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LoVerde PT. Schistosomiasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1454:75-105. [PMID: 39008264 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60121-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a major cause of morbidity in the world and almost 800 million people worldwide are at risk for schistosomiasis; it is second only to malaria as a major infectious disease. Globally, it is estimated that the disease affects more than 250 million people in 78 countries of the world and is responsible for some 280,000-500,000 deaths each year. The three major schistosomes infecting humans are Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. haematobium. This chapter covers a wide range of aspects of schistosomiasis, including basic biology of the parasites, epidemiology, immunopathology, treatment, control, vaccines, and genomics/proteomics. In this chapter, the reader will understand the significant toll this disease takes in terms of mortality and morbidity. A description of the various life stages of schistosomes is presented, which will be informative for both those unfamiliar with the disease and experienced scientists. Clinical and public health aspects are addressed that cover acute and chronic disease, diagnosis, current treatment regimens and alternative drugs, and schistosomiasis control programs. A brief overview of genomics and proteomics is included that details recent advances in the field that will help scientists investigate the molecular biology of schistosomes. The reader will take away an appreciation for general aspects of schistosomiasis and the current research advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip T LoVerde
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Li HM, Qin ZQ, Bergquist R, Qian MB, Xia S, Lv S, Xiao N, Utzinger J, Zhou XN. Nucleic acid amplification techniques for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in humans and the intermediate snail host: a structured review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 112:152-164. [PMID: 34474147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by hematodes of genus Schistosoma. This review evaluated the available nucleic acid amplification techniques for diagnosing S. mansoni infections in humans, intermediate host snails, and presumed rodent reservoirs. METHODS Sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and 95% CI were calculated based on available literature. The potential of PCR, nPCR, PCR-ELISA, qPCR, and LAMP was compared for diagnosing S. mansoni infections. RESULTS A total of 546 published records were identified. Quality assessment by QUADAS-2 revealed an uncertain risk in most studies, and 21 references were included in the final. For human samples, the four nucleic acid amplification techniques showed an overall sensitivity of 89.79% (95% CI: 83.92%-93.67%), specificity of 87.70% (95% CI: 72.60%-95.05%), and DOR of 37.73 (95% CI: 21.79-65.33). LAMP showed the highest sensitivity, followed by PCR-ELISA, PCR, and qPCR, while this order was almost reversed for specificity; qPCR had the highest AUC. For rodent samples, qPCR showed modest sensitivity (68.75%, 95% CI: 43.32%-86.36%) and high specificity (92.45%, 95% CI: 19.94%-99.83%). For snail samples, PCR and nPCR assays showed high sensitivity of 90.06% (95% CI: 84.39%-93.82%) and specificity of 85.51% (95% CI: 54.39%-96.69%). CONCLUSION Nucleic acid amplification techniques had high diagnostic potential for identifying S. mansoni infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Qin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Men-Bao Qian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Ingerod, Brastad, Sweden (formerly with the UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland)
| | - Shan Lv
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jurg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, People's Republic of China; NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Allam AF, Salem A, Elsheredy A, Dewair MM, Ibrahim HS, Farag HF, Hagras NAE, Shehab AY. Intestinal schistosomiasis among preschool and school-aged children in a rural setting near Alexandria: initiative for elimination. Trop Med Int Health 2021; 26:632-639. [PMID: 33576107 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the status of intestinal schistosomiasis among preschool-aged (PSAC) and school-aged children (SAC) and to compare the efficacy of praziquantel (PZQ) in both groups. METHODS The study was conducted on 400 children; 103 PSAC and 297 SAC. Diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni was based on triplicate Kato-Katz thick smears from a single stool sample. To identify the missed cases by Kato-Katz, 120 randomly selected negative cases (38 PSAC and 82 SAC) were screened by real-time PCR. All S. mansoni-positive cases by Kato-Katz were treated by crushed PZQ tablets. Four weeks after treatment, the cure rate was assessed by Kato-Katz smears and real-time PCR. RESULTS The prevalence of S. mansoni with Kato-Katz was 7.8% among PSAC and 7.4% among SAC. Most of children (63.3%) had light-intensity infection. The cure rate was 100% among PSAC by both techniques, and 91%, and 77.2% among SAC by Kato-Katz and real-time PCR, respectively. In the 120 stool samples screened by real-time PCR, S. mansoni prevalence was 25%; 15.8% and 29.3% were among PSAC and SAC respectively. Treated cases showed a lower range of Ct values than untreated cases. Two melting temperature ranges (Tm = 83-87°C and 89-93°C) were recognised among uncured cases which may point to S. mansoni genetic variability. CONCLUSION Continuous monitoring and inclusion of PSAC in schistosomiasis control programmes are crucial. Real-time PCR and other molecular tools are recommended for evaluation of the true prevalence, assessment of cure and further studies on genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Farahat Allam
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Aziza Salem
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amel Elsheredy
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Musaad Mohammed Dewair
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Faculty of Allied Medical Science, Misr University for Science and Technology in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Said Ibrahim
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hoda Fahmy Farag
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nancy Abd-Elkader Hagras
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Faculty of Allied Medical Science, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amel Youssef Shehab
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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Arbabi M, Hooshyar H, Delavari M, Pestechian N. Genotypes Identification of echinococcus granulosus isolated from iranian dogs and camels using three polymerase Chain reaction-based methods of cox1 gene. INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/iahs.iahs_91_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Alkhamees MA. Bladder stones in a closed diverticulum caused by Schistosoma mansoni: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:4475-4480. [PMID: 33083406 PMCID: PMC7559665 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i19.4475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genitourinary (GU) schistosomiasis is a chronic infection caused by a parasitic trematode, with Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) being the prevalent species. The disease has a variable prevalence around the world, with a greater burden on, but not limited to Africa, South America, Asia, and the Middle East.
CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 30-year-old man who presented with symptoms of bladder stones. During endoscopic cystolithalopaxy, we did not detect any stones in the bladder. Upon careful scanning of the urinary bladder trigone, sandy patches were detected. We performed endoscopic resection, which revealed a closed diverticulum with bladder stones. The diverticular wall was sent for histopathology and revealed features of chronic granulomatous inflammation with numerous embedded Schistosoma eggs, with some of the eggs having lateral spines. The patient was treated with praziquantel, and his symptoms completely resolved.
CONCLUSION GU schistosomiasis is primarily caused by S. haematobium. However, Schistosoma mansoni mediated GU schistosomiasis is unusual, making this a quite interesting case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alkhamees
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 15361, Saudi Arabia
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Wubet K, Damtie D. Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni Infection and Associated Risk Factors among School Children in Jiga Town, Northwest-Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Parasitol Res 2020; 2020:6903912. [PMID: 32670634 PMCID: PMC7335388 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6903912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis, one of the 20 Neglected Tropical Diseases, is a human disease which is caused by infection with Schistosoma spp. In Ethiopia, the intestinal form of schistosomiasis (caused by Schistosoma mansoni) is widely distributed. This study is aimed at assessing the prevalence of S. mansoni and associated risk factors among schoolchildren in Jiga town and its surrounding rural "Kebeles", Northwest Ethiopia (Kebele = the smallest administrative unit in Ethiopia). METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out among children from three schools in Jiga town and its surrounding rural "Kebeles". The schools were selected mainly according to their proximity to water bodies that were likely to have been used by the children. A total of 362 randomly selected children were screened for S. mansoni infection. Samples of stool were collected from each pupil and examined by the concentration and microscopic techniques. Semistructured interview questionnaires were administered to the study subjects to identify the possible risk factors of infection with S. mansoni. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 20 software. RESULTS The overall prevalence of S. mansoni was 15.2%. A higher proportion of S. mansoni infection (30.3%) was observed at Chifarit primary school children followed by Tikur Wuha primary school children (17.3%) and Jiga 01 primary school children (10.2%). The habit of contact with river water (AOR, 4.86; 95% CI, 0.991-23.8; P = 0.051) and the irregular wearing of shoes (AOR, 6.06; 95% CI, 2.61-14.13; P = 0.001) were risk factors for S. mansoni infection. CONCLUSION S. mansoni infection remains a public health problem in the study area. Snail control, mass deworming, and health promotion are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketemaw Wubet
- Finote Selam Teachers College, Finote Selam, Ethiopia
| | - Destaw Damtie
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Pillay P, Downs JA, Changalucha JM, Brienen EAT, Ramarokoto CE, Leutscher PDC, Vennervald BJ, Taylor M, Kjetland EF, Van Lieshout L. Detection of Schistosoma DNA in genital specimens and urine: A comparison between five female African study populations originating from S. haematobium and/or S. mansoni endemic areas. Acta Trop 2020; 204:105363. [PMID: 32035055 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) is a neglected disease affecting millions, however challenging to diagnose. This explorative descriptive study compares Schistosoma real-time PCR analysis of cervico-vaginal lavages (CVL) with corresponding urine and stool samples of 933 women from five different previously described study populations. Sampling included 310 women from an S. mansoni endemic region in Mwanza, Tanzania and 112 women from a nearby S. haematobium endemic region. Findings were compared with samples collected from S. haematobium endemic regions in South Africa from 394 women and from 117 women from Madagascar of which 79 were urine pre-selected microscopy positive cases from highly-endemic communities and 38 were urine microscopy negatives from a low-endemic community. As anticipated, urine and stool microscopy and gynecological investigations varied substantially between study populations; however, the same Schistosoma real-time PCR was performed in one reference laboratory. Schistosoma DNA was detected in 13% (120/933) of the CVL, ranging from 3% in the S. mansoni Tanzanian endemic region to 61% in the pre-selected Malagasy urine microscopy positive cases. Detectable Schistosoma DNA in CVL was associated with Schistosoma DNA in urine but not with microscopic detection of eggs in urine or by cytological examination. This study confirmed real-time PCR for the detection of Schistosoma DNA in gynecological samples to be a valuable diagnostic tool to study the distribution of FGS within schistosomiasis endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pillay
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Technology, Durban University of Technology, South Africa; Discipline of Public Health Medicine, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - J A Downs
- Center for Global Health, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - J M Changalucha
- Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - E A T Brienen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - C E Ramarokoto
- Department of Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - P D C Leutscher
