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Wu AYT, Sekar P, Huang DY, Hsu SH, Chan CM, Lin WW. Spatiotemporal roles of AMPK in PARP-1- and autophagy-dependent retinal pigment epithelial cell death caused by UVA. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:91. [PMID: 37936170 PMCID: PMC10629085 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although stimulating autophagy caused by UV has been widely demonstrated in skin cells to exert cell protection, it remains unknown the cellular events in UVA-treated retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. METHODS Human ARPE-19 cells were used to measure cell viability, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial mass and lysosomal mass by flow cytometry. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was recorded using Seahorse XF flux analyzer. Confocal microscopic images were performed to indicate the mitochondrial dynamics, LC3 level, and AMPK translocation after UVA irradiation. RESULTS We confirmed mitochondrial ROS production and DNA damage are two major features caused by UVA. We found the cell death is prevented by autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine and gene silencing of ATG5, and UVA induces ROS-dependent LC3II expression, LC3 punctate and TFEB expression, suggesting the autophagic death in the UVA-stressed RPE cells. Although PARP-1 inhibitor olaparib increases DNA damage, ROS production, and cell death, it also blocks AMPK activation caused by UVA. Interestingly we found a dramatic nuclear export of AMPK upon UVA irradiation which is blocked by N-acetylcysteine and olaparib. In addition, UVA exposure gradually decreases lysosomal mass and inhibits cathepsin B activity at late phase due to lysosomal dysfunction. Nevertheless, cathepsin B inhibitor, CA-074Me, reverses the death extent, suggesting the contribution of cathepsin B in the death pathway. When examining the role of EGFR in cellular events caused by UVA, we found that UVA can rapidly transactivate EGFR, and treatment with EGFR TKIs (gefitinib and afatinib) enhances the cell death accompanied by the increased LC3II formation, ROS production, loss of MMP and mass of mitochondria and lysosomes. Although AMPK activation by ROS-PARP-1 mediates autophagic cell death, we surprisingly found that pretreatment of cells with AMPK activators (A769662 and metformin) reverses cell death. Concomitantly, both agents block UVA-induced mitochondrial ROS production, autophagic flux, and mitochondrial fission without changing the inhibition of cathepsin B. CONCLUSION UVA exposure rapidly induces ROS-PARP-1-AMPK-autophagic flux and late lysosomal dysfunction. Pre-inducing AMPK activation can prevent cellular events caused by UVA and provide a new protective strategy in photo-oxidative stress and photo-retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Yan-Tang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ponarulselvam Sekar
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Duen-Yi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hao Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Wan-Wan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Huang Y, Lu J, Zhao L, Fu X, Peng S, Zhang W, Wang R, Yuan W, Luo R, Wang X, Li Z, Zhang Z. Retinal cell-targeted liposomal ginsenoside Rg3 attenuates retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury via alleviating oxidative stress and promoting microglia/macrophage M2 polarization. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 206:162-179. [PMID: 37380044 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (RIR) injury remains a major challenge that is detrimental to retinal cell survival in a variety of ocular diseases. However, current clinical treatments focus on a single pathological mechanism, making them unable to provide comprehensive retinal protection. A variety of natural products including ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) exhibit potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Unfortunately, the hydrophobicity of Rg3 and the presence of various intraocular barriers limit its effective application in clinical settings. Hyaluronic acid (HA)- specifically binds to cell surface receptors, CD44, which is widely expressed in retinal pigment epithelial cells and M1-type macrophage. Here, we developed HA-decorated liposomes loaded with Rg3, termed Rg3@HA-Lips, to protect against retinal damage caused by RIR injury. Treatment with Rg3@HA-Lips significantly inhibited the oxidative stress induced by RIR injury. In addition, Rg3@HA-Lips promoted the transition of M1-type macrophage to the M2 type, ultimately reversing the pro-inflammatory microenvironment. The mechanism of Rg3@HA-Lips was further investigated and found that they can regulateSIRT/FOXO3a, NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways. Together with as well demonstrated good safety profiles, this CD44-targeted platform loaded with a natural product alleviates RIR injury by modulating the retinal microenvironment and present a potential clinical treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Laien Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxuan Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjun Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenze Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrui Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zelin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuhong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China.
