1
|
Novello E, Scalzo G, D’Agata G, Raucci MG, Ambrosio L, Soriente A, Tomasello B, Restuccia C, Parafati L, Consoli GML, Ferreri L, Rescifina A, Zagni C, Zampino DC. Synthesis, Characterisation, and In Vitro Evaluation of Biocompatibility, Antibacterial and Antitumor Activity of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:642. [PMID: 38794304 PMCID: PMC11125126 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, ionic liquids (ILs) have garnered research interest for their noteworthy properties, such as thermal stability, low or no flammability, and negligible vapour pressure. Moreover, their tunability offers limitless opportunities to design ILs with properties suitable for applications in many industrial fields. This study aims to synthetise two series of methylimidazolium ILs bearing long alkyl chain in their cations (C9, C10, C12, C14, C16, C18, C20) and with tetrafluoroborate (BF4) and the 1,3-dimethyl-5-sulfoisophthalate (DMSIP) as counter ions. The ILs were characterised using 1H-NMR and MALDI-TOF, and their thermal behaviour was investigated through DSC and TGA. Additionally, the antimicrobial, anticancer, and cytotoxic activities of the ILs were analysed. Moreover, the most promising ILs were incorporated at different concentrations (0.5, 1, 5 wt%) into polyvinyl chloride (PVC) by solvent casting to obtain antimicrobial blend films. The thermal properties and stability of the resulting PVC/IL films, along with their hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, IL surface distribution, and release, were studied using DSC and TGA, contact angle (CA), SEM, and UV-vis spectrometry, respectively. Furthermore, the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of blends were analysed. The in vitro results demonstrated that the antimicrobial and antitumor activities of pure ILs against t Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens strains, and the breast cancer cell line (MCF7), respectively, were mainly dependent on their structure. These activities were higher in the series containing the BF4 anion and increased with the increase in the methylimidazolium cation alkyl chain length. However, the elongation of the alkyl chain beyond C16 induced a decrease in antimicrobial activity, indicating a cut-off effect. A similar trend was also observed in terms of in vitro biocompatibility. The loading of both the series of ILs into the PVC matrix did not affect the thermal stability of PVC blend films. However, their Tonset decreased with increased IL concentration and alkyl chain length. Similarly, both the series of PVC/IL films became more hydrophilic with increasing IL concentration and alkyl chain. The loading of ILs at 5% concentration led to considerable IL accumulation on the blend film surfaces (as observed in SEM images) and, subsequently, their higher release. The biocompatibility assessment with healthy human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells and the investigation of antitumoral properties unveiled promising pharmacological characteristics. These findings provide strong support for the potential utilisation of ILs in biomedical applications, especially in the context of cancer therapy and as antibacterial agents to address the challenge of antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, the unique properties of the PVC/IL films make them versatile materials for advancing healthcare technologies, from drug delivery to tissue engineering and antimicrobial coatings to diagnostic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Novello
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)—CNR, Section of Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (E.N.); (G.S.); (G.D.); (D.C.Z.)
| | - Giuseppina Scalzo
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)—CNR, Section of Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (E.N.); (G.S.); (G.D.); (D.C.Z.)
| | - Giovanni D’Agata
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)—CNR, Section of Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (E.N.); (G.S.); (G.D.); (D.C.Z.)
| | - Maria G. Raucci
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)—CNR, Section of Napoli, Viale J.F. Kennedy n.54, Pad.20, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (L.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)—CNR, Section of Napoli, Viale J.F. Kennedy n.54, Pad.20, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (L.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessandra Soriente
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)—CNR, Section of Napoli, Viale J.F. Kennedy n.54, Pad.20, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (L.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Barbara Tomasello
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (B.T.); (A.R.)
| | - Cristina Restuccia
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Lucia Parafati
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Grazia M. L. Consoli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB)-CNR, via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (G.M.L.C.); (L.F.)
| | - Loredana Ferreri
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB)-CNR, via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (G.M.L.C.); (L.F.)
