1
|
Wu J, Zhou Z, Huang Y, Deng X, Zheng S, He S, Huang G, Hu B, Shi M, Liao W, Huang N. Radiofrequency ablation: mechanisms and clinical applications. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e746. [PMID: 39359691 PMCID: PMC11445673 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), a form of thermal ablation, employs localized heat to induce protein denaturation in tissue cells, resulting in cell death. It has emerged as a viable treatment option for patients who are ineligible for surgery in various diseases, particularly liver cancer and other tumor-related conditions. In addition to directly eliminating tumor cells, RFA also induces alterations in the infiltrating cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME), which can significantly impact treatment outcomes. Moreover, incomplete RFA (iRFA) may lead to tumor recurrence and metastasis. The current challenge is to enhance the efficacy of RFA by elucidating its underlying mechanisms. This review discusses the clinical applications of RFA in treating various diseases and the mechanisms that contribute to the survival and invasion of tumor cells following iRFA, including the roles of heat shock proteins, hypoxia, and autophagy. Additionally, we analyze the changes occurring in infiltrating cells within the TME after iRFA. Finally, we provide a comprehensive summary of clinical trials involving RFA in conjunction with other treatment modalities in the field of cancer therapy, aiming to offer novel insights and references for improving the effectiveness of RFA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Zhiyuan Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Yuanwen Huang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Xinyue Deng
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Siting Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Shangwen He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineChronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Genjie Huang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Binghui Hu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Wangjun Liao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Na Huang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu B, Liu L, Liu Y. Targeting cell death mechanisms: the potential of autophagy and ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1450487. [PMID: 39315094 PMCID: PMC11416969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1450487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a type of cell death that plays a remarkable role in the growth and advancement of malignancies including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have a considerable impact on HCC by functioning as either oncogenes or suppressors. Recent research has demonstrated that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have the ability to control ferroptosis in HCC cells, hence impacting the advancement of tumors and the resistance of these cells to drugs. Autophagy is a mechanism that is conserved throughout evolution and plays a role in maintaining balance in the body under normal settings. Nevertheless, the occurrence of dysregulation of autophagy is evident in the progression of various human disorders, specifically cancer. Autophagy plays dual roles in cancer, potentially influencing both cell survival and cell death. HCC is a prevalent kind of liver cancer, and genetic mutations and changes in molecular pathways might worsen its advancement. The role of autophagy in HCC is a subject of debate, as it has the capacity to both repress and promote tumor growth. Autophagy activation can impact apoptosis, control proliferation and glucose metabolism, and facilitate tumor spread through EMT. Inhibiting autophagy can hinder the growth and spread of HCC and enhance the ability of tumor cells to respond to treatment. Autophagy in HCC is regulated by several signaling pathways, such as STAT3, Wnt, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs. Utilizing anticancer drugs to target autophagy may have advantageous implications for the efficacy of cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Liu
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Day Surgery Center, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Liu Z, Wang F, Liu J, Zhang Y, Cao J, Huang G, Ma L. ent-8(14),15-Pimaradiene-2β,19-diol, a diterpene from Aleuritopteris albofusca, inhibits growth and induces protective autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:6867-6878. [PMID: 38568289 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
A new pimarane-type diterpene, ent-8(14),15-pimaradiene-2β,19-diol (JXE-23), was isolated from the fern plant Aleuritopteris albofusca by our previous work; however, the biological activity of this diterpene remains unclear. In the present study, the anti-cancer potential of JXE-23 in various cancer cells was investigated. Among MCF-7 breast cancer cells, A549 lung cancer cells, and HepG2 liver cancer cells, JXE-23 displayed significant cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells with an IC50 value of 17.20 ± 1.73 µM, while showing no obvious toxicity in normal hepatocytes HL7702. JXE-23 inhibited cell growth and colony formation in HepG2 cells. A cell cycle distribution analysis showed that JXE-23 caused G2/M cell cycle arrest. Besides, JXE-23 also suppressed the migration of HepG2 cells. Interestingly, an increase of light chain 3 II (LC3II) and Beclin 1 and a decrease of P62 have occurred in JXE-23-treated cells, as well as the formation of GFP-LC3 dots, indicative of autophagy induction by JXE-23. When combined with autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine and chloroquine, the cell viability was significantly reduced, suggesting that JXE-23 triggered protective autophagy in hepatoma cells. Further study showed that JXE-23 inactivated the CIP2A/p-AKT/c-Myc signaling axis in HepG2 cells. Our data provided evidence that JXE-23 inhibited cell growth, arrested cells at the G2/M phase, and induced protective autophagy in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. JXE-23 may be a potential lead compound for anti-cancer drug development, and autophagy inhibitor treatment may provide an effective strategy for improving its anti-cancer effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui, 243002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui, 243002, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchun Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui, 243002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui, 243002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui, 243002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Cao
- Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozheng Huang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui, 243002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui, 243002, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yan W, Rao D, Fan F, Liang H, Zhang Z, Dong H. Hepatitis B virus X protein and TGF-β: partners in the carcinogenic journey of hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1407434. [PMID: 38962270 PMCID: PMC11220127 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1407434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B infection is substantially associated with the development of liver cancer globally, with the prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases exceeding 50%. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) encodes the Hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein, a pleiotropic regulatory protein necessary for the transcription of the HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) microchromosome. In previous studies, HBV-associated HCC was revealed to be affected by HBx in multiple signaling pathways, resulting in genetic mutations and epigenetic modifications in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. In addition, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has dichotomous potentials at various phases of malignancy as it is a crucial signaling pathway that regulates multiple cellular and physiological processes. In early HCC, TGF-β has a significant antitumor effect, whereas in advanced HCC, it promotes malignant progression. TGF-β interacts with the HBx protein in HCC, regulating the pathogenesis of HCC. This review summarizes the respective and combined functions of HBx and TGB-β in HCC occurrence and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dean Rao
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feimu Fan
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huifang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, National Health Commission (NHC), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zunyi Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hanhua Dong
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tang Z, Li X, Zheng Y, Liu J, Liu C, Li X. The role of competing endogenous RNA network in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma: potential therapeutic targets. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1341999. [PMID: 38357004 PMCID: PMC10864455 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1341999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The current situation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) management is challenging due to its high incidence, mortality, recurrence and metastasis. Recent advances in gene genetic and expression regulation have unveiled the significant role of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) in various cancers. This led to the formulation of the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) hypothesis, which posits that both coding RNA and ncRNA, containing miRNA response elements (MRE), can share the same miRNA sequence. This results in a competitive network between ncRNAs, such as lncRNA and mRNA, allowing them to regulate each other. Extensive research has highlighted the crucial role of the ceRNA network in HCC development, impacting various cellular processes including proliferation, metastasis, cell death, angiogenesis, tumor microenvironment, organismal immunity, and chemotherapy resistance. Additionally, the ceRNA network, mediated by lncRNA or circRNA, offers potential in early diagnosis and prevention of HCC. Consequently, ceRNAs are emerging as therapeutic targets for HCC. The complexity of these gene networks aligns with the multi-target approach of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), presenting a novel perspective for TCM in combating HCC. Research is beginning to show that TCM compounds and prescriptions can affect HCC progression through the ceRNA network, inhibiting proliferation and metastasis, and inducing apoptosis. Currently, the lncRNAs TUG1, NEAT1, and CCAT1, along with their associated ceRNA networks, are among the most promising ncRNAs for HCC research. However, this field is still in its infancy, necessitating advanced technology and extensive basic research to fully understand the ceRNA network mechanisms of TCM in HCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Tang
- The Ninth People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanfeng Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