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Jonas JB, Jonas RA, Bikbov MM, Wang YX, Panda-Jonas S. Myopia: Histology, clinical features, and potential implications for the etiology of axial elongation. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 96:101156. [PMID: 36585290 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Myopic axial elongation is associated with various non-pathological changes. These include a decrease in photoreceptor cell and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell density and retinal layer thickness, mainly in the retro-equatorial to equatorial regions; choroidal and scleral thinning pronounced at the posterior pole and least marked at the ora serrata; and a shift in Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) occurring in moderately myopic eyes and typically in the temporal/inferior direction. The BMO shift leads to an overhang of Bruch's membrane (BM) into the nasal intrapapillary compartment and BM absence in the temporal region (i.e., parapapillary gamma zone), optic disc ovalization due to shortening of the ophthalmoscopically visible horizontal disc diameter, fovea-optic disc distance elongation, reduction in angle kappa, and straightening/stretching of the papillomacular retinal blood vessels and retinal nerve fibers. Highly myopic eyes additionally show an enlargement of all layers of the optic nerve canal, elongation and thinning of the lamina cribrosa, peripapillary scleral flange (i.e., parapapillary delta zone) and peripapillary choroidal border tissue, and development of circular parapapillary beta, gamma, and delta zone. Pathological features of high myopia include development of macular linear RPE defects (lacquer cracks), which widen to round RPE defects (patchy atrophies) with central BM defects, macular neovascularization, myopic macular retinoschisis, and glaucomatous/glaucoma-like and non-glaucomatous optic neuropathy. BM thickness is unrelated to axial length. Including the change in eye shape from a sphere in emmetropia to a prolate (rotational) ellipsoid in myopia, the features may be explained by a primary BM enlargement in the retro-equatorial/equatorial region leading to axial elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karis-University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute for Clinical and Scientific Ophthalmology and Acupuncture Jonas & Panda, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Rahul A Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Ya Xing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
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Chen X, Tzekov R, Su M, Zhu Y, Han A, Li W. Hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage and protective role of peroxiredoxin 6 protein via EGFR/ERK signaling pathway in RPE cells. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1169211. [PMID: 37529008 PMCID: PMC10388243 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1169211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Damage to retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells caused by oxidative stress is closely related to the pathogenesis of several blinding retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa, and other inherited retinal degenerative conditions. However, the mechanisms of this process are poorly understood. Hence, the goal of this study was to investigate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative damage and protective role of peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) protein via EGFR/ERK signaling pathway in RPE cells. Methods Cells from a human RPE cell line (ARPE-19 cells) were treated with H2O2, and then cell viability was assessed using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. Cell death and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by flow cytometry. The levels of PRDX6, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were detected by Western blot assay. PRDX6 and EGFR were also detected via immunofluorescence staining. Results Our results show that H2O2 inhibited cell viability, induced cell death, and increased ROS levels in ARPE-19 cells. It was also found that H2O2 decreased the levels of PRDX6, EGFR, and phosphorylated ERK but increased the levels of phosphorylated P38MAPK and JNK. PRDX6 overexpression was found to attenuate H2O2-induced inhibition of cell viability and increased cell death and ROS production in ARPE-19 cells. PRDX6 overexpression also increased the expression of EGFR and alleviated the H2O2-induced decrease in EGFR and phosphorylated ERK. Moreover, inhibition of epidermal growth factor-induced EGFR and ERK signaling in oxidative stress was partially blocked by PRDX6 overexpression. Discussion Our findings indicate that PRDX6 overexpression protects RPE cells from oxidative stress damage caused by decreasing ROS production and partially blocking the inhibition of the EGFR/ERK signaling pathway induced by oxidative stress. Therefore, PRDX6 shows promise as a therapeutic target for the prevention of RPE cell damage caused by oxidative stress associated with retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi’an No. 1 Hospital, Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Radouil Tzekov
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Mingyang Su
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiangan, Xiamen, China
| | - Yusheng Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi’an No. 1 Hospital, Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aidong Han
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiangan, Xiamen, China
| | - Wensheng Li
- Shanghai Aier Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Aier Eye Institute, Shanghai, China
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Guoxia W, Yu Y, Shuai Z, Hainan L, Zheng X. Beta-carotene regulates the biological activity of EGF in IEC6 cells by alleviating the inflammatory process. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:1726-1739. [PMID: 35499499 PMCID: PMC9302509 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2067676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has many important biological functions. It plays an important role in regulating the growth, survival, migration, apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation of intestinal tissues and cells. However, until now, the effect of inflammation on the biological activity of EGF in intestinal cells or tissues is still unclear. For this reason, in the current research, we have conducted a detailed study on this issue. Using the rat small intestinal crypt epithelial cell line (IEC6) was used as an in vitro model, and Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), Flow cytometry (FCM), Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), Western-blotting (WB), and Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (QRT-PCR) methods were used to explore the effects of inflammation on EGF/EGFR biological activity and signal transduction profiles. We found that the EGF/EGFR nuclear signal almost disappeared in the inflammatory state, and the phosphorylation levels of EGFR, AKT, and STAT3 were all significantly down-regulated. In