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (B.T.); (A.R.)
| | - Chiara Zagni
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (B.T.); (A.R.)
| | - Daniela C. Zampino
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)—CNR, Section of Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (E.N.); (G.S.); (G.D.); (D.C.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramasubburayan R, Prakash S, Pitchiah S, Dhanraj G. Antifouling activity and biodegradable potential of the bioactive metabolites isolated from mangrove Avicennia officinalis L. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:1680-1686. [PMID: 37229606 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2217468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study explores the antifouling potentials of ethanol extract of mangrove Avicennia officinalis. Results of antibacterial activity inferred that extract had strongly inhibited the growth of fouling bacterial strains with significant differences in halos (9-16 mm) and showed minimal bacteriostatic (12.5-100 µg ml-1) and bactericidal (25-200µg ml-1) values. It had also strenuously suppressed fouling microalgae with appreciable MIC (12.5 and 50 µg ml-1). The extract had also effectively deterred settlement of larvae of Balanus amphitrite and byssal thread of mussel Perna indica with lower EC50 (11.67 and 37.43 µg ml-1) and higher LC50 (257.33 and 817 µg ml-1) values. Further 100% recuperation of mussels from toxicity assay and therapeutic ratio of >20 substantiated its non-toxicity. GC-MS profile of bioassay guided fraction showed four (M1-M4) major bioactive metabolites. In silico biodegradability study revealed that metabolites M1 (Pentanoic acid, 5-methoxy-, phenyl ester) and M3 (Benzaldehyde, methyl-) have rapid biodegradation rates and eco-friendly in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Ramasubburayan
- Marine Biomedical Research Laboratory and Environmental Toxicology Unit, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Santhiyagu Prakash
- Department of Basic Sciences, Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies (IFPGS), Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Chennai, India
| | - Sivaperumal Pitchiah
- Marine Biomedical Research Laboratory and Environmental Toxicology Unit, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Ganapathy Dhanraj
- Marine Biomedical Research Laboratory and Environmental Toxicology Unit, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Natural Benzo/Acetophenones as Leads for New Synthetic Acetophenone Hybrids Containing a 1,2,3-Triazole Ring as Potential Antifouling Agents. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19120682. [PMID: 34940681 PMCID: PMC8704891 DOI: 10.3390/md19120682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine biofouling is a natural process that represents major economic, environmental, and health concerns. Some booster biocides have been used in biofouling control, however, they were found to accumulate in environmental compartments, showing negative effects on marine organisms. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new eco-friendly alternatives. Phenyl ketones, such as benzophenones and acetophenones, have been described as modulators of several biological activities, including antifouling activity (AF). In this work, acetophenones were combined with other chemical substrates through a 1,2,3-triazole ring, a strategy commonly used in Medicinal Chemistry. In our approach, a library of 14 new acetophenone–triazole hybrids was obtained through the copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition “click” reaction. All of the synthesized compounds were evaluated against the settlement of a representative macrofouling species, Mytilus galloprovincialis, as well as on biofilm-forming marine microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. The growth of the microalgae Navicula sp. was also evaluated after exposure to the most promising compounds. While compounds 6a, 7a, and 9a caused significant inhibition of the settlement of mussel larvae, compounds 3b, 4b, and 7b were able to inhibit Roseobacter litoralis bacterial biofilm growth. Interestingly, acetophenone 7a displayed activity against both mussel larvae and the microalgae Navicula sp., suggesting a complementary action of this compound against macro- and microfouling species. The most potent compounds (6a, 7a, and 9a) also showed to be less toxic to the non-target species Artemia salina than the biocide Econea®. Regarding both AF potency and ecotoxicity activity evaluation, acetophenones 7a and 9a were put forward in this work as promising eco-friendly AF agents.