He W, Song H, Yang Z, Zhao S, Min J, Jiang Y. Beneficial effect of GABA-rich fermented milk whey on nervous system and intestinal microenvironment of aging mice induced by D-galactose. Microbiol Res 2024; 278:127547. [PMID: 37976737 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the protective effect of a freeze-dried powder prepared from a fermentation milk whey containing a high-yield GABA strain (FDH-GABA) against D-galactose-induced brain injury and gut microbiota imbalances in mice by probing changes to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. A prematurely aged mouse model was established by performing the subcutaneous injection of D-galactose. Subsequently, the effects of FDH-GABA on the nervous system and intestinal microenvironment of the mice were explored by measuring their antioxidant activities, anti-inflammatory state, autophagy, pathway-related target protein expression levels, and intestinal microorganisms. Compared to the D-gal group, FDH-GABA improved the levels of SOD, T-AOC, IL-10, and neurotransmitters, while it reduced the contents of MDA and TNF-α. FDH-GABA also promoted autophagy and inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in the brains of the aged mice. Moreover, FDH-GABA restored the diversity of their intestinal flora. Pathological observations indicated that FDH-GABA was protective against damage to the brain and intestine of D-galactose-induced aging mice. These results reveal that FDH-GABA not only improved antioxidant stress, attenuated inflammation, restored the neurotransmitter content, and protected the tissue structure of the intestine and brain, but also effectively improved their intestinal microenvironment. The ameliorative effect of FDH-GABA on premature aging showed a clear dose-response relationship, and at the same time, the changes of intestinal microorganisms showed a certain correlation with the relevant indexes of nervous system. These findings provide insight into the effect of the FDH-GABA intervention on aging, providing a novel means for alleviating detrimental neurodegenerative changes in the aging population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- School of Public Health, Dali University, China
| | - He Song
- School of Public Health, Dali University, China
| | | | | | - Juan Min
- School of Public Health, Dali University, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Dali University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abdou YT, Saleeb SM, Abdel-Raouf KMA, Allam M, Adel M, Amleh A. Characterization of a novel peptide mined from the Red Sea brine pools and modified to enhance its anticancer activity. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:699. [PMID: 37495988 PMCID: PMC10369728 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major cause of the inefficacy of conventional cancer therapies, and often accompanied by severe side effects. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel drugs with low cytotoxicity, high selectivity and minimal acquired chemical resistance. Peptide-based drugs (less than 0.5 kDa) have emerged as a potential approach to address these issues due to their high specificity and potent anticancer activity. In this study, we developed a support vector machine model (SVM) to detect the potential anticancer properties of novel peptides by scanning the American University in Cairo (AUC) Red Sea metagenomics library. We identified a novel 37-mer antimicrobial peptide through SVM pipeline analysis and characterized its anticancer potential through in silico cross-examination. The peptide sequence was further modified to enhance its anticancer activity, analyzed for gene ontology, and subsequently synthesized. To evaluate the anticancer properties of the modified 37-mer peptide, we assessed its effect on the viability and morphology of SNU449, HepG2, SKOV3, and HeLa cells, using an MTT assay. Additionally, we evaluated the migration capabilities of SNU449 and SKOV3 cells using a scratch-wound healing assay. The targeted selectivity of the modified peptide was examined by evaluating its hemolytic activity on human erythrocytes. Treatment with the peptide significantly reduced cell viability and had a critical impact on the morphology of hepatocellular carcinoma (SNU449 and HepG2), and ovarian cancer (SKOV3) cells, with a marginal effect on cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa). The viability of a human fibroblast cell line (1Br-hTERT) was also significantly reduced by peptide treatment, as were the proliferation and migration abilities of SNU449 and SKOV3 cells. The annexin V assay revealed programmed cell death (apoptosis) as one of the potential cellular death pathways in SNU449 cells upon peptide treatment. Finally, the peptide exhibited antimicrobial effects on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. The findings presented here suggest the potential of our novel peptide as a potent anticancer and antimicrobial agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youssef T Abdou
- Biotechnology Program, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sheri M Saleeb
- Biotechnology Program, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Allam
- Biology Department, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Adel
- Biotechnology Program, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asma Amleh
- Biotechnology Program, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt.
- Biology Department, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
van Son KC, Verschuren L, Hanemaaijer R, Reeves H, Takkenberg RB, Drenth JPH, Tushuizen ME, Holleboom AG. Non-Parenchymal Cells and the Extracellular Matrix in Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1308. [PMID: 36831649 PMCID: PMC9954729 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the setting of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-related cirrhosis and even in the pre-cirrhotic state is increasing in incidence. NAFLD-related HCC has a poor clinical outcome as it is often advanced at diagnosis due to late diagnosis and systemic treatment response is poor due to reduced immune surveillance. Much of the focus of molecular research has been on the pathological changes in hepatocytes; however, immune cells, hepatic stellate cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and the extracellular matrix may play important roles in the pathogenesis of NAFLD-related HCC as well. Here, we review the role of non-parenchymal cells in the liver in the pathogenesis of HCC in the context of NAFLD-NASH, with a particular focus on the innate and the adaptive immune system, fibrogenesis and angiogenesis. We review the key roles of macrophages, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and the role of the extracellular matrix in hepatocarcinogenesis within the steatotic milieu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koen C. van Son
- Department of Vascular and Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland Hanemaaijer
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Helen Reeves
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - R. Bart Takkenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost P. H. Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten E. Tushuizen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan G. Holleboom
- Department of Vascular and Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ahmadi-Dehlaghi F, Mohammadi P, Valipour E, Pournaghi P, Kiani S, Mansouri K. Autophagy: A challengeable paradox in cancer treatment. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 36760166 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autophagy is an intracellular degradation pathway conserved in all eukaryotes from yeast to humans. This process plays a quality-control role by destroying harmful cellular components under normal conditions, maintaining cell survival, and establishing cellular adaptation under stressful conditions. Hence, there are various studies indicating dysfunctional autophagy as a factor involved in the development and progression of various human diseases, including cancer. In addition, the importance of autophagy in the development of cancer has been highlighted by paradoxical roles, as a cytoprotective and cytotoxic mechanism. Despite extensive research in the field of cancer, there are many questions and challenges about the roles and effects suggested for autophagy in cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the paradoxical roles of autophagy in different tumors and related cancer treatment options. METHODS In this study, to find articles, a search was made in PubMed and Google scholar databases with the keywords Autophagy, Autophagy in Cancer Management, and Drug Design. RESULTS According to the investigation, some studies suggest that several advanced cancers are dependent on autophagy for cell survival, so when cancer cells are exposed to therapy, autophagy is induced and suppresses the anti-cancer effects of therapeutic agents and also results in cell resistance. However, enhanced autophagy from using anti-cancer drugs causes autophagy-mediated cell death in several cancers. Because autophagy also plays roles in both tumor suppression and promotion further research is needed to determine the precise mechanism of this process in cancer treatment. CONCLUSION We concluded in this article, autophagy manipulation may either promote or hinder the growth and development of cancer according to the origin of the cancer cells, the type of cancer, and the behavior of the cancer cells exposed to treatment. Thus, before starting treatment it is necessary to determine the basal levels of autophagy in various cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Ahmadi-Dehlaghi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Mohammadi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Valipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sarah Kiani
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Re-Sensitizing Cancer Stem Cells to Conventional Chemotherapy Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032122. [PMID: 36768445 PMCID: PMC9917165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are found in many cancer types. They comprise a distinct subpopulation of cells within the tumor that exhibit properties of stem cells. They express a number of cell surface markers, such as CD133, CD44, ALDH, and EpCAM, as well as embryonic transcription factors Oct4, Nanog, and SOX2. CSCs are more resistant to conventional chemotherapy and can potentially drive tumor relapse. Therefore, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms that drive chemoresistance and to target them with specific therapy effectively. Highly conserved developmental signaling pathways such as Wnt, Hedgehog, and Notch are commonly reported to play a role in CSCs chemoresistance development. Studies show that particular pathway inhibitors combined with conventional therapy may re-establish sensitivity to the conventional therapy. Another significant contributor of chemoresistance is a specific tumor microenvironment. Surrounding stroma in the form of cancer-associated fibroblasts, macrophages, endothelial cells, and extracellular matrix components produce cytokines and other factors, thus creating a favorable environment and decreasing the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy. Anti-stromal agents may potentially help to overcome these effects. Epigenetic changes and autophagy were also among the commonly reported mechanisms of chemoresistance. This review provides an overview of signaling pathway components involved in the development of chemoresistance of CSCs and gathers evidence from experimental studies in which CSCs can be re-sensitized to conventional chemotherapy agents across different cancer types.
