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Yang ZR, Suo H, Fan JW, Lv N, Du K, Ma T, Qin H, Li Y, Yang L, Zhou N, Jiang H, Tao J, Zhu J. Endogenous stimuli-responsive separating microneedles to inhibit hypertrophic scar through remodeling the pathological microenvironment. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2038. [PMID: 38448448 PMCID: PMC10917775 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46328-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scar (HS) considerably affects the appearance and causes tissue dysfunction in patients. The low bioavailability of 5-fluorouracil poses a challenge for HS treatment. Here we show a separating microneedle (MN) consisting of photo-crosslinked GelMA and 5-FuA-Pep-MA prodrug in response to high reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the HS pathological microenvironment. In vivo experiments in female mice demonstrate that the retention of MN tips in the tissue provides a slowly sustained drug release manner. Importantly, drug-loaded MNs could remodel the pathological microenvironment of female rabbit ear HS tissues by ROS scavenging and MMPs consumption. Bulk and single cell RNA sequencing analyses confirm that drug-loaded MNs could reverse skin fibrosis through down-regulation of BCL-2-associated death promoter (BAD), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) pathways, simultaneously regulate inflammatory response and keratinocyte differentiation via up-regulation of toll-like receptors (TOLL), interleukin-1 receptor (IL1R) and keratinocyte pathways, and promote the interactions between fibroblasts and keratinocytes via ligand-receptor pair of proteoglycans 2 (HSPG2)-dystroglycan 1(DAG1). This study reveals the potential therapeutic mechanism of drug-loaded MNs in HS treatment and presents a broad prospect for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Ran Yang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huinan Suo
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jing-Wen Fan
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, The Forth Military Medical University (FMMU), Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Niannian Lv
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kehan Du
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huimin Qin
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Nuoya Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Juan Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Jintao Zhu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Ding JY, Sun L, Zhu ZH, Wu XC, Xu XL, Xiang YW. Nano drug delivery systems: a promising approach to scar prevention and treatment. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:268. [PMID: 37568194 PMCID: PMC10416511 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Scar formation is a common physiological process that occurs after injury, but in some cases, pathological scars can develop, leading to serious physiological and psychological effects. Unfortunately, there are currently no effective means to intervene in scar formation, and the structural features of scars and their unclear mechanisms make prevention and treatment even more challenging. However, the emergence of nanotechnology in drug delivery systems offers a promising avenue for the prevention and treatment of scars. Nanomaterials possess unique properties that make them well suited for addressing issues related to transdermal drug delivery, drug solubility, and controlled release. Herein, we summarize the recent progress made in the use of nanotechnology for the prevention and treatment of scars. We examine the mechanisms involved and the advantages offered by various types of nanomaterials. We also highlight the outstanding challenges and questions that need to be addressed to maximize the potential of nanotechnology in scar intervention. Overall, with further development, nanotechnology could significantly improve the prevention and treatment of pathological scars, providing a brighter outlook for those affected by this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ying Ding
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhi-Heng Zhu
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xi-Chen Wu
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Xu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, PR China.