Collapse
|
4
|
Vilas-Boas C, Neves AR, Carvalhal F, Pereira S, Calhorda MJ, Vasconcelos V, Pinto M, Sousa E, Almeida JR, Silva ER, Correia-da-Silva M. Multidimensional characterization of a new antifouling xanthone: Structure-activity relationship, environmental compatibility, and immobilization in marine coatings. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:112970. [PMID: 34775347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of marine biofouling on ship hulls causes material damage, the spread of invasive species, and, indirectly, an increase in full consumption and subsequent pollutant gas emissions. Most efficient antifouling (AF) strategies rely on the conventional release of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic biocides incorporated in marine coatings. A simple oxygenated xanthone, 3,4-dihydroxyxanthone (1), was previously reported as a promising AF agent toward the settlement of Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae, with a therapeutic ratio higher than the commercial biocide Econea®. In this work, a structure-AF activity relationship study, an evaluation of environmental fate, and an AF efficiency in marine coatings were performed with compound 1. Hydroxy or methoxy groups at 3 and 4 positions in compound 1 favored AF activity, and groups with higher steric hindrances were detrimental. Compound 1 demonstrated low water-solubility and a short half-life in natural seawater, contrary to Econea®. In silico environmental fate predictions showed that compound 1 does not bioaccumulate in organism tissues, in contrast to other current emerging biocides, has a moderate affinity for sediments and slow migrates to ground water. No toxicity was observed against Vibrio fischeri and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Polyurethane-based marine coatings containing compound 1 prepared through an innovative non-release-strategy were as efficient as those containing Econea® with low releases to water after 45 days. This proof-of-concept helped to establish compound 1 as a promising eco-friendly AF agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Vilas-Boas
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Neves
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Francisca Carvalhal
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Sandra Pereira
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria José Calhorda
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P 4069-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana R Almeida
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Elisabete R Silva
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; CERENA - Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Marta Correia-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li J, Zhang W, Lin Z, Huang Y, Bhatt P, Chen S. Emerging Strategies for the Bioremediation of the Phenylurea Herbicide Diuron. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:686509. [PMID: 34475856 PMCID: PMC8406775 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.686509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diuron (DUR) is a phenylurea herbicide widely used for the effective control of most annual and perennial weeds in farming areas. The extensive use of DUR has led to its widespread presence in soil, sediment, and aquatic environments, which poses a threat to non-target crops, animals, humans, and ecosystems. Therefore, the removal of DUR from contaminated environments has been a hot topic for researchers in recent decades. Bioremediation seldom leaves harmful intermediate metabolites and is emerging as the most effective and eco-friendly strategy for removing DUR from the environment. Microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, can use DUR as their sole source of carbon. Some of them have been isolated, including organisms from the bacterial genera Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Vagococcus, Burkholderia, Micrococcus, Stenotrophomonas, and Pseudomonas and fungal genera Aspergillus, Pycnoporus, Pluteus, Trametes, Neurospora, Cunninghamella, and Mortierella. A number of studies have investigated the toxicity and fate of DUR, its degradation pathways and metabolites, and DUR-degrading hydrolases and related genes. However, few reviews have focused on the microbial degradation and biochemical mechanisms of DUR. The common microbial degradation pathway for DUR is via transformation to 3,4-dichloroaniline, which is then metabolized through two different metabolic pathways: dehalogenation and hydroxylation, the products of which are further degraded via cooperative metabolism. Microbial degradation hydrolases, including PuhA, PuhB, LibA, HylA, Phh, Mhh, and LahB, provide new knowledge about the underlying pathways governing DUR metabolism. The present review summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding (1) the environmental occurrence and toxicity of DUR, (2) newly isolated and identified DUR-degrading microbes and their enzymes/genes, and (3) the bioremediation of DUR in soil and water environments. This review further updates the recent knowledge on bioremediation strategies with a focus on the metabolic pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in the bioremediation of DUR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaohua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zampino D, Pedotti S, Ussia M, Dattilo S, Mancuso M, Zaccone R, Patti A. Preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of ferrocene‐containing polymeric materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zampino