Collapse
|
11
|
Okasha H, Aboushousha T, Coimbra MA, Cardoso SM, Ghareeb MA. Metabolite Profiling of Alocasia gigantea Leaf Extract and Its Potential Anticancer Effect through Autophagy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238504. [PMID: 36500595 PMCID: PMC9740247 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a poor-prognosis type of cancer with high resistance to chemotherapy, making the search for safe drugs a mandatory issue. Plant-derived products have potential to reduce negative side effects of cancer treatments. In this work, ability of a defatted methanolic extract of Alocasia gigantea leaves to fight HCC was evaluated in an animal model. Overall, treatment of HCC-induced mice with the methanolic extract at 150 mg/kg body weight for four consecutive weeks caused induction of autophagy through silencing of the relative expression of autophagy suppressor (mTOR) and inducement of autophagy markers (AMPK, Beclin-1, and LC-3). Moreover, it improved preservation of the hepatic histological architecture of the animals, with minor hepatocytic changes but scattered foci of hepatocytic apoptosis. Chemical profiling of the methanolic extract via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector and an electrospray mass spectrometer (UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) allowed identification of di-C-glycosyl flavones, mostly represented by 6-C-hexosyl-8-C-pentosyl apigenin isomers, which may possibly be associated with inducement of the autophagy pathway in HCC. Overall, these outcomes gave an initial visualization of the operative effect of some compounds in A. gigantea leaves that are potential treatment for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hend Okasha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba, P.O. Box 30, Giza 12411, Egypt
| | - Tarek Aboushousha
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba, P.O. Box 30, Giza 12411, Egypt
| | - Manuel A. Coimbra
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana M. Cardoso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (S.M.C.); (M.A.G.); Tel.: +351-234-370-360 (S.M.C.); +20-(02)-01012346834 (M.A.G.); Fax: +351-234-370-084 (S.M.C.); +20-(02)-35408125 (M.A.G.)
| | - Mosad A. Ghareeb
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba, P.O. Box 30, Giza 12411, Egypt
- Correspondence: (S.M.C.); (M.A.G.); Tel.: +351-234-370-360 (S.M.C.); +20-(02)-01012346834 (M.A.G.); Fax: +351-234-370-084 (S.M.C.); +20-(02)-35408125 (M.A.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Q, Wu J, Zhu M, Tang Y, Jin L, Chen Y, Jin M, Peng Z. A novel risk signature based on autophagy-related genes to evaluate tumor immune microenvironment and predict prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Comput Biol Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
13
|
Myricetin Induces Apoptosis and Protective Autophagy through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3115312. [PMID: 35677365 PMCID: PMC9168098 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3115312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Myricetin, a natural flavonoid, exhibits diverse biological activities, including antitumor effects. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of myricetin on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results showed that myricetin significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in HCC cells. The apoptosis induced by myricetin was associated with the activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In addition, autophagy was enhanced in response to ER stress. Inhibition of autophagy by RNA interference or chemical inhibitors resulted in increased apoptosis in myricetin-treated HCC cells. The in vivo experiment also showed that myricetin effectively reduced tumor growth in an HCC xenograft model and that combination treatment with an autophagy inhibitor significantly enhanced this effect. These results indicated that myricetin induced apoptosis in HCC cells through the activation of ER stress. Protective autophagy was also upregulated during this process. Simultaneous inhibition of autophagy enhanced the anti-HCC activity of myricetin. Myricetin might be a promising drug candidate for HCC therapy, and the combined use of myricetin with autophagy inhibitors could be an effective therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
|
14
|
The Role of Macroautophagy and Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy in the Pathogenesis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030760. [PMID: 35159028 PMCID: PMC8833636 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem with the second highest mortality among all cancers and a continuous increase worldwide. HCC is highly resistant to available chemotherapeutic agents, leaving patients with no effective therapeutic option and a poor prognosis. Although an increasing number of studies have elucidated the potential role of autophagy underlying HCC, the complete regulation is far from understood. The different forms of autophagy constitute important cell survival mechanisms that could prevent hepatocarcinogenesis by limiting hepatocyte death and the associated hepatitis and fibrosis at early stages of chronic liver diseases. On the other hand, at late stages of hepatocarcinogenesis, they could support the malignant transformation of (pre)neoplastic cells by facilitating their survival. Abstract Hepatocarcinogenesis is a long process with a complex pathophysiology. The current therapeutic options for HCC management, during the advanced stage, provide short-term survival ranging from 10–14 months. Autophagy acts as a double-edged sword during this process. Recently, two main autophagic pathways have emerged to play critical roles during hepatic oncogenesis, macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Mounting evidence suggests that upregulation of macroautophagy plays a crucial role during the early stages of carcinogenesis as a tumor suppressor mechanism; however, it has been also implicated in later stages promoting survival of cancer cells. Nonetheless, chaperone-mediated autophagy has been elucidated as a tumor-promoting mechanism contributing to cancer cell survival. Moreover, the autophagy pathway seems to have a complex role during the metastatic stage, while induction of autophagy has been implicated as a potential mechanism of chemoresistance of HCC cells. The present review provides an update on the role of autophagy pathways in the development of HCC and data on how the modulation of the autophagic pathway could contribute to the most effective management of HCC.
Collapse
|
15
|
Role of Exosomes in Immune Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:2521025. [PMID: 35126514 PMCID: PMC8816547 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2521025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer. Since most patients with HCC are diagnosed at the intermediate or advanced stage and because HCC has a high incidence of metastasis and recurrence, it is one of the leading causes of cancer death. Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles and are typically 30–150 nm in diameter. Originating from endosomes, they can be secreted by almost all living cells. They are widely present in various body fluids and serve as an important medium for the interactions between cells. A series of studies have revealed that exosomes-mediated intercellular transfer of proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of HCC, hypoxia and angiogenesis, chemotherapy sensitivity, and cell death mode and regulates the immune microenvironment. In this paper, we reviewed the recent researches on the multiple roles of tumor-associated exosomes in the progression of HCC. We laid particular focus on those researches that reveal how exosomes regulate the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and how exosomal cargos affect the progression of HCC. Besides, we emphasize some prospective directions to achieve a more accurate and complete analysis of the HCC immune microenvironment.