- Centre for Clinical Research, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - B J Vennervald
- Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Taylor
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - E F Kjetland
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Norwegian Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases Ullevaal, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo Norway
| | - L Van Lieshout
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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Lee Y, Song HB, Jung BK, Choe G, Choi MH. Case Report of Urinary Schistosomiasis in a Returned Traveler in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:51-55. [PMID: 32145727 PMCID: PMC7066443 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A 23-year-old Korean woman with a residence history in Kenya and Malawi for about 2 years presented with gross hematuria for 1 month. Blood tests were within normal range except eosinophilia. Asymmetrically diffuse wall thickening and calcification were observed at the urinary bladder on CT. Multiple erythematous nodular lesions were observed in the cystoscopy and transurethral resection was done. Numerous eggs of Schistosoma haematobium with granulomatous inflammation were observed in the submucosal layer of the bladder. The patient was diagnosed with schistosomiasis-related cystitis and treated with praziquantel (40 mg/kg/day) twice before and after transurethral resection. This case suggests that S. haematobium infection should be considered as a cause of hematuria in Korea when the patient had a history of traveling endemic areas of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangkyu Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Korea
| | - Hyun Beom Song
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Gheeyoung Choe
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Choi
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Arbabi M, Hooshyar H, Lotfinia M, Bakhshi MA. Molecular detection of Trichostrongylus species through PCR followed by high resolution melt analysis of ITS-2 rDNA sequences. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2020; 236:111260. [PMID: 31958470 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction followed by high resolution melting (PCR-HRM) analysis is a simple, rapid and accurate method for molecular detection of various nematode species. The objective of the present study was, for the first time, to develop a PCR-HRM assay for the detection of various animal Trichostrongylus spp. A pair of primers targeting the ITS-2 rDNA region of the Trichostrongylus spp. was designed for the development of the HRM assay. DNA samples were extracted from 30 adult worms of Trichostrongylus spp., the ITS-2-rDNA region was amplified using PCR, and the resultant products were sequenced and characterized. Afterwards, the PCR-HRM analysis was conducted to detect and discriminate Trichostrongylus spp. Molecular sequence analysis revealed that 24, 4, and 1 of the samples were T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus and T. capricola, respectively. Results from PCR-HRM indicated that complete agreement was relatively found between speciation by HRM analysis and DNA sequencing for the detection of Trichostrongylus species. The PCR-HRM analysis method developed in the present study is fast and low-cost; the method can be comparable with other molecular detection techniques, representing a reliable tool for the identification of various species within the Trichostrongylus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Arbabi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Core Research Lab, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Hossein Hooshyar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Majid Lotfinia
- Physiology Research Center, Basic Sciences Research Institute, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Core Research Lab, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohamad Ali Bakhshi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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An update on non-invasive urine diagnostics for human-infecting parasitic helminths: what more could be done and how? Parasitology 2019; 147:873-888. [PMID: 31831084 PMCID: PMC7284843 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019001732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Reliable diagnosis of human helminth infection(s) is essential for ongoing disease surveillance and disease elimination. Current WHO-recommended diagnostic assays are unreliable in low-endemic near-elimination settings and typically involve the invasive, onerous and potentially hazardous sampling of bodily fluids such as stool and blood, as well as tissue via biopsy. In contrast, diagnosis by use of non-invasive urine sampling is generally painless, more convenient and low risk. It negates the need for specialist staff, can usually be obtained immediately upon request and is better accepted by patients. In some instances, urine-based diagnostic assays have also been shown to provide a more reliable diagnosis of infection when compared to traditional methods that require alternative and more invasive bodily samples, particularly in low-endemicity settings. Given these relative benefits, we identify and review current research literature to evaluate whether non-invasive urine sampling is currently exploited to its full potential in the development of diagnostic tools for human helminthiases. Though further development, assessment and validation are needed before their routine use in control programmes, low-cost, rapid and reliable assays capable of detecting transrenal helminth-derived antigens and cell-free DNA show excellent promise for future use at the point-of-care in high-, medium- and even low-endemicity elimination settings.