- CNR—Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali Catania Italy
| | - Sonia Pedotti
- CNR—Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Catania, Italy Catania Italy
| | - Martina Ussia
- CNR—Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali Catania Italy
- CNR—Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (c/o Dipartimento di Fisica Università Catania) Catania Italy
| | - Sandro Dattilo
- CNR—Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali Catania Italy
| | - Monique Mancuso
- CNR—Istituto per le Risorse Biologiche e le Biotecnologie Marine Messina Italy
| | | | - Angela Patti
- CNR—Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Catania, Italy Catania Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vilas-Boas C, Carvalhal F, Pereira B, Carvalho S, Sousa E, Pinto MMM, Calhorda MJ, Vasconcelos V, Almeida JR, Silva ER, Correia-da-Silva M. One Step Forward towards the Development of Eco-Friendly Antifouling Coatings: Immobilization of a Sulfated Marine-Inspired Compound. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18100489. [PMID: 32992876 PMCID: PMC7600153 DOI: 10.3390/md18100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine biofouling represents a global economic and ecological challenge and few eco-friendly antifouling agents are available. The aim of this work was to establish the proof of concept that a recently synthesized nature-inspired compound (gallic acid persulfate, GAP) can act as an eco-friendly and effective antifoulant when immobilized in coatings through a non-release strategy, promoting a long-lasting antifouling effect. The synthesis of GAP was optimized to provide quantitative yields. GAP water solubility was assessed, showing values higher than 1000 mg/mL. GAP was found to be stable in sterilized natural seawater with a half-life (DT50) of 7 months. GAP was immobilized into several commercial coatings, exhibiting high compatibility with different polymeric matrices. Leaching assays of polydimethylsiloxane and polyurethane-based marine coatings containing GAP confirmed that the chemical immobilization of GAP was successful, since releases up to fivefold lower than the conventional releasing systems of polyurethane-based marine coatings were observed. Furthermore, coatings containing immobilized GAP exhibited the most auspicious anti-settlement effect against Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae for the maximum exposure period (40 h) in laboratory trials. Overall, GAP promises to be an agent capable of improving the antifouling activity of several commercial marine coatings with desirable environmental properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Vilas-Boas
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.V.-B.); (F.C.); (E.S.); (M.M.M.P.)
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (V.V.); (J.R.A.)
| | - Francisca Carvalhal
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.V.-B.); (F.C.); (E.S.); (M.M.M.P.)
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (V.V.); (J.R.A.)
| | - Beatriz Pereira
- BioISI—Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, 1749-016 Portugal; (B.P.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Sílvia Carvalho
- CQB—Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.V.-B.); (F.C.); (E.S.); (M.M.M.P.)
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (V.V.); (J.R.A.)
| | - Madalena M. M. Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.V.-B.); (F.C.); (E.S.); (M.M.M.P.)
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (V.V.); (J.R.A.)
| | - Maria José Calhorda
- BioISI—Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, 1749-016 Portugal; (B.P.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (V.V.); (J.R.A.)
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana R. Almeida
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (V.V.); (J.R.A.)
| | - Elisabete R. Silva
- BioISI—Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, 1749-016 Portugal; (B.P.); (M.J.C.)
- Correspondence: (E.R.S.); (M.C.-d.-S.)
| | - Marta Correia-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.V.-B.); (F.C.); (E.S.); (M.M.M.P.)
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (V.V.); (J.R.A.)
- Correspondence: (E.R.S.); (M.C.-d.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Antibiofouling potential of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids: Studies against biofouling barnacle larvae. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
9
|
Ecotoxicological QSARs of Personal Care Products and Biocides. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0150-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
10
|
Alaraidh IA, Okla MK, Alamri SA, AL‐ghamdi AA, Soufan WH, Allam AA, Fouda MMG, Gaffer HE. Synthesis of Bis‐(2‐thiazolyl)amine Analogues and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A. Alaraidh
- Department of Botany and MicrobiologyCollege of ScienceKing Saud University, P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad K. Okla
- Department of Botany and MicrobiologyCollege of ScienceKing Saud University, P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Saudi A. Alamri
- Department of Botany and MicrobiologyCollege of ScienceKing Saud University, P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. AL‐ghamdi
- Department of Botany and MicrobiologyCollege of ScienceKing Saud University, P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Walid H. Soufan
- College of AgricultureKing Saud University P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudia Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Allam