| | - Yan-Wei Xiang
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Mistry R, Veres M, Issa F. A Systematic Review Comparing Animal and Human Scarring Models. Front Surg 2022; 9:711094. [PMID: 35529910 PMCID: PMC9073696 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.711094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A reproducible, standardised model for cutaneous scar tissue to assess therapeutics is crucial to the progress of the field. A systematic review was performed to critically evaluate scarring models in both animal and human research. Method All studies in which cutaneous scars are modelling in animals or humans were included. Models that were focused on the wound healing process or those in humans with scars from an existing injury were excluded. Ovid Medline® was searched on 25 February 2019 to perform two near identical searches; one aimed at animals and the other aimed at humans. Two reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts for study selection. Full texts of potentially suitable studies were then obtained for analysis. Results The animal kingdom search yielded 818 results, of which 71 were included in the review. Animals utilised included rabbits, mice, pigs, dogs and primates. Methods used for creating scar tissue included sharp excision, dermatome injury, thermal injury and injection of fibrotic substances. The search for scar assessment in humans yielded 287 results, of which 9 met the inclusion criteria. In all human studies, sharp incision was used to create scar tissue. Some studies focused on patients before or after elective surgery, including bilateral breast reduction, knee replacement or midline sternotomy. Discussion The rabbit ear scar model was the most popular tool for scar research, although pigs produce scar tissue which most closely resembles that of humans. Immunodeficient mouse models allow for in vivo engraftment and study of human scar tissue, however, there are limitations relating to the systemic response to these xenografts. Factors that determine the use of animals include cost of housing requirements, genetic traceability, and ethical concerns. In humans, surgical patients are often studied for scarring responses and outcomes, but reproducibility and patient factors that impact healing can limit interpretation. Human tissue use in vitro may serve as a good basis to rapidly screen and assess treatments prior to clinical use, with the advantage of reduced cost and setup requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyam Mistry
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Riyam Mistry
| | - Mark Veres
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fadi Issa
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Chen Z, Xie F, Xia T, Bian X, Zhang S, Cai J, Wang Y. Early Application of Quaternized Chitin Derivatives Inhibits Hypertrophic Scar Formation. Macromol Biosci 2021; 22:e2100418. [PMID: 34882969 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Various treatments for hypertrophic scars (HS) are applied after wound re-epithelialization. However, the lack of early intervention within the wound bed leads to poor HS treatment outcomes. In this study, quaternized chitin (QC) derivatives with different degrees of deacetylation (7.4% and 78.9%) are synthesized and their effects on HS formation are evaluated in a rabbit ear scar model. Early application of QC alleviates scar hypertrophy without delayed wound healing. Fibroblast count, collagen content, and α-smooth muscle actin expression are decreased, while matrix metalloproteinase-1 is upregulated on day 35 in the QC treatment group. QC suppresses inflammatory cell infiltration and IL-6 expression. A subsequent reduction in transforming growth factor β1 expression is also observed. The inhibitory effect of QC on HS formation is eliminated through the administration of exogenous IL-6. Taken together, early application of QC inhibits HS formation by downregulating IL-6 expression, and QC with a low degree of deacetylation tends to be more effective. Considering its potential for accelerating wound healing, inhibiting HS formation, and its antibacterial activity, QC may be used as an effective dressing in clinical wound management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhan Chen
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Fang Xie
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-based Medical Materials, College of Chemistry & Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaoen Bian
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shichen Zhang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jie Cai
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-based Medical Materials, College of Chemistry & Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.,Research Institute of Shenzhen, Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Yang B, Dong Y, Shen Y, Hou A, Quan G, Pan X, Wu C. Bilayer dissolving microneedle array containing 5-fluorouracil and triamcinolone with biphasic release profile for hypertrophic scar therapy. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2400-2411. [PMID: 33553824 PMCID: PMC7846935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scar (HS) is an undesirable skin abnormality following deep burns or operations. Although intralesional multi-injection with the suspension of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) has exhibited great promise to HS treatment in clinical, the difference of metabolic behavior between TA and 5-Fu remarkably compromised the treatment efficacy. Besides, the traditional injection with great pain is highly dependent on the skill of the experts, which results in poor compliance. Herein, a bilayer dissolving microneedle (BMN) containing TA and 5-Fu (TA-5-Fu-BMN) with biphasic release profile was designed for HS therapy. Equipped with several micro-scale needle tips, the BMN could be self-pressed into the HS with uniform drug distribution and less pain. Both in vitro permeation and in vivo HS retention tests revealed that TA and 5-Fu could coexist in the scar tissue for a sufficient time period due to the well-designed biphasic release property. Subsequently, the rabbit ear HS model was established to assess therapeutic efficacy. The histological analysis showed that TA-5-Fu-BMN could significantly reduce abnormal fibroblast proliferation and collagen fiber deposition. It was also found that the value of scar elevation index was ameliorated to a basal level, together with the downregulation of mRNA and protein expression of Collagen I (Col I) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) after application of TA-5-Fu-BMN. In conclusion, the BMN with biphasic release profiles could serve as a potential strategy for HS treatment providing both convenient administrations as well as controlled drug release behavior. A bilayer microneedle co-delivery system was designed for hypertrophic scar therapy. The system contained rapid release triamcinolone and sustained-release 5- Fluorouracil. The system was constructed to control the intralesional retention of different drugs. The co-delivery system showed a superior therapeutic effect in hypertrophic scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yating Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yifeng Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ailin Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guilan Quan
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Xin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Zhang Z, Liu Y, Chen Y, Li L, Lan P, He D, Song J, Zhang Y. Transdermal Delivery of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid by Nanoethosome Gels for Photodynamic Therapy of Hypertrophic Scars. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:3704-3714. [PMID: 30589527 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-loaded nanoethosome (ALA-ES) gels are successfully prepared to realize a transdermal delivery of ALA, and they provide a feasible approach for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of hypertrophic scars (HS). Herein, the morphological and physicochemical features indicate that ALA-ES is stable in gel matrix. In vitro transdermal penetration studies suggest ALA-ES gels can overcome the compact dermal barrier and deliver more ALA into human HS tissue. In vivo delivery studies further reveal that ALA-ES gels can penetrate into rabbit HS tissue to facilitate ALA accumulating in hypertrophic scar fibroblast (HSF) and converting into protoporphyrin IX in the cytoplasm. Utilizing transmission electron microscopy, the visual in vivo penetration process indicates ALA-ES penetrate into HS tissue utilizing its deformable membrane, enters HSF by a pinocytotic-like mechanism, and then releases ALA in the cytoplasm. Subsequently, PDT efficacy is assessed using rabbit HS models. The morphological and histological analysis reveal that ALA-ES gels can improve HS by promoting HSF apoptosis, remodelling collagen fibers and increasing MMP3 expression. The results demonstrate that ALA-ES gels are suitable in clinical treatment of HS and make a substantial progress within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 639 Zhizaoju Road , Shanghai 200011 , P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Cosmetic Laser Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 639 Zhizaoju Roadd , Shanghai 200011 , P.R. China
| | - Yunsheng Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 639 Zhizaoju Road , Shanghai 200011 , P.R. China
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, 800 Dongchuan Rd , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
| | - Lexiang Li
- Department of Orthopedic, Changzheng Hospital , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Ping Lan
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis , Jinan University , Zhuhai , 519070 , China
| | - Dannong He
- Shanghai National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology , 245 Jiachuan Road , Shanghai 200237 , PR China
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, 800 Dongchuan Rd , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 639 Zhizaoju Road , Shanghai 200011 , P.R. China
- Shanghai National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology , 245 Jiachuan Road , Shanghai 200237 , PR China
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Zhang Z, Chen J, Huang J, Wo Y, Zhang Y, Chen X. Experimental Study of 5-fluorouracil Encapsulated Ethosomes Combined with CO2 Fractional Laser to Treat Hypertrophic Scar. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:26. [PMID: 29349520 PMCID: PMC5773457 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-2425-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study is designed to explore permeability of ethosomes encapsulated with 5-florouracil (5-FU) mediated by CO2 fractional laser on hypertrophic scar tissues. Moreover, therapeutic and duration effect of CO2 fractional laser combined with 5-FU encapsulated ethosomes in rabbit ear hypertrophic scar model will be evaluated. METHODS The permeated amount of 5-FU and retention contents of 5-FU were both determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fluorescence intensities of ethosomes encapsulated with 5-FU (5E) labeled with Rodanmin 6GO (Rho) were measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The permeability promotion of 5E labeled with Rho in rabbit ear hypertrophic scar mediated by CO2 fractional laser was evaluated at 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 3 days and 7 days after the irradiation. The opening