Collapse
|
16
|
Yun BD, Choi YJ, Son SW, Cipolla GA, Berti FCB, Malheiros D, Oh TJ, Kuh HJ, Choi SY, Park JK. Oncogenic Role of Exosomal Circular and Long Noncoding RNAs in Gastrointestinal Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020930. [PMID: 35055115 PMCID: PMC8781283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are differentially expressed in gastrointestinal cancers. These noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulate a variety of cellular activities by physically interacting with microRNAs and proteins and altering their activity. It has also been suggested that exosomes encapsulate circRNAs and lncRNAs in cancer cells. Exosomes are then discharged into the extracellular environment, where they are taken up by other cells. As a result, exosomal ncRNA cargo is critical for cell-cell communication within the cancer microenvironment. Exosomal ncRNAs can regulate a range of events, such as angiogenesis, metastasis, immune evasion, drug resistance, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. To set the groundwork for developing novel therapeutic strategies against gastrointestinal malignancies, a thorough understanding of circRNAs and lncRNAs is required. In this review, we discuss the function and intrinsic features of oncogenic circRNAs and lncRNAs that are enriched within exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ba Da Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research, Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea; (B.D.Y.); (Y.J.C.); (S.W.S.); (S.Y.C.)
| | - Ye Ji Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research, Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea; (B.D.Y.); (Y.J.C.); (S.W.S.); (S.Y.C.)
| | - Seung Wan Son
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research, Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea; (B.D.Y.); (Y.J.C.); (S.W.S.); (S.Y.C.)
| | - Gabriel Adelman Cipolla
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-990, Brazil; (G.A.C.); (F.C.B.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Fernanda Costa Brandão Berti
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-990, Brazil; (G.A.C.); (F.C.B.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Danielle Malheiros
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-990, Brazil; (G.A.C.); (F.C.B.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si 31460, Korea;
- Genome-Based BioIT Convergence Institute, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si 31460, Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Kuh
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research, Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea; (B.D.Y.); (Y.J.C.); (S.W.S.); (S.Y.C.)
| | - Jong Kook Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research, Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea; (B.D.Y.); (Y.J.C.); (S.W.S.); (S.Y.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-248-2114
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang H, Ding W, Shi H, Bao H, Lu Y, Jiang TA. Combination therapy with low-frequency ultrasound irradiation and radiofrequency ablation as a synergistic treatment for pancreatic cancer. Bioengineered 2021; 12:9832-9846. [PMID: 34696663 PMCID: PMC8810087 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1995581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to evaluate the efficacies of combination therapy with low-frequency ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles (USMB) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) on suppressing the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cell and treating Panc02 subcutaneous xenograft mice. The proliferation of HPDE6-C7 and Panc02 cells after the treatment of USMB and RFA alone or combination were evaluated by CCK-8 assay. Scratch test was performed to assess the cell migration capability. Panc02-bearing mice were received 14-day treatment of USMB and RFA alone or combination. Tumor size and survival rate were recorded once two days. The serum levels of immune-related factors and changes of apoptosis- and autophagy-related factors were detected by ELISA and western blotting methods. As a result, CKK-8 assays revealed significant inhibition on Panc02 cell proliferation in combination therapy with USMB and RFA relative to other groups (all p < 0.05). Strong synergistic effect of USMB combined with RFA was confirmed via the calculated combination index (CI) <0.4. In addition, combination therapy of USMB and RFA significantly inhibited the migration of Panc02 cells. Moreover, combined treatment remarkably inhibited the size and width of xenograft and improved the survival in Panc02-bearing mice. Furthermore, 14-day combination therapy of USMB and RFA in Panc02-bearing mice significantly facilitated the apoptosis and autophagy of tumor cells. In summary, combination therapy of USMB and RFA showed synergistic anti-tumor efficacies on Panc02 cells attributing to the promotion on apoptosis and autophagy in Panc02 subcutaneous xenograft mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyang Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenxiu Ding
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Shi
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiwei Bao
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Lu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian An Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pulsed Electric Field Technology for Medical Transformation, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Deng Y, Chen QS, Huang WF, Dai JW, Wu ZJ. XPA serves as an autophagy and apoptosis inducer by suppressing hepatocellular carcinoma in a PI3K/Akt/mTOR dependent manner. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:1797-1810. [PMID: 34532129 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the potential biological function of XPA (Xeroderma pigmentosum group A) in hepatic neoplasms and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods Liver cells were used as experimental models to establish HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) in vitro. Protein extractions were subjected to Western blotting to detect the proteins expression. The lentivirus transfection efficiency was confirmed by Western blot and RT-qPCR, Tunnel staining was used to detect apoptosis, and Transwell assays were used to observe cell migration and invasion. Cell proliferation was detected with colony formation and CCK-8 (cell counting kit-8) assays. Results XPA expression was obviously lower in HCC tissue and liver cancer cell lines. XPA overexpression induced autophagy and apoptosis by increasing LC3B II/I, Beclin1, cleaved-caspase-3, and Bax expression and decreasing p62 and Bcl2 protein levels. XPA also suppressed HCC EMT (Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition) by increasing E-cadherin and decreasing N-cadherin and vimentin protein expression. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vivo were significantly inhibited by the overexpression of XPA, and p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-mTOR expression were decreased in LV-XPA cells. In general, XPA inhibited HCC by inducing autophagy and apoptosis and by modulating the expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR proteins. Conclusions XPA overexpression was found to suppress HCC by inducing autophagy and apoptosis and repressing EMT and proliferation. Each of these effects may be involved in modulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Oncology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Song Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Traumatology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Feng Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang-Wen Dai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Oncology, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong-Jun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Park JS, Ma H, Roh YS. Ubiquitin pathways regulate the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114764. [PMID: 34529948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease (CLD) is considered the leading cause of global mortality. In westernized countries, increased consumption of alcohol and overeating foods with high fat/ high glucose promote progression of CLD such as alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD). Accumulating evidence and research suggest that ubiquitin, a 75 amino acid protein, plays crucial role in the pathogenesis of CLD through dynamic post-translational modifications (PTMs) exerting diverse cellular outcomes such as protein degradation through ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy, and regulation of signal transduction. In this review, we present the function of ubiquitination and latest findings on diverse mechanism of PTMs, UPS and autophagy which significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cirrhosis, and HCC. Despite its high prevalence, morbidity, and mortality, there are only few FDA approved drugs that could be administered to CLD patients. The goal of this review is to present a variety of pathways and therapeutic targets involving ubiquitination in the pathogenesis of CLD. Further, this review summarizes collective views of pharmaceutical inhibition or activation of recent drugs targeting UPS and autophagy system to highlight potential targets and new approaches to treat CLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Su Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, South Korea
| | - Hwan Ma
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Roh