- Department of ZoologyFaculty of ScienceBeni-Suef University Beni-Suef 65211 Egypt
| | - Moustafa M. G. Fouda
- Pretreatment and Finishing of Cellulosic-based Fibers DepartmentTextile Industries Research DivisionNational Research Centre 33 El-Buhouth Street, Dokki Cairo 12622 Egypt
| | - Hatem E. Gaffer
- DyeingPrinting and Auxiliaries DepartmentTextile Industries Research DivisionNational Research Centre 33 El-Buhouth Street, Dokki Cairo 12622 Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Khan K, Khan PM, Lavado G, Valsecchi C, Pasqualini J, Baderna D, Marzo M, Lombardo A, Roy K, Benfenati E. QSAR modeling of Daphnia magna and fish toxicities of biocides using 2D descriptors. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 229:8-17. [PMID: 31063877 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the recent years, ecotoxicological hazard potential of biocidal products has been receiving increasing attention in the industries and regulatory agencies. Biocides/pesticides are currently one of the most studied groups of compounds, and their registration cannot be done without the empirical toxicity information. In view of limited experimental data available for these compounds, we have developed Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models for the toxicity of biocides to fish and Daphnia magna following principles of QSAR modeling recommended by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). The models were developed using simple and interpretable 2D descriptors and validated using stringent tests. Both models showed encouraging statistical quality in terms of determination coefficient R2 (0.800 and 0.648), cross-validated leave-one-out Q2 (0.760 and 0.602) and predictive R2pred or Q2ext (0.875 and 0.817) for fish (nTraining = 66, nTest = 22) and Daphnia magna (nTraining = 100, nTest = 33) toxicity datasets, respectively. These models should be applicable for data gap filling in case of new or untested biocidal compounds falling within the applicability domain of the models. In general, the models indicate that the toxicity increases with lipophilicity and decreases with polarity, branching and unsaturation. We have also developed interspecies toxicity models for biocides using the daphnia and fish toxicity data and used the models for data gap filling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kabiruddin Khan
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S C Mullick Road, 700032, Kolkata, India
| | - Pathan Mohsin Khan
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Educational and Research (NIPER), Chunilal Bhawan, 168, Manikata Main Road, 700054, Kolkata, India
| | - Giovanna Lavado
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa, 19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Cecile Valsecchi
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa, 19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Julia Pasqualini
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa, 19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Diego Baderna
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa, 19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Marzo
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa, 19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Lombardo
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa, 19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Kunal Roy
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S C Mullick Road, 700032, Kolkata, India; Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa, 19, 20156, Milano, Italy.
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via La Masa, 19, 20156, Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bodhaguru M, Santhiyagu P, Lakshmanan M, Ramasamy R, Kumari AN, Ethiraj K, Arunachalam P, Grasian I. In vitro biomedicinal properties of Pyrrolidine-2,4-Dione derived from a novel actinobacterium Streptomyces rochei, a green approach. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Ramasubburayan R, Prakash S, Venkatesan S, Palavesam A, Immanuel G. Environmentally benign antifouling activity and toxic properties of bioactive metabolites from mangrove Excoecaria agallocha L. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:27490-27501. [PMID: 28980213 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the antifouling (AF) potentials and toxic properties of methanol extract from leaves of mangrove Excoecaria agallocha. Antimicrofouling activity results inferred that this extract strongly inhibited fouling bacterial and microalgal growth. This extract had also inhibited the settlement of brown mussel Perna indica and larvae of barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Further, EC50 < LC50 and therapeutic ratio > 1 together propagated non-toxic nature of the extract. Mollusk foot adherence assay result showed complete inhibition of foot spreading and loss of attachment of common rocky fouler Patella vulgata to the substrata. Field assay results affirmed that this extract effectively deterred settlement of biofoulers. Purification and GC-MS analysis of bioassay-guided active spot evidenced presence of three major compounds (> 85%) responsible for the promising AF activity. The identified lead compounds subjected to an estimation (BIOWIN™) program developed by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) predicts that they are biodegradable in nature. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Ramasubburayan
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Tamilnadu, 629 502, India.