addition, we also studied the effect of β-carotene on the biological activity of EGF, and found that when cells were pretreated with β-carotene, the cellular behavior, biological activity, and nuclear signal of EGF/EGFR under inflammation stimulation were partially restored. In summary, the current study shows that inflammation can disrupt EGF/EGFR-mediated signaling in IEC6 cells, suggesting that inflammation negatively regulates the biological activity of EGF/EGFR. Furthermore, we found that β-carotene not only attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation but also partially restored the biological activity of EGF in IEC6 cells, laying a solid foundation for studying the biological functions of EGF and β-carotene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Guoxia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Shuai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Lan Hainan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Discovering the Potential of Natural Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15010101. [PMID: 35056157 PMCID: PMC8777838 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disease associated with anatomical changes in the inner retina. Despite tremendous advances in clinical care, there is currently no cure for AMD. This review aims to evaluate the published literature on the therapeutic roles of natural antioxidants in AMD. A literature search of PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed articles published between 1 January 2011 and 31 October 2021 was undertaken. A total of 82 preclinical and 18 clinical studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. We identified active compounds, carotenoids, extracts and polysaccharides, flavonoids, formulations, vitamins and whole foods with potential therapeutic roles in AMD. We evaluated the integral cellular signaling pathways including the activation of antioxidant pathways and angiogenesis pathways orchestrating their mode of action. In conclusion, we examined the therapeutic roles of natural antioxidants in AMD which warrant further study for application in clinical practice. Our current understanding is that natural antioxidants have the potential to improve or halt the progression of AMD, and tailoring therapeutics to the specific disease stages may be the key to preventing irreversible vision loss.
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Potilinski MC, Tate PS, Lorenc VE, Gallo JE. New insights into oxidative stress and immune mechanisms involved in age-related macular degeneration tackled by novel therapies. Neuropharmacology 2021; 188:108513. [PMID: 33662390 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has increased in the last years. Although anti-VEGF agents have improved the prognosis of exudative AMD, dry AMD has still devastating effects on elderly people vision. Oxidative stress and inflammation are mechanisms involved in AMD pathogenesis and its progression. Molecular pathways involving epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP4) and the nuclear erythroid related factor 2 (Nrf2) are behind oxidative stress in AMD due to their participation in antioxidant cellular pathways. As a consequence of the disbalance produced in the antioxidant mechanisms, there is an activation of innate and adaptative immune response with cell recruitment, changes in complement factors expression, and modification of cellular milieu. Different therapies are being studied to treat dry AMD based on the possible effects on antioxidant molecular pathways or their action on the immune response. There is a wide range of treatments presented in this review, from natural antioxidant compounds to cell and gene therapy, based on their mechanisms. Finally, we hypothesize that alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory molecule that can also modulate antioxidant cellular defenses, could be a good candidate for testing in AMD. This article is part of the special ssue on 'The Quest for Disease-Modifying Therapies for Neurodegenerative Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Constanza Potilinski
- Nanomedicine & Vision Lab, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Translacional, Universidad Austral, CONICET, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo S Tate
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Translacional, Universidad Austral, CONICET, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria E Lorenc
- Nanomedicine & Vision Lab, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Translacional, Universidad Austral, CONICET, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan E Gallo
- Nanomedicine & Vision Lab, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Translacional, Universidad Austral, CONICET, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Austral, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, Bucolo C, D'Agata V. Protective effect of PACAP-38 on retinal pigmented epithelium in an in vitro and in vivo model of diabetic retinopathy through EGFR-dependent mechanism. Peptides 2019; 119:170108. [PMID: 31247223 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common microvascular complications of diabetes. In the last years, several in vivo studies have demonstrated the protective role of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP-38) to counteract several alterations occurring during DR. Recently, different studies have demonstrated that some PACAP-38 effects are mediated by EGFR trans-activation, although no data exist regarding the link between this peptide and EGFR in DR. The aim of the present study has been to investigate whether retinal effect of PACAP-38 against high glucose damage is mediated by EGFR phosphorylation. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in rats. After 1 week, a group of animals was treated with a single intravitreal injection of 100 μM PACAP-38 or saline solution. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis have demonstrated that intravitreal injection of PACAP-38 induced p-EGFR over-expression in retina of diabetic rats. Several pathogenic mechanisms may contribute to diabetic retinopathy including BRB alteration. To better clarify the relationship between PACAP-38 and EGFR, we have also carried out a study on ARPE-19 cells, representing a model in vitro of outer BRB. Our results have shown that PACAP-38 treatment improved cell viability in ARPE-19 cells exposed to hyperglycemic/hypoxic insult mimicking tissue microenvironment occurring in DR. Binding to PAC1R, peptide induces EGFR phosphorylation via PKA-signaling cascade stimulation. EGFR trans-activation triggers MAPK/ERK signaling pathway involved in cell survival and proliferation. In conclusion, data have suggested that PACAP-38 acts through EGFR phosphorylation in DR and this effect particularly occurs on RPE layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Grazia D'Amico
- San Raffaele Open University of Rome, Department of Human Science and Promotion of quality of Life, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy; Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology - CERFO, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy.