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Qiao L, Zhang Q, Sun Z, Liu Q, Wu Z, Hu W, Bao S, Yang Q, Liu L. The E2F1/USP11 positive feedback loop promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis and inhibits autophagy by activating ERK/mTOR pathway. Cancer Lett 2021; 514:63-78. [PMID: 34044068 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Deubiquitinase ubiquitin-specific protease 11 (USP11), a member of the deubiquitinating family, plays an important but still controversial role in cancer development. Namely, USP11 has been shown to promote the proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the underlying molecular basis is poorly understood. This study aimed to unravel novel functions of USP11 in HCC, especially those related to autophagy. Here, EdU, migration and colony formation assays, and mouse models showed that USP11 played a crucial role in HCC cell proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Results from co-immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination assays demonstrated that USP11 interacted with E2F1 and maintained E2F1 protein stability by removing its ubiquitin. Notably, E2F1 regulated USP11 expression at the transcriptional level. Thus, the E2F1/USP11 formed a positive feedback loop to promote the proliferation and migration of HCC cells. Moreover, E2F1/USP11 inhibited autophagy by regulating ERK/mTOR pathway. In addition, the combination treatment inhibition of USP11 and autophagy enhanced the apoptosis of HCC cells and inhibited the tumor growth in mice more effective than either treatment alone. Taken together, these results indicate that the E2F1/USP11 signal axis promotes HCC proliferation and metastasis and inhibits autophagy, which provides an experimental basis for the treatment of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Qiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China; Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiangnu Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China; Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China; Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Zongze Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Weibin Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyun Bao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinhe Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Niture S, Lin M, Qi Q, Moore JT, Levine KE, Fernando RA, Kumar D. Role of Autophagy in Cadmium-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Liver Diseases. J Toxicol 2021; 2021:9564297. [PMID: 34422041 PMCID: PMC8371627 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9564297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic pollutant that is associated with several severe human diseases. Cd can be easily absorbed in significant quantities from air contamination/industrial pollution, cigarette smoke, food, and water and primarily affects the liver, kidney, and lungs. Toxic effects of Cd include hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, and the development of various human cancers. Cd is also involved in the development and progression of fatty liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma. Cd affects liver function via modulation of cell survival/proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Moreover, Cd dysregulates hepatic autophagy, an endogenous catabolic process that detoxifies damaged cell organelles or dysfunctional cytosolic proteins through vacuole-mediated sequestration and lysosomal degradation. In this article, we review recent developments and findings regarding the role of Cd in the modulation of hepatotoxicity, autophagic function, and liver diseases at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suryakant Niture
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Minghui Lin
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - John T. Moore
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Keith E. Levine
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Deepak Kumar
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Knockdown of Atg7 suppresses Tumorigenesis in a murine model of liver cancer. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101158. [PMID: 34174688 PMCID: PMC8243000 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of autophagy in liver cancer is controversial. Autophagy gene, Atg7 is a key regulator for autophagy process. Transgenic mouse model for liver cancer can be generated via simple transgenic methodology called “Hydrodynamic Tail Vein Injection”. Genetic suppression of Atg7 significantly suppressed development of liver cancer induced by activated RAS.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Studies have shown that autophagy is significantly involved in carcinogenesis, in particular, driven by activated RAS signaling. Autophagy related 7 (Atg7) is a critical component for the formation of autophagosome and required for autophagy processes. We investigated the role of autophagy in RAS-driven tumorigenesis in the liver, via the knockdown of Atg7 in the model. Transposon vectors encoding short hairpin RNAs targeting Atg7 (Atg7 shRNA) were constructed. Inhibition of autophagy via Atg7 knockdown was tested in Hep3B cells cultured in nutrient-starved medium. Formation of autophagosome was suppressed in nutrient-starved Hep3B cells expressing Atg7 shRNA, demonstrating that it efficiently inhibited autophagy in HCC cells. Transposons encoding Atg7 shRNA were mixed with those expressing HRASG12V and p53 shRNA, and subsequently used for hydrodynamic injection to 5-week-old C57BL/6 mice. Tumorigenesis in livers induced by HRASG12V and p53 shRNA was significantly suppressed by Atg7 knockdown. The inhibition of autophagy led to a decreased proliferation of cancer cells, as determined by Ki-67 staining. Our data indicate that knockdown of Atg7 led to a significant decrease in tumorigenesis in a murine HCC model induced by activated RAS. Inhibition of autophagosome formation is expected to be a therapeutic option for liver cancer.
Collapse
|
23
|
Niture S, Lin M, Rios-Colon L, Qi Q, Moore JT, Kumar D. Emerging Roles of Impaired Autophagy in Fatty Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Hepatol 2021; 2021:6675762. [PMID: 33976943 PMCID: PMC8083829 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6675762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that eliminates dysfunctional cytosolic biomolecules through vacuole-mediated sequestration and lysosomal degradation. Although the molecular mechanisms that regulate autophagy are not fully understood, recent work indicates that dysfunctional/impaired autophagic functions are associated with the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Autophagy prevents NAFLD and AFLD progression through enhanced lipid catabolism and decreasing hepatic steatosis, which is characterized by the accumulation of triglycerides and increased inflammation. However, as both diseases progress, autophagy can become impaired leading to exacerbation of both pathological conditions and progression into HCC. Due to the significance of impaired autophagy in these diseases, there is increased interest in studying pathways and targets involved in maintaining efficient autophagic functions as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize how impaired autophagy affects liver function and contributes to NAFLD, AFLD, and HCC progression. We will also explore how recent discoveries could provide novel therapeutic opportunities to effectively treat these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suryakant Niture
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Minghui Lin
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China 750021
| | - Leslimar Rios-Colon
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Qi Qi
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - John T. Moore
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University Durham, NC 27707, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhu W, Li J, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Liu H, Lin Y, Hu A, Zhou J, Ren H, Shi X. Inhibition of HMGB1 Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression via HIPK2-Mediated Autophagic Degradation of ZEB1. Front Oncol 2021; 11:599124. [PMID: 33747917 PMCID: PMC7969871 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.599124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process maintaining cellular homeostasis and reportedly plays a critical role in tumor progression. Accumulating data show that autophagic activity is inhibited in hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the underlying molecular basis of impaired autophagy in HCC remains unclear. In this study, we revealed that autophagic activity was suppressed by HMGB1 in a HIPK2-dependent way. Targeting HMGB1 could inhibit the degradation of HIPK2, as a result of which, autophagic degradation of ZEB1 was enhanced by reprogramming glucose metabolism/AMPK/mTOR axis. Moreover, we demonstrated that selectively degradation of ZEB1 was responsible for HCC growth inhibition in HMGB1 deficient cells. Lastly, we found the combination therapy of HMGB1 inhibitor and rapamycin achieved a better anti-HCC effect. These results demonstrate that impaired autophagy is controlled by HMGB1 and targeting HMGB1 could suppress HCC progression via HIPK2-mediated autophagic degradation of ZEB1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuheng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengyi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanyi Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunzhen Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Anyin Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingchao Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Haozhen Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
The Role of Autophagy in Liver Cancer: Crosstalk in Signaling Pathways and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120432. [PMID: 33260729 PMCID: PMC7760785 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal-dependent pathway for degrading cytoplasmic proteins, macromolecules, and organelles. Autophagy-related genes (Atgs) are the core molecular machinery in the control of autophagy, and several major functional groups of Atgs coordinate the entire autophagic process. Autophagy plays a dual role in liver cancer development via several critical signaling pathways, including the PI3K-AKT-mTOR, AMPK-mTOR, EGF, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, p53, and NF-κB pathways. Here, we review the signaling pathways involved in the cross-talk between autophagy and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and analyze the status of the development of novel HCC therapy by targeting the core molecular machinery of autophagy as well as the key signaling pathways. The induction or the inhibition of autophagy by the modulation of signaling pathways can confer therapeutic benefits to patients. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the cross-link of autophagy and HCC may extend to translational studies that may ultimately lead to novel therapy and regimen formation in HCC treatment.
