host-Pathogen Interaction. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2890. [PMID: 31921066 PMCID: PMC6927915 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Legionella pneumophila TF3/1 mutant of the Corby strain, which possesses a point mutation in the active site of the O-acetyltransferase, synthesized the polysaccharide chain with a reduced degree of substitution with O-acetyl groups. The mutant did not produce a high-molecular-weight lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fraction above 12 kDa. The disturbances in LPS synthesis have an effect on the composition of other macromolecules (lipids and proteins), as indicated by differences in the infrared absorption spectra between the L. pneumophila Corby strain and its TF3/1 mutant. The wild-type strain contained less N+-CH3 and C-N groups as well as more CH3 groups than the mutant. The fatty acid composition showed that the wild type strain synthesized more branched acyl residues (a15:0, i16:0, and a17:0), a less unsaturated acid (16:1), and a straight-chain acid (18:0) than the mutant. The mutant synthesized approximately twice more a long-chain fatty acid (20:0) than the wild type. The main differences in the phospholipids between both strains were found in the classes of phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylglycerols (PG). Substantial differences in the cell surface topography of these bacteria and their nanomechanical properties were shown by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The wild type strain had no undulated surface and produced numerous vesicles. In the case of the mutant type, the vesicles were not numerous, but there were grooves on the cell surface. The average roughness of the cell surface of the mutant was approximately twofold higher than in the wild-type strain. In turn, the wild-type strain exhibited much better adhesive properties than the mutant. The kinetic study of the interaction between the L. pneumophila strains and Acanthamoeba castellanii monitored by Förster resonance energy transfer revealed a pronounced difference, i.e., almost instantaneous and highly efficient binding of the L. pneumophila Corby strain to the amoeba surface, followed by penetration into the amoeba cells. This process was clearly not as efficient in the case of the mutant. The results point to LPS and, in particular, to the length of the polysaccharide fraction as an important L. pneumophila determinant involved in the process of adhesion to the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Palusinska-Szysz
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafal Luchowski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wieslaw I Gruszecki
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Adam Choma
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szuster-Ciesielska
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Christian Lück
- National Reference Laboratory for Legionella, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Petzold
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Sroka-Bartnicka
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.,Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Bozena Kowalczyk
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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Palusińska-Szysz M, Zdybicka-Barabas A, Reszczyńska E, Luchowski R, Kania M, Gisch N, Waldow F, Mak P, Danikiewicz W, Gruszecki WI, Cytryńska M. The lipid composition of Legionella dumoffii membrane modulates the interaction with Galleria mellonella apolipophorin III. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:617-29. [PMID: 27094351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Apolipophorin III (apoLp-III), an insect homologue of human apolipoprotein E (apoE), is a widely used model protein in studies on protein-lipid interactions, and anti-Legionella activity of Galleria mellonella apoLp-III has been documented. Interestingly, exogenous choline-cultured Legionella dumoffii cells are considerably more susceptible to apoLp-III than non-supplemented bacteria. In order to explain these differences, we performed, for the first time, a detailed analysis of L. dumoffii lipids and a comparative lipidomic analysis of membranes of bacteria grown without and in the presence of exogenous choline. (31)P NMR analysis of L. dumoffii phospholipids (PLs) revealed a considerable increase in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) content in bacteria cultured on choline medium and a decrease in the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) content in approximately the same range. The interactions of G. mellonella apoLp-III with lipid bilayer membranes prepared from PLs extracted from non- and choline-supplemented L. dumoffii cells were examined in detail by means of attenuated total reflection- and linear dichroism-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the kinetics of apoLp-III binding to liposomes formed from L. dumoffii PLs was analysed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy using fluorescently labelled G. mellonella apoLp-III. Our results indicated enhanced binding of apoLp-III to and deeper penetration into lipid membranes formed from PLs extracted from the choline-supplemented bacteria, i.e. characterized by an increased PC/PE ratio. This could explain, at least in part, the higher susceptibility of choline-cultured L. dumoffii to G. mellonella apoLp-III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Palusińska-Szysz
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Zdybicka-Barabas
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Emilia Reszczyńska
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Square 1, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Rafał Luchowski
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Square 1, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Kania
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52 St., 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, 23845 Borstel, Germany.
| | - Franziska Waldow
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, 23845 Borstel, Germany.
| | - Paweł Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Gronostajowa 7A St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52 St., 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Wiesław I Gruszecki
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Square 1, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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Janczarek M, Palusińska-Szysz M. PCR method for the rapid detection and discrimination of Legionella spp. based on the amplification of pcs, pmtA, and 16S rRNA genes. J Appl Genet 2015; 57:251-61. [PMID: 26423783 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-015-0317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Legionella bacteria are organisms of public health interest due to their ability to cause pneumonia (Legionnaires' disease) in susceptible humans and their ubiquitous presence in water supply systems. Rapid diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease allows the use of therapy specific for the disease. L. pneumophila serogroup 1 is the most common cause of infection acquired in community and hospital environments. The non-L. pneumophila infections are likely under-detected because of a lack of effective diagnosis. In this work, simplex and duplex PCR assays with the use of new molecular markers pcs and pmtA involved in phosphatidylcholine synthesis were specified for rapid and cost-efficient identification and distinguishing Legionella species. The sets of primers developed were found to be sensitive and specific for reliable detection of Legionella belonging to the eight most clinically relevant species. Among these, four primer sets I, II, VI, and VII used for duplex-PCRs proved to have the highest identification power and reliability in the detection of the bacteria. Application of this PCR-based method should improve detection of Legionella spp. in both clinical and environmental settings and facilitate molecular typing of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Janczarek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Palusińska-Szysz
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
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