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Cavalcanti MG, Cunha AFA, Peralta JM. The Advances in Molecular and New Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis Pre- and Post-praziquantel Use: In the Pursuit of More Reliable Approaches for Low Endemic and Non-endemic Areas. Front Immunol 2019; 10:858. [PMID: 31191512 PMCID: PMC6546849 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Like soil-transmitted helminth infections, schistosomiasis is an important neglected tropical disease (NTD) related to poverty with a major impact on public health in developing countries. Diagnosis of active infection is crucial for surveillance of controlled or post-elimination schistosomiasis areas. In addition, the use of conventional diagnostic tools in non-exposed populations (such as travelers) results in misdiagnoses in the prepatent period of infection. Also, the accuracy of standard tests applied in low-endemicity areas (LEAs) decreases after several rounds of treatment. We aimed to determine whether it would be necessary to replace schistosomiasis conventional diagnostic tests such as parasitological methods in LEAs. Also, we evaluate the use of new tools in non-endemic areas. Reliable, cheap and easy-to-use diagnostic tools are needed to respond to the demands of a new era of elimination and eradication of schistosomiasis. To this end, molecular diagnosis-including nucleic acid-based assays (loop-mediated isothermal amplification, polymerase chain reaction) and circulating cathodic and anodic antigen detection tests have become promising strategies. In this review, we attempt to address the use of alternative diagnostic tests for active infection detection and drug-monitoring after specific schistosomiasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta G Cavalcanti
- Serviço de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departmento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline Fernandes Araujo Cunha
- Departmento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Mauro Peralta
- Departmento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Jiang M, Li J, Zhou J, Xing C, Xu JJ, Guo F. High-resolution melting analysis for rapid and sensitive MYD88 screening in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:814-821. [PMID: 31289558 PMCID: PMC6540357 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High resolution melting (HRM) assay is a novel technology for the fast, high-throughput, sensitive, post-PCR analysis of genetic mutations. Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) mutations are frequently reported in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and confer a worse prognosis. The objective of the present study was to assess the value of HRM analysis for the rapid screening of MYD88 mutations in patients with CLL. Genomic DNA samples were extracted from the bone marrow of 129 newly diagnosed patients with CLL. A plasmid with an MYD88-L265P mutation was constructed, and the p.L265P substitution, which is the predominant MYD88 mutation in CLL, was detected using HRM analysis and direct sequencing. The plasmid pCMV-MYD88-L265P-Mu was successfully constructed as a positive control, and was verified by direct sequencing. The normalized and shifted melting curves of 6/129 (4.65%) samples were clearly different from those of other patients by HRM analysis. In addition, the 794T>C mutation in MYD88 was identified in 6 (4.65%) patients by direct sequencing. Sensitivity evaluation revealed that the HRM assay had a higher sensitivity (to 1% dilution) than direct sequencing, in addition to being convenient and time-saving. The MYD88 p.L256P mutation has been implicated to be associated with adverse prognosis in CLL. HRM analysis has the potential to be a routine prescreening technique to identify the MYD88 p.L256P mutation and may facilitate the clinical treatment of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Special Requirements Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Chao Xing
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Xu
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215001, P.R. China
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13
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De NV, La T, Minh PN, Dao PTB, Duyet LV. Detection of four patients who were infected by Schistosoma haematobium in Vietnam. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:439-445. [PMID: 30863127 PMCID: PMC6388730 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s179746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Schistosoma lives as a parasite in the portal vein causing intestinal lesions. It also lives in the liver, spleen, and the vein of the urinary bladder causing lesions in the urinary system. Angola is an endemic area of Schistosoma haematobium, which causes lesions in the urinary system, including the urinary bladder. In this study, we aimed to identify and classify the parasites that were collected from four patients from Angola, who currently live in Vietnam, by morphological and molecular methods. Patients and methods The main clinical symptoms of the patients were collected, and Schistosoma eggs were taken from urine by a centrifugal method from the four patients in 2016. Identification of the species by morphological method was taken using a microscope. The DNA of the Schistosoma was also isolated and was identified by cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (Cox1) sequence. Results The four Vietnamese patients infected with S. haematobium in Angola returned to Vietnam. All the patients felt strange and had cystalgia and hematuria (blood urine), and one of them was diagnosed with urinary bladder cancer, where surgery was necessary for that patient. Schistosoma eggs, which were collected from the urine of the four patients, were identified as S. haematobium by morphological and molecular methods. These patients were the first reports of Schistosoma in Vietnam. Conclusion Four Vietnamese schistosomiasis patients returned from Angola: three were diagnosed with schistosomiasis and one was diagnosed with urinary bladder cancer. They had similar symptoms including a strange feeling, cystalgia, hematuria, and eosinophilia and were detected with Schistosoma eggs in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van De
- Department of Parasitology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam,
| | - Truong La
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, The Western Highlands Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute (WASI), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Ngoc Minh