Collapse
|
26
|
Yu J, Chen GG, Lai PBS. Targeting hepatocyte growth factor/c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor axis in hepatocellular carcinoma: Rationale and therapeutic strategies. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:507-524. [PMID: 33026703 DOI: 10.1002/med.21738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. The outcome of current standard treatments, as well as targeted therapies in advanced stages, are still unsatisfactory. Attention has been drawn to novel strategies for better treatment efficacy. Hepatocyte growth factor/c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (HGF/c-Met) axis has been known as an essential element in the regulation of liver diseases and as an oncogenic factor in HCC. In this review, we collected the evidence of HGF/c-Met as a tumor progression and prognostic marker, discussed the anti-c-Met therapy in vitro, summarized the outcome of c-Met inhibitors in clinical trials, and identified potential impetus for future anti-c-Met treatments. We also analyzed the inconsistency of HGF/c-Met from various publications and offered reasonable explanations based on the current understanding in this area. In conclusion, HGF/c-Met plays a crucial role in the progression and growth of HCC, and the strategies to inhibit this pathway may facilitate the development of new and effective treatments for HCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Yu
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - George G Chen
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Paul B S Lai
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Feng J, Li J, Wu L, Yu Q, Ji J, Wu J, Dai W, Guo C. Emerging roles and the regulation of aerobic glycolysis in hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:126. [PMID: 32631382 PMCID: PMC7336654 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer has become the sixth most diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is responsible for up to 75–85% of primary liver cancers, and sorafenib is the first targeted drug for advanced HCC treatment. However, sorafenib resistance is common because of the resultant enhancement of aerobic glycolysis and other molecular mechanisms. Aerobic glycolysis was firstly found in HCC, acts as a hallmark of liver cancer and is responsible for the regulation of proliferation, immune evasion, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance in HCC. The three rate-limiting enzymes in the glycolytic pathway, including hexokinase 2 (HK2), phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1), and pyruvate kinases type M2 (PKM2) play an important role in the regulation of aerobic glycolysis in HCC and can be regulated by many mechanisms, such as the AMPK, PI3K/Akt pathway, HIF-1α, c-Myc and noncoding RNAs. Because of the importance of aerobic glycolysis in the progression of HCC, targeting key factors in its pathway such as the inhibition of HK2, PFK or PKM2, represent potential new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 1291, Jiangning road, Putuo, Shanghai, 200060, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 301, Middle Yanchang road, Jing'an, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 1291, Jiangning road, Putuo, Shanghai, 200060, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 301, Middle Yanchang road, Jing'an, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Liwei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 301, Middle Yanchang road, Jing'an, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 301, Middle Yanchang road, Jing'an, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 301, Middle Yanchang road, Jing'an, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jianye Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 1291, Jiangning road, Putuo, Shanghai, 200060, China.
| | - Weiqi Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 1291, Jiangning road, Putuo, Shanghai, 200060, China. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 301, Middle Yanchang road, Jing'an, Shanghai, 200072, China. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 1291, Jiangning road, Putuo, Shanghai, 200060, China. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, number 301, Middle Yanchang road, Jing'an, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Diao P, Wang X, Jia F, Kimura T, Hu X, Shirotori S, Nakamura I, Sato Y, Nakayama J, Moriya K, Koike K, Gonzalez FJ, Aoyama T, Tanaka N. A saturated fatty acid-rich diet enhances hepatic lipogenesis and tumorigenesis in HCV core gene transgenic mice. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 85:108460. [PMID: 32992072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that high consumption of saturated fatty acid (SFA) is a risk factor for liver cancer. However, it remains unclear how dietary SFA affects liver tumorigenesis. This study aimed to investigate the impact of a SFA-rich diet on hepatic tumorigenesis using hepatitis C virus core gene transgenic (HCVcpTg) mice that spontaneously developed hepatic steatosis and tumors with aging. Male HCVcpTg mice were treated for 15 months with a purified control diet or SFA-rich diet prepared by replacing soybean oil in the control diet with hydrogenated coconut oil, and phenotypic changes were assessed. In this special diet, almost all dietary fatty acids were SFA. Long-term feeding of SFA-rich diet to HCVcpTg mice increased hepatic steatosis, liver dysfunction, and the prevalence of liver tumors, likely due to stimulation of de novo lipogenesis, activation of the pro-inflammatory and pro-oncogenic transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), enhanced c-Jun N-terminal kinase/activator protein 1 (JNK/AP-1) signaling and induction of the oncogenes cyclin D1 and p62/sequestosome 1. The SFA-rich diet did not affect liver fibrosis or autophagy. Collectively, long-term SFA-rich diet consumption promoted hepatic tumorigenesis mainly through activation of lipogenesis, NF-κB, and JNK/AP-1 signaling. We therefore propose that HCV-infected patients should avoid excessive intake of SFA-rich foods to prevent liver cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Diao
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Lishui Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Lishui, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangping Jia
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan; Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Saki Shirotori
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Ibuki Nakamura
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Sato
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Kyoji Moriya
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Toshifumi Aoyama
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Tanaka
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan; Research Center for Social Systems, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yuan J, Li Y, Liao J, Liu M, Zhu L, Liao K. MicroRNA-7 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell invasion and metastasis by regulating Atg5-mediated autophagy. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:3965-3972. [PMID: 35117763 PMCID: PMC8797968 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-20-1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the digestive system, with a low 5-year survival rate (5-9%). The abnormal expression of miRNA in liver cancer cells may play an important role in the pathophysiology of liver cancer. The ability of tumor invasion and metastasis is an important indicator to evaluate the degree of malignancy of HCC. Autophagy may affect the ability of tumor cells to invade and metastasize. Autophagy-related genes and proteins (Atg) are the core and key to regulating autophagy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of microRNA-7 (miR-7) on targeting autophagy-related protein Atg5 to inhibit the effect of autophagy on the invasion and metastasis ability of liver cancer cells. METHODS The content of miR-7 and Atg5 in normal liver tissue and HCC tissues was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain (qRT-PCR). SMMC-7721 hepatoma cells were cultured in vitro, a starvation environment was simulated to activate autophagy, and transfection of cells was carried out by using miR-7 mimic, inhibitor, and autophagic inhibitor 3-MA. The RFP-GFP-LC3 double-labeled adenovirus infected hepatoma cells, and autophagy was detected by fluorescence microscopy. Western blot was used to detect the expression of LC3, Atg5, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins (N-cadherin, vimentin, and snail). Transwell and plate cloning were used to detect the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of hepatocarcinoma cells. RESULTS Expression of miR-7 (16.72±4.71, P<0.05) in HCC tissues was low, but the expression of Atg5 (13.70±2.80, P<0.05)was high. MiR-7 and Atg5 were highly negatively correlated in hepatoma tissues (r=-0.97). With the overexpression of hepatoma cells, the expression of Atg5 (0.49±0.07, F=395.26) and LC3II (0.51±0.06, F=23.58) was increased (P<0.05), and the autophagy was enhanced. As a result, the proliferation of hepatocarcinoma cells was decreased (t=3.22, P<0.05), the expression of EMT-related protein [N-cadherin (0.37±0.04), vimentin (0.60±0.07), snail (0.54±0.07)] was decreased (P<0.05), and hepatoma cell invasion and metastasis were decreased (n=6, F=162.28, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS MiR-7 can inhibit the invasion and metastasis of hepatoma cells by targeting Atg5 to regulate autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory of the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yingjia Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory of the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jinfeng Liao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory of the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Minji Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhuzhou Central Hospital of Hunan Province, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- Department of Electrocardiogram of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Kai Liao