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Cheng Z, Yao W, Zheng J, Ding W, Wang Y, Zhang T, Zhu L, Zhou F. A derivative of betulinic acid protects human Retinal Pigment Epithelial (RPE) cells from cobalt chloride-induced acute hypoxic stress. Exp Eye Res 2018; 180:92-101. [PMID: 30578788 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of cells located above the choroid. It mediates human visual cycle and nourishes photoreceptors. Hypoxia-induced oxidative stress to RPE is a vital cause of retinal degeneration such as the Age-related Macular Degeneration. Most of these retinal diseases are irreversible with no efficient treatment, therefore protecting RPE cells from hypoxia stress is an important way to prevent or slow down the progression of retinal degeneration. Betulinic acid (BA) and betulin (BE) are pentacyclic triterpenoids with anti-oxidative property, but little is known about their effect on RPE cells. We investigated the protective effect of BA, BE and their derivatives against cobalt chloride-induced hypoxia stress in RPE cells. Human ARPE-19 cells were exposed to BA, BE and their eighteen derivatives (named as H3H20) that we customized through replacing moieties at C3 and C28 positions. We found that cobalt chloride reduced cell viability, increased Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production as well as induced apoptosis and necrosis in ARPE-19 cells. Interestingly, the pretreatment of 3-O-acetyl-glycyl- 28-O-glycyl-betulinic acid effectively protected cells from acute hypoxia stress induced by cobalt chloride. Our immunoblotting results suggested that this derivative attenuated the cobalt chloride-induced activation of Akt, Erk and JNK pathways. All findings were further validated in human primary RPE cells. In summary, this BA derivate has protective effect against the acute hypoxic stress in human RPE cells and may be developed into a candidate agent effective in the prevention of prevalent retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqi Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Wenjuan Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Center for Bioactive Products, Northeast Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Weimin Ding
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Center for Bioactive Products, Northeast Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Chinese medicine formula HB01 for treating exudative age-related macular degeneration: a 6 consecutive months of clinical observation study. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(18)30039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chen XD, Su MY, Chen TT, Hong HY, Han AD, Li WS. Oxidative stress affects retinal pigment epithelial cell survival through epidermal growth factor receptor/AKT signaling pathway. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:507-514. [PMID: 28503420 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.04.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the cross-talk between oxidative stress and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/AKT signaling pathway in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. METHODS Human RPE cell lines (ARPE-19 cell) were treated with different doses of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Cell viability was determined by a methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. Cell proliferation was examined by a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay. EGFR/AKT signaling was detected by Western blot. EGFR localization was also detected by immunofluorescence. In addition, EGFR/AKT signaling was intervened upon by EGFR inhibitor (erlotinib), PI3K inhibitor (A66) and AKT inhibitor (MK-2206), respectively. H2O2-induced oxidative stress was blocked by antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). RESULTS EGF treatment increased ARPE-19 cell viability and proliferation through inducing phosphorylation of EGFR and AKT. H2O2 inhibited ARPE-19 cell viability and proliferation and also suppressed EGF-stimulated increase of RPE cell viability and proliferation by affecting the EGFR/AKT signaling pathway. EGFR inhibitor erlotinib blocked EGF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR and AKT, while A66 and MK-2206 only blocked EGF-induced phosphorylation of AKT. EGF-induced phosphorylation and endocytosis of EGFR were also affected by H2O2 treatment. In addition, antioxidant NAC attenuated H2O2-induced inhibition of ARPE-19 cell viability through alleviating reduction of EGFR, and phosphorylated and total AKT proteins. CONCLUSION Oxidative stress affects RPE cell viability and proliferation through interfering with the EGFR/AKT signaling pathway. The EGFR/AKT signaling pathway may be an important target in oxidative stress-induced RPE cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Chen
- Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, Fujian Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xi'an 710002, Shaanxi Province, China.,State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiang'an Campus, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ming-Yang Su
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiang'an Campus, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Tao-Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiang'an Campus, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hai-Yan Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiang'an Campus, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ai-Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory for Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiang'an Campus, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Li
- Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, Fujian Province, China
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12