- Department of Parasitology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam,
| | - Pham Thi Bich Dao
- Department of Parasitology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam,
| | - Le Van Duyet
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Ajibola O, Rowan AD, Ogedengbe CO, Mshelia MB, Cabral DJ, Eze AA, Obaro S, Belenky P. Urogenital schistosomiasis is associated with signatures of microbiome dysbiosis in Nigerian adolescents. Sci Rep 2019; 9:829. [PMID: 30696838 PMCID: PMC6351658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Urogenital schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the parasite Schistosoma haematobium, which resides in the vasculature surrounding the urogenital system. Previous work has suggested that helminthic infections can affect the intestinal microbiome, and we hypothesized that S. haematobium infection could result in an alteration of immune system-microbiota homeostasis and impact the composition of the gut microbiota. To address this question, we compared the fecal microbiomes of infected and uninfected schoolchildren from the Argungu Local Government Area of Kebbi State, Nigeria, detecting significant differences in community composition between the two groups. Most remarkably, we observed a decreased abundance of Firmicutes and increased abundance of Proteobacteria - a shift in community structure which has been previously associated with dysbiosis. More specifically, we detected a number of changes in lower taxa reminiscent of inflammation-associated dysbiosis, including decreases in Clostridiales and increases in Moraxellaceae, Veillonellaceae, Pasteurellaceae, and Desulfovibrionaceae. Functional potential analysis also revealed an enrichment in orthologs of urease, which has been linked to dysbiosis and inflammation. Overall, our analysis indicates that S. haematobium infection is associated with perturbations in the gut microbiota and may point to microbiome disruption as an additional consequence of schistosome infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumide Ajibola
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia.
| | - Aislinn D Rowan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Clement O Ogedengbe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria - Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Mari B Mshelia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria
| | - Damien J Cabral
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Anthonius A Eze
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria - Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Stephen Obaro
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- International Foundation Against Infectious Diseases in Nigeria, Department of Pediatrics, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Peter Belenky
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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15
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Zhao X, Gu K, Zeng Q, Gao L, Cheng D. Diagnostic Value of SjR2 Gene in Colonic Tissue from Schistosoma Japonicum Infected Hosts. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:427-435. [PMID: 30641544 PMCID: PMC6342060 DOI: 10.12659/msm.912997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis infection in China has decreased markedly in recent years. Therefore, more accurate methods are critically needed to ensure further control of low-intensity schistosomiasis infection. For chronic schistosomiasis patients, the detection of schistosome eggs in colorectal mucosa tissues is commonly used. This work aimed to explore differences in sensitivity of the Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) retrotransposon (SjR2) gene in colon tissue from S. japonicum infected hosts and to develop an ideal method for genetic diagnosis of low-intensity schistosomiasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Serum and colon samples were collected from mice at different time points, either post-infection (PI) or post-treatment (PT). Colorectal biopsy specimens from outpatients with schistosomiasis were collected. All samples from mice and patients, including serum as well as colon tissue containing eggs and tissue containing no eggs, were examined using the polymerase chain reaction technique. RESULTS The results showed that the SjR2 gene could be detected in all colon tissue containing at least one egg, except for when the egg was completely degraded. The positive rate of gene detection in serum was low. The results from egg-free colon tissue from around the eggs were more consistent with the actual parasitism in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that detection of the gene in colon tissue located within a 0.5 cm distance from the eggs would be a practical and ideal method for genetic diagnosis of schistosomiasis. After the colorectal biopsy, this method can be a sensitive assisted examination to the clinical diagnosis of low-intensity schistosomiasis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Kongzhen Gu
- Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Qingren Zeng
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Da Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
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Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a major cause of morbidity in the world; it is second only to malaria as a major infectious disease. Globally, it is estimated that the disease affects over 250 million people in 78 countries of the world and is responsible for some 280,000 deaths each year. The three major schistosomes infecting humans are Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. haematobium. This chapter covers a wide range of aspects of schistosomiasis, including basic biology of the parasites, epidemiology, immunopathology, treatment, control, vaccines, and genomics/proteomics. In this chapter, the reader will understand the significant toll this disease takes in terms of mortality and morbidity. A description of the various life stages of schistosomes is presented, which will be informative for both those unfamiliar with the disease and experienced scientists. Clinical and public health aspects are addressed that cover acute and chronic disease, diagnosis, current treatment regimens and alternative drugs, and schistosomiasis control programs. A brief overview of genomics and proteomics is included that details recent advances in the field that will help scientists investigate the molecular biology of schistosomes. The reader will take away an appreciation for general aspects of schistosomiasis and research advances.