- Changsha Blood Center of Hunan Province, Changsha 410001, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Elsaid FG, Alshehri MA, Shati AA, Al-Kahtani MA, Alsheri AS, Massoud EE, El-Kott AF, El-Mekkawy HI, Al-Ramlawy AM, Abdraboh ME. The anti-tumourigenic effect of ellagic acid in SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells entails activation of autophagy mediated by inhibiting Akt and activating AMPK. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:1611-1621. [PMID: 32415699 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of ellagic acid (EA) on SKOV-3 cell growth and invasiveness and tested if the underlying mechanism involves modulating autophagy. Cells were treated with EA in the presence or absence of chloroquine (CQ), an autophagy inhibitor, compound C (CC), an AMPK inhibitor, or an insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a PI3K/Akt activator. EA, at an IC50 of 36.6 µmol/L, inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and induced cell apoptosis in SKOV-3 cells. These events were prevented by CQ. Also, EA increased levels of Beclin-1, ATG-5, LC3I/II, Bax, cleaved caspase-3/8 and reduced those of p62 and Bcl-2 in these cancer cells. Mechanistically, EA decreased levels of p-S6K1 (Thr389 ) and 4EBP-1 (Thr37/46 ), two downstream targets of mTORC1, and p-Akt (Thr308 ) but increased levels of AMPK (Thr172 ) and p-raptor (Ser792 ), a natural inhibitor of mTORC1. CC or IGF-1 alone partially prevented the effect of EA on cell survival, cell invasions, and levels of LDH, Beclin-1, and cleaved caspase-3. In conclusion, EA can inhibit SKOV-3 growth, migration, and invasion by activating cytotoxic autophagy mediated by inhibition of mTORC1 and Akt and activation of AMPK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahmy G Elsaid
- Biology Department, Science College, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Alshehri
- Biology Department, Science College, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Shati
- Biology Department, Science College, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ali S Alsheri
- Biology Department, Science College, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab E Massoud
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Arts in Dahran Aljnoub, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Agriculture Research Centre, Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Attalla F El-Kott
- Biology Department, Science College, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department,Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | | | - Amira M Al-Ramlawy
- Mansoura Research Centre for Cord Stem Cell (MARC-CSC), Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abdraboh
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yang S, Wang M, Yang L, Li Y, Ma Y, Peng X, Li X, Li B, Jin H, Li H. MicroRNA-375 Targets ATG14 to Inhibit Autophagy and Sensitize Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Sorafenib. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:3557-3570. [PMID: 32431510 PMCID: PMC7197942 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s247655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sorafenib has revolutionized treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its efficacy is limited by drug resistance. Autophagy is the process by which cellular components are transported to lysosomes for degradation, which promotes energy production and production of macromolecular precursors. Studies have suggested that the cytoprotective function of autophagy may contribute to chemoresistance or targeted drug resistance in cancer cells. We investigated the effects of miR-375 and autophagy-related protein 14, and their interrelationships, on sorafenib efficacy. Methods Cell viability was measured using the MTT assay, and apoptosis was evaluated using flow cytometry. Colony formation assay was performed to determine changes in cell number. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were performed to quantify the expression of key genes and proteins. Immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy were used to detect autophagy. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were used to verify a direct target. Results We characterized the relationship between sorafenib and autophagy. We showed that inhibition of autophagy enhanced sensitivity of HCC to sorafenib and showed that miR-375 was important in this process. Finally, we showed that miR-375 affected sensitivity of HCC cells to sorafenib through regulation of ATG14. Conclusion We showed that miR-375 sensitized HCC cells to sorafenib by blocking sorafenib-induced autophagy. We also showed that ATG14 was a direct autophagy-related target of miR-375. These findings indicated that miR-375-ATG14 was important in the development of sorafenib resistance in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, People's Republic of China
| | - Minggang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingbo Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqiang Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyuan Jin
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hangyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
BCL2L10/BECN1 modulates hepatoma cells autophagy by regulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:350-370. [PMID: 30696802 PMCID: PMC6366968 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate BCL2L10 and BECN1 expression and their effect on autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We found that BCL2L10 expression was low in hepatoma tissues and cells. Overexpression of BCL2L10 decreased the activity of hepatoma cells. To analyze autophagic flux, we monitored the formation of autophagic vesicles by fluorescence protein method. Autophagy-related protein LC3B-II was accumulated and P62 was decreased, which indicated that autophagy was induced by BECN1, while BCL2L10 could suppress this trend. Immunofluorescence assay showed that BCL2L10 and Beclin 1 were co-located in hepatoma cells. Immunoprecipitation showed that BCL2L10 could inhibit the autophagy of hepatoma cells by combining with Beclin 1. ELISA and co-immunoprecipitation suggested that the combination between BCL2L10 and Beclin 1 reduced the bond between Beclin 1 and PI3KC3. Based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was significantly upregulated in HCC. In conclusions, BCL2L10 had a low expression in HCC tissues and cells, which could release BECN1 to induce autophagy of hepatoma cells by downregulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
33
|
Meng YC, Lou XL, Yang LY, Li D, Hou YQ. Role of the autophagy-related marker LC3 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:1103-1113. [PMID: 32157437 PMCID: PMC7142043 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), an autophagic gene, has been reported as a vital marker for many diseases and cancers. However, the role of LC3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was not still investigated. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to examine the association of LC3 with its clinicopathological and prognostic in HCC. Methods We consulted the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wan Fang databases for published studies on LC3 in HCC. Newcastle–Ottawa scale was used to screen the quality of the literature. The statistical analysis was calculated by STATA 14.2. Results Of the 1329 titles identified, 10 articles involving 949 patients in HCC were included in this meta-analysis. The results of our study show that increased LC3 expression is related to size of tumor, but not to gender, age, number of tumor, liver cirrhosis, HBsAg, TNM stage, alpha fetoprotein, vascular invasion and histological grade. Positive LC3 expression was associated with overall survival by pooled hazard ratio. Conclusions This meta-analysis indicated that positive LC3 expression was related to size of tumor, and could predict prognosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Meng
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 746 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Xiao-Li Lou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 746 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Li-Yuan Yang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 746 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Yan-Qiang Hou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 746 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 201600, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang N, Liu H, Liu G, Li M, He X, Yin C, Tu Q, Shen X, Bai W, Wang Q, Tao Y, Yin H. Yeast β-D-glucan exerts antitumour activity in liver cancer through impairing autophagy and lysosomal function, promoting reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis. Redox Biol 2020; 32:101495. [PMID: 32171725 PMCID: PMC7076095 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that recycles proteins and organelles in a lysosome-dependent manner and is induced as an alternative source of energy and metabolites in response to diverse stresses. Inhibition of autophagy has emerged as an appealing therapeutic strategy in cancer. However, it remains to be explored whether autophagy inhibition is a viable approach for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we identify that water-soluble yeast β-D-glucan (WSG) is a novel autophagy inhibitor and exerts significant antitumour efficacy on the inhibition of HCC cells proliferation and metabolism as well as the tumour growth in vivo. We further reveal that WSG inhibits autophagic degradation by increasing lysosomal pH and inhibiting lysosome cathepsins (cathepsin B and cathepsin D) activities, which results in the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, WSG sensitizes HCC cells to apoptosis via the activation of caspase 8 and the transfer of truncated BID (tBID) into mitochondria under nutrient deprivation condition. Of note, administration of WSG as a single agent achieves a significant antitumour effect in xenograft mouse model and DEN/CCl4 (diethylnitrosamine/carbon tetrachloride)-induced primary HCC model without apparent toxicity. Our studies reveal, for the first time, that WSG is a novel autophagy inhibitor with significant antitumour efficacy as a single agent, which has great potential in clinical application for liver cancer therapy. Water-soluble yeast β-D-glucan (WSG) exerts direct antitumour activity in HCC WSG inhibits autophagic degradation by increasing lysosomal pH WSG causes accumulation of damaged mitochondria and ROS production WSG sensitizes HCC cells to apoptosis via the activation of caspase 8
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200031, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Hongzhi Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200031, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200031, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Xuxiao He
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200031, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Chunzhao Yin
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, 10049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qiaochu Tu
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, 10049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xia Shen
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, 10049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Wenqiang Bai
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yongzhen Tao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200031, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, 10049, China.