- Department of Animal Science, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627 012, India.
| | - Santhiyagu Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Kaliswari College, Virudhunagar, Tamilnadu, 626 123, India
| | - Srinivasan Venkatesan
- Department of Environmental Science, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, 636 011, India
| | - Arunachalam Palavesam
- Department of Animal Science, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627 012, India
| | - Grasian Immanuel
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Tamilnadu, 629 502, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vilas-Boas C, Sousa E, Pinto M, Correia-da-Silva M. An antifouling model from the sea: a review of 25 years of zosteric acid studies. BIOFOULING 2017; 33:927-942. [PMID: 29171304 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1391951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that natural marine compounds can prevent biofouling by a broad spectrum of organisms without toxic effects, encouraging their use in antifouling (AF) coatings. Studies over the past 25 years of the natural product zosteric acid (ZA) are systematically organized in this review. ZA is a sulfated phenolic acid produced by the seagrass Zostera marina that has very promising AF potential against several micro- and macrofouling organisms. ZA was shown to have appropriate environmental fate parameters such as high water solubility, a low log P, low bioaccumulation, and no ecotoxicity, which demonstrated the potential of ZA as a safe AF agent. This review also highlights that ZA has been successfully incorporated into several types of coatings. The synthesis of analogs is also considered in this review, and it has allowed a better understanding of ZA structure-AF activity relationships and clarified the mechanism of action of ZA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Vilas-Boas
- a Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- a Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
- b CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Madalena Pinto
- a Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
- b CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Marta Correia-da-Silva
- a Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
- b CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mining marine shell wastes for polyelectrolyte chitosan anti-biofoulants: Fabrication of high-performance economic and ecofriendly anti-biofouling coatings. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 172:352-364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
16
|
Which Ballast Water Management System Will You Put Aboard? Remnant Anxieties: A Mini-Review. ENVIRONMENTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/environments4030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
17
|
Antifouling potential of Nature-inspired sulfated compounds. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42424. [PMID: 28205590 PMCID: PMC5304334 DOI: 10.1038/srep42424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products with a sulfated scaffold have emerged as antifouling agents with low or nontoxic effects to the environment. In this study 13 sulfated polyphenols were synthesized and tested for antifouling potential using the anti-settlement activity of mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) plantigrade post-larvae and bacterial growth inhibition towards four biofilm-forming bacterial strains. Results show that some of these Nature-inspired compounds were bioactive, particularly rutin persulfate (2), 3,6-bis(β-D-glucopyranosyl) xanthone persulfate (6), and gallic acid persulfate (12) against the settlement of plantigrades. The chemical precursors of sulfated compounds 2 and 12 were also tested for anti-settlement activity and it was possible to conclude that bioactivity is associated with sulfation. While compound 12 showed the most promising anti-settlement activity (EC50 = 8.95 μg.mL−1), compound 2 also caused the higher level of growth inhibition in bacteria Vibrio harveyi (EC20 = 12.5 μg.mL−1). All the three bioactive compounds 2, 6, and 12 were also found to be nontoxic to the non target species Artemia salina (<10% mortality at 250 μM) and Vibrio fischeri (LC50 > 1000 μg.mL−1). This study put forward the relevance of synthesizing non-natural sulfated small molecules to generate new nontoxic antifouling agents.
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen S, Ma C, Zhang G. Biodegradable polymers for marine antibiofouling: Poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(butylene succinate) blend as controlled release system of organic antifoulant. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
19
|
Elshaarawy RFM, Mustafa FHA, Herbst A, Farag AEM, Janiak C. Surface functionalization of chitosan isolated from shrimp shells, using salicylaldehyde ionic liquids in exploration for novel economic and ecofriendly antibiofoulants. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27489c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
20
|
Liao S, Xu Y, Tang Y, Wang J, Zhou X, Xu L, Liu Y. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of soluble 2,5-diketopiperazines derivatives as potential antifouling agents. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06210a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the natural product cyclo-(l-Phe-l-Pro), a library of environmentally friendly 2,5-diketopiperazines were designed, synthesized and showed strong antifouling activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengrong Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/Research Center for Marine Microbes
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301
- PR China
| | - Ying Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology
- College of Life Science
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
| | - Yong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/Research Center for Marine Microbes
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301
- PR China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/Research Center for Marine Microbes
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301
- PR China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/Research Center for Marine Microbes
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301
- PR China
| | - Liang Xu
- Enantiotech Corp., Ltd
- Zhongshan Torch Hi-Tech
- Zhongshan 528437
- PR China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/Research Center for Marine Microbes
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301
- PR China
| |
Collapse
|