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Schistosoma Egg Antigen Induces Oncogenic Alterations in Human Prostate Cells. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2018; 2018:4675380. [PMID: 30631746 PMCID: PMC6305059 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4675380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects 200 million people and accounts for 100,000 deaths annually. In endemic geographical areas, schistosomiasis has been implicated as an etiological agent in the pathogenesis of bladder, colorectal, and renal carcinoma largely due to Schistosoma eggs in tissues that comes with chronic infection. Several studies have also reported cases of association between Schistosoma infection and prostate cancer. The possible causal association is however poorly understood. We hypothesized in this study that infection of the prostate cells with Schistosoma spp promotes cancer. Urine samples from individuals living in Galilea, a schistosomiasis endemic community in the Ga South District of Ghana, were collected and screened for Schistosoma infection via microscopy and multiplex PCR. Soluble egg antigens (SEA) were prepared from Schistosoma egg-positive urine samples and assessed for the ability to induce cancer-like phenotypes including excessive proliferation, oxidative stress (reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion), and diminished apoptosis in cultured human prostate (PNT2) cells. Molecular analysis revealed infecting schistosome species to be S. haematobium and S. mansoni. Prostate cell proliferation was significantly induced by 12.5 μg/ml SEA (p = 0.029). Also, SEA dose-dependently depleted cellular GSH. Flow cytometric analysis and fluorescence staining revealed that SEA dose-dependently diminished apoptosis, significantly, in prostate cells. Findings of this study suggest that schistosome infection may play a role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. In vivo studies are however needed to confirm this association.
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18
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Pomari E, Perandin F, La Marca G, Bisoffi Z. Improved detection of DNA Schistosoma haematobium from eggs extracted by bead beating in urine. Parasitol Res 2018; 118:683-686. [PMID: 30417247 PMCID: PMC6349810 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium relies primarily on microscopical analysis of urine. The method is time consuming and requires some expertise. Genus-specific real-time PCRs have been developed, but we still observed low sensitivity. In the present study, in order to achieve a more sensitive DNA detection of eggs of S. haematobium in urine samples, we wanted to develop a novel protocol of DNA extraction using mechanic disruption of eggs by bead beating as supplementary step. We tested Schistosoma spp. internal transcribed spacer 2 real-time PCR after both methods with and without bead beating. First, we preliminary assessed the DNA detection after bead beating using dilution of 2, 10, 50, and 90 eggs/10 mL, and the Ct value analysis showed significant improved DNA detection per each point of egg concentration using the novel supplementary step. Twenty microscopy positive and five microscopy negative urine samples were used to validate the procedure. All urines came from imported cases and admitted at center for tropical medicine, and were examined by microscopy. PCR results after novel method with bead beating showed 100% to be positive for S. haematobium, compared with 85% positive by our standard extraction procedure. Results confirmed mechanic disruption of eggs by bead beating before DNA extraction to be highly effective method for the detection of S. haematobium DNA in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pomari
- Centro per le Malattie Tropicali, IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Via Sempreboni 5, I-37024, Negrar, VR, Italy.