rates of the micro-channels were calculated according to CLSM. The therapeutic effect of 5EL was evaluated on rabbit ear hypertrophic scar in vivo. Relative thickness of rabbit ear hypertrophic scar before and after the treatment was measured by caliper method. Scar elevation index (SEI) of rabbit ear hypertrophic scar was measured using H&E staining. RESULTS The data showed that the penetration amount of 5EL group was higher than 5E group (4.15 ± 2.22 vs. 0.73 ± 0.33; p < 0.05) after 1-h treatment. Additionally, the penetration amount of 5EL was higher than that of the 5E group (107.61 ± 13.27 vs. 20.73 ± 3.77; p < 0.05) after 24-h treatment. The retention contents of the 5EL group also showed higher level than 5E group (24.42 ± 4.37 vs.12.25 ± 1.64; p < 0.05). The fluorescence intensity of Rho in hypertrophic scar tissues of the 5EL group was higher than that of the 5E group at different time points (1, 6, and 24 h). The opening rates of the micro-channels were decreased gradually within 24 h, and micro-channels were closed completely 3 days after the irradiation by CO2 fractional laser. The relative thickness and SEI of rabbit ear hypertrophic scar after 7 days of treatment in the 5EL group were significantly lower than the 5E group. CONCLUSION CO2 fractional laser combined with topical 5E can be effective in the treatment of hypertrophic scar in vivo and supply a novel therapy method for human hypertrophic scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Wo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Nabai L, Ghahary A. Hypertrophic Scarring in the Rabbit Ear: A Practical Model for Studying Dermal Fibrosis. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1627:81-89. [PMID: 28836196 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7113-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Excessive fibrous tissue deposition after injury in the form of hypertrophic scar remains a major clinical challenge. The development of an animal model for such scarring has been extremely difficult because of a major difference between the healing process in laboratory animals and humans. Here, we describe the rabbit ear model for excessive dermal scarring which has some clinical and histological resemblance to human hypertrophic scar. Since its development, this model has been widely used to study the cellular and molecular biology of hypertrophic scarring and evaluate the efficacy of new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Nabai
- Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Aziz Ghahary
- Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Zhang Z, Chen Y, Xu H, Wo Y, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Su W, Cui D, Zhang Y. 5-Aminolevulinic acid loaded ethosomal vesicles with high entrapment efficiency for in vitro topical transdermal delivery and photodynamic therapy of hypertrophic scars. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:19270-19279. [PMID: 27830857 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06872c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is an alternative therapy for hypertrophic scars (HS), which destroys human hypertrophic scar fibroblasts (HSF). However, the poor permeability of ALA both in HS tissue and HSF significantly restricts the PDT of HS. To overcome these barriers, ALA-loaded ethosomal vesicles (ALA-ES) were developed by a pH gradient active loading method and characterized by morphology, entrapment efficiency (EE) and stability. Results show that prepared ALA-ES are homogenous spherical lamellar vesicles, 53 ± 7 nm in size, 50.6 ± 2.3% in EE and have excellent stability. In vitro transdermal delivery studies through HS tissue were carried out by using Franz diffusion cells. Compared to the traditional ALA hydroalcoholic solution (ALA-HA), ALA-ES achieve higher drug retention in less administration time, and fluorescence microscopy showed that ALA-ES penetrate into the deeper dermis of HS in a shorter time, indicating that ALA-ES can enhance the penetration of ALA into HS. Additionally, ALA-ES was visualized in HS tissue for the first time by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The irregular and collapsed ALA-ES suggest that they can squeeze through narrow spaces to the target area and release ALA into HS. Taking HSF as the target, the transcellular delivery of ALA-ES into HSF cells was investigated by intracellular protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) accumulation. The efficiency of PDT for HSF cells, including the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell apoptosis, were also well investigated. Furthermore, the detailed changes of HSF were observed by TEM. The results strongly indicate that ALA-ES can facilitate ALA penetration into HSF cells, and can cause a higher level of cell apoptosis or necrosis than ALA-HA. ALA-ES with high EE is therefore a promising transdermal delivery system for topical ALA administration and has great potential in ALA-PDT of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China.
| | - Yunsheng Chen
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, School of Biomedicine Engineering, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China.
| | - Heng Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China.
| | - Yan Wo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 South Chongqing Rd, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Cosmetic Laser Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Weijie Su
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China.
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, School of Biomedicine Engineering, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China.
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China.
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