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Fronk AH, Vargis E. Methods for culturing retinal pigment epithelial cells: a review of current protocols and future recommendations. J Tissue Eng 2016; 7:2041731416650838. [PMID: 27493715 PMCID: PMC4959307 DOI: 10.1177/2041731416650838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium is an important part of the vertebrate eye, particularly in studying the causes and possible treatment of age-related macular degeneration. The retinal pigment epithelium is difficult to access in vivo due to its location at the back of the eye, making experimentation with age-related macular degeneration treatments problematic. An alternative to in vivo experimentation is cultivating the retinal pigment epithelium in vitro, a practice that has been going on since the 1970s, providing a wide range of retinal pigment epithelial culture protocols, each producing cells and tissue of varying degrees of similarity to natural retinal pigment epithelium. The purpose of this review is to provide researchers with a ready list of retinal pigment epithelial protocols, their effects on cultured tissue, and their specific possible applications. Protocols using human and animal retinal pigment epithelium cells, derived from tissue or cell lines, are discussed, and recommendations for future researchers included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H Fronk
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Elizabeth Vargis
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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13
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Ayala-Peña VB, Pilotti F, Volonté Y, Rotstein NP, Politi LE, German OL. Protective effects of retinoid x receptors on retina pigment epithelium cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1134-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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14
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Wang K, Jiang Y, Wang W, Ma J, Chen M. Escin activates AKT-Nrf2 signaling to protect retinal pigment epithelium cells from oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:541-7. [PMID: 26505797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Here we explored the anti-oxidative and cytoprotective potentials of escin, a natural triterpene-saponin, against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. We showed that escin remarkably attenuated H2O2-induced death and apoptosis of established (ARPE-19) and primary murine RPE cells. Meanwhile, ROS production and lipid peroxidation by H2O2 were remarkably inhibited by escin. Escin treatment in RPE cells resulted in NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling activation, evidenced by transcription of anti-oxidant-responsive element (ARE)-regulated genes, including HO-1, NQO-1 and SRXN-1. Knockdown of Nrf2 through targeted shRNAs/siRNAs alleviated escin-mediated ARE gene transcription, and almost abolished escin-mediated anti-oxidant activity and RPE cytoprotection against H2O2. Reversely, escin was more potent against H2O2 damages in Nrf2-over-expressed ARPE-19 cells. Further studies showed that escin-induced Nrf2 activation in RPE cells required AKT signaling. AKT inhibitors (LY294002 and perifosine) blocked escin-induced AKT activation, and dramatically inhibited Nrf2 phosphorylation, its cytosol accumulation and nuclear translocation in RPE cells. Escin-induced RPE cytoprotection against H2O2 was also alleviated by the AKT inhibitors. Together, these results demonstrate that escin protects RPE cells from oxidative stress possibly through activating AKT-Nrf2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijun Wang
- Eye Center, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqian Jiang
- The First People Hospital of Xiaoshan, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Eye Center, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Eye Center, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- Eye Center, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China.
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15
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Feng TT, Liang ZY, Chen S. Squamosamide derivative FLZ inhibits TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression via down-regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in ARPE-19 cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:9126-9132. [PMID: 26464656 PMCID: PMC4583888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) resulting from chronic inflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It has been reported that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) could induce intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in RPE cells. FLZ, a novel synthetic squamosamide derivative from a Chinese herb, Annona glabra, has displayed significant anti-inflammatory activity. However, the effects of FLZ on TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression in RPE cells remain unknown. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the effects of FLZ on TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression in RPE cells. We found that FLZ prevented TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression and the ability of monocytes to adhere to ARPE-19 cells induced by TNF-α. Furthermore, FLZ inhibited TNF-α-induced NF-κB p65 expression, as well as phosphorylation of IκBα in ARPE-19 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that FLZ inhibited TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression through blocking NF-κB signaling pathway in ARPE-19 cells. Thus, FLZ could be used for designing novel therapeutic agents against AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Feng
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Medical University Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Ze-Yu Liang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Medical University Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Song Chen
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Medical University Tianjin 300020, China
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