| | - Francesca Perandin
- Centro per le Malattie Tropicali, IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Via Sempreboni 5, I-37024, Negrar, VR, Italy
| | - Giulia La Marca
- Centro per le Malattie Tropicali, IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Via Sempreboni 5, I-37024, Negrar, VR, Italy
| | - Zeno Bisoffi
- Centro per le Malattie Tropicali, IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Via Sempreboni 5, I-37024, Negrar, VR, Italy.,Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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19
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Weerakoon KG, Gordon CA, McManus DP. DNA Diagnostics for Schistosomiasis Control. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:tropicalmed3030081. [PMID: 30274477 PMCID: PMC6160968 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts over the last few decades, the global disease burden of schistosomiasis still remains unacceptably high. This could partly be attributed to the lack of accurate diagnostic tools for detecting human and animal schistosome infections in endemic areas. In low transmission and low prevalence areas where schistosomiasis elimination is targeted, case detection requires a test that is highly sensitive. Diagnostic tests with low sensitivity will miss individuals with low infection intensity and these will continue to contribute to transmission, thereby interfering with the efficacy of the control measures operating. Of the many diagnostic approaches undertaken to date, the detection of schistosome DNA using DNA amplification techniques including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provide valuable adjuncts to more conventional microscopic and serological methods, due their accuracy, high sensitivity, and the capacity to detect early pre-patent infections. Furthermore, DNA-based methods represent important screening tools, particularly in those endemic areas with ongoing control where infection prevalence and intensity have been reduced to very low levels. Here we review the role of DNA diagnostics in the path towards the control and elimination of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosala G Weerakoon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia.
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura 50008, Sri Lanka.
| | - Catherine A Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia.
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia.
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20
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Weerakoon KG, Gordon CA, Williams GM, Cai P, Gobert GN, Olveda RM, Ross AG, Olveda DU, McManus DP. Droplet Digital PCR Diagnosis of Human Schistosomiasis: Parasite Cell-Free DNA Detection in Diverse Clinical Samples. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:1611-1622. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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21
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Roure S, Valerio L, Pérez-Quílez O, Fernández-Rivas G, Martínez-Cuevas O, Alcántara-Román A, Viasus D, Pedro-Botet ML, Sabrià M, Clotet B. Epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and economic features of an immigrant population of chronic schistosomiasis sufferers with long-term residence in a non-endemic country (North Metropolitan area of Barcelona, 2002-2016). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185245. [PMID: 28953954 PMCID: PMC5617205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis, one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTD) listed by the WHO, is an acute and chronic parasitic disease caused by blood flukes (trematode worms) of the genus Schistosoma. Complications of long-term infestation include liver cirrhosis, bladder tumors and kidney failure. The objective of this study was to carry out a clinical and epidemiological characterization of a schistosomiasis-diagnosed immigrant population with long-term residencein the EU as well as to evaluate the diagnostic methods available to date. Methods and results A total of 61 individuals with Schistosoma infection who received medical attention between June 2002 and June 2016 at the North Metropolitan International Health Unit in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain), were included in the study. All patients were sub-Saharan African immigrants. The majority were male (91.8%) with a median age of 34 years. Symptoms attributable to infection such as haematuria, abdominal pain and dysuria were recorded in up to 90% of patients. The percentage of eosinophils decreased amongst older patients (p = 0.002) and those with symptoms associated with urinary tract infections (p = 0.017). Serology was used for diagnosis in 80.3% of the cases, with microscopic examination showing the remaining 9.8% positive for parasite eggs. Direct microbiological diagnosis was more useful in patients with less than 5 years of residence in the EU (p = 0.05). Chronic complications were present in 22 (36%) of the patients, with renal failure affecting 20 (33%). Of these 20, 6(10%) developed terminal renal failure and required hemodialysis, while 3 (5%) received a renal transplantation. Conclusion Morbidity associated with chronic long-term schistosomiasis is frequent among African immigrants in non-endemic countries. Better diagnostic tools and appropriate early treatment would prevent the development of visceral damage. Thorough screening in selected patients would also be useful to avoid chronic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Roure
- North Metropolitan International Health Unit PROSICS, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Lluís Valerio
- North Metropolitan International Health Unit PROSICS, Servei Atenció Primària, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Pérez-Quílez
- North Metropolitan International Health Unit PROSICS, Servei Atenció Primària, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gema Fernández-Rivas
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Octavio Martínez-Cuevas
- North Metropolitan International Health Unit PROSICS, Servei Atenció Primària, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Alcántara-Román
- North Metropolitan International Health Unit PROSICS, Servei Atenció Primària, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Viasus
- Health Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Universidad del Norte and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - M. Luisa Pedro-Botet
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Sabrià
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
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22
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Gu K, Li Y, Driguez P, Zeng Q, Yu X, Sun H, Cai L, He Y, Wang W, McManus DP. Clinical diagnostic value of viable Schistosoma japonicum eggs detected in host tissues. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:244. [PMID: 28376858 PMCID: PMC5379624 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis, one of the neglected tropical diseases, is endemic in more than 70 countries. However, the clinical diagnosis of patients with a low degree of infection is an unsolved technical problem. In areas endemic for schistosomiasis japonica, proctoscopy detection of eggs has been one method used for clinical diagnosis. However, it is often a challenge to find typical live eggs and it is difficult to distinguish live eggs from large numbers of partially degraded and/or completely degraded eggs within colon biopsy tissue. To address this problem, we tested six different morphological and biochemical/molecular markers (ALP; morphological characteristics of egg; CalS (calcified substance); AOS (antioxidase); SDHG (succinic dehydrogenase) and SjR2 mRNA (retrotransposons 2 of S.japonicum genome mRNA)), including four new markers (CalS; AOS; SDHG and SjR2 mRNA.), to determine the viability of S. japonicum eggs deposited in human and mouse colon tissues. Our ultimate aim is to obtain a new method that is more sensitive, practical and accurate to clinically diagnose schistosomiasis. Methods Tissue samples were collected from mice at six different time points during S. japonicum infection with or without treatment with praziquantel (PZQ). Four new biochemical or molecular markers were used for the detection of egg viability from mouse liver and intestinal samples: CalS; AOS; SDHG and SjR2 mRNA. Subsequently, all markers were employed for the detection and analysis of eggs deposited in biopsy materials from patients with suspected schistosomiasis japonica for clinical evaluation. Microscopic examination of the egg morphology, worm burden in vivo and ALP (alkaline phosphatase) levels were used as a reference standard to evaluate the sensitivity and reliability of four new markers detecting egg viability. Results The results of the study showed that the morphology of S. japonicum eggs deposited in tissues of hosts with schistosomiasis, especially cases with chronic schistosomiasis, is complex and egg viability is difficult to judge morphologically, particularly eggs with a fuzzy structure or partially modified eggs. We found that the majority of the viable schistosome eggs determined by four new markers (CalS, AOS, SDHG and SjR2 mRNA) were morphologically difficult to identify. Conclusions Among the markers, the most sensitive and specific method was the detection of SjR2 mRNA and the most simple, rapid and practical method was the detection of SDHG. Therefore, the detection of SDHG is the most practical for clinical application and its use could improve the accuracy in diagnosing active schistosome infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2362-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongzhen Gu
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (CSU), 410013, Tongzipo Road 172#, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuesheng Li
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institution of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Xiangyue Hospital, Schistosomiasis Control and Prevention Institution of Hunan Province, Yueyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Patrick Driguez
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institution of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Qingren Zeng
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (CSU), 410013, Tongzipo Road 172#, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinlin Yu
- Xiangyue Hospital, Schistosomiasis Control and Prevention Institution of Hunan Province, Yueyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (CSU), 410013, Tongzipo Road 172#, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liting Cai
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (CSU), 410013, Tongzipo Road 172#, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongkang He
- Xiangyue Hospital, Schistosomiasis Control and Prevention Institution of Hunan Province, Yueyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyang Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (CSU), 410013, Tongzipo Road 172#, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institution of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Erster O, Stram R, Menasherow S, Rubistein-Giuni M, Sharir B, Kchinich E, Stram Y. High-resolution melting (HRM) for genotyping bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV). Virus Res 2017; 229:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Le L, Hsieh MH. Diagnosing Urogenital Schistosomiasis: Dealing with Diminishing Returns. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:378-387. [PMID: 28094201 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Urogenital schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma haematobium, is the most prevalent form of schistosomiasis affecting humans, and can result in severe bladder, kidney, ureteral, and genital pathologies. Chronic infection with S. haematobium has been linked with bladder cancer and increased risk for HIV infection. As mass drug administration with praziquantel increases in an attempt to transition from control to elimination of schistosomiasis, the need for updated, more sensitive diagnostic tools becomes more apparent, especially for use in areas of low infection intensity and for individuals with light infections. Here, we review established and investigational diagnostic tests utilized for urogenital schistosomiasis, highlighting new insights and recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loc Le
- Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
| | - Michael H Hsieh
- Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA; Division of Urology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA; The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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