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200031, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, 10049, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Geng N, Jin Y, Li Y, Zhu S, Bai H. AKR1B10 Inhibitor Epalrestat Facilitates Sorafenib-Induced Apoptosis and Autophagy Via Targeting the mTOR Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:1246-1256. [PMID: 32547320 PMCID: PMC7294918 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.42956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib is the standard systemic treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and improving its therapeutic effects is crucial for addressing cancer aggression. We previously reported that epalrestat, an aldo-keto reductase 1B10 inhibitor, enhanced sorafenib's inhibitory effects on HCC xenograft in nude mice. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of epalrestat's anti-tumour enhancing effects on sorafenib. HepG2 cells were treated with sorafenib, epalrestat, and their combination. Cell proliferation was assessed with Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays. AKR1B10 supernate concentration and enzyme activity were detected by ELISA assay and the decrease of optical density of NADPH at 340 nm. Cell cycle and apoptosis analyses were performed with flow cytometry. Western blots clarified the molecular mechanism underlying effects on cell cycle, apoptosis, and autophagy. The anti-tumour mechanism was then validated in vivo through TUNEL and immunohistochemistry staining of HCC xenograft sections. Epalrestat combined with sorafenib inhibited HepG2 cellular proliferation in vitro, arrested the cell cycle at G0/G1, and promoted apoptosis and autophagy. Treatment with a specific mTOR activator MHY-1485 increased mTOR phosphorylation, while suppressing apoptosis and autophagy. Consistent with in vitro results, data from the HCC-xenograft nude mouse model also indicated that combined treatment inhibited the mTOR pathway and promoted apoptosis and autophagy. In conclusion, epalrestat heightens sorafenib's anti-cancer effects via blocking the mTOR pathway, thus inducing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Geng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jin
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yurong Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Shixuan Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Han Bai
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang H, Liu Y, Wang D, Xu Y, Dong R, Yang Y, Lv Q, Chen X, Zhang Z. The Upstream Pathway of mTOR-Mediated Autophagy in Liver Diseases. Cells 2019; 8:E1597. [PMID: 31835352 PMCID: PMC6953127 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, originally found in liver experiments, is a cellular process that degrades damaged organelle or protein aggregation. This process frees cells from various stress states is a cell survival mechanism under stress stimulation. It is now known that dysregulation of autophagy can cause many liver diseases. Therefore, how to properly regulate autophagy is the key to the treatment of liver injury. mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)is the core hub regulating autophagy, which is subject to different upstream signaling pathways to regulate autophagy. This review summarizes three upstream pathways of mTOR: the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase (AKT) signaling pathway, the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway, and the rat sarcoma (Ras)/rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (Raf)/mitogen-extracellular activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/ extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway, specifically explored their role in liver fibrosis, hepatitis B, non-alcoholic fatty liver, liver cancer, hepatic ischemia reperfusion and other liver diseases through the regulation of mTOR-mediated autophagy. Moreover, we also analyzed the crosstalk between these three pathways, aiming to find new targets for the treatment of human liver disease based on autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (H.W.); (Y.X.); (R.D.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Yumei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (H.W.); (Y.X.); (R.D.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Dongmei Wang
- College of Medical, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China;
| | - Yaolu Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (H.W.); (Y.X.); (R.D.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Ruiqi Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (H.W.); (Y.X.); (R.D.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (H.W.); (Y.X.); (R.D.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Qiongxia Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (H.W.); (Y.X.); (R.D.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (H.W.); (Y.X.); (R.D.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Ziqiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (H.W.); (Y.X.); (R.D.); (Y.Y.); (Q.L.); (X.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Li N, Fan X, Wang X, Zhang X, Zhang K, Han Q, Lv Y, Liu Z. Genetic association of polymorphisms at the intergenic region between PRDM1 and ATG5 with hepatitis B virus infection in Han Chinese patients. J Med Virol 2019; 92:1198-1205. [PMID: 31729038 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is related to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the interplay between the virus and host immune response leads to different outcomes of the infection. PR domain zinc finger protein 1 (PRDM1) and autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5) are involved in immune response and HBV infection. An intergenic region between PRDM1 and ATG5 (PRDM1-ATG5 region) has been identified, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this region were shown to be involved in immune regulation. This study investigated the functionally relevant rs548234, rs6937876, and rs6568431 polymorphisms at the PRDM1-ATG5 region in a Han Chinese population (403 patients with chronic HBV infection [171 chronic hepatitis, 119 cirrhosis, and 113 HCC], 70 infection resolvers, and 196 healthy controls). The frequencies of the rs6568431 allele A in HBV patients (P = .005) and genotype CA in infection resolvers (P = .005) were significantly higher than in healthy controls. In the dominant model, HCC patients had significantly higher frequencies of rs548234 genotypes CC + TC than cirrhosis patients (P = .009). Rs548234 was an independent factor for HCC in comparison with either cirrhosis (P = .005) or all chronic HBV infection without HCC (P = .018). Functional annotation showed evidence of the role of the SNPs in gene regulation. In conclusion, through this study it is revealed for the first time that rs6568431 may be associated with susceptibility to HBV infection and that rs548234 may be associated with HCC risk in chronic HBV infection, supporting the presence of HBV-related disease-causing regulatory polymorphisms in the PRDM1-ATG5 intergenic region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiude Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoge Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qunying Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tong H, Li T, Qiu W, Zhu Z. Claudin-1 silencing increases sensitivity of liver cancer HepG2 cells to 5-fluorouracil by inhibiting autophagy. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5709-5716. [PMID: 31788043 PMCID: PMC6865833 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most common cancer types globally. However, the acquisition of drug resistance limits the effectiveness of chemotherapy and commonly results in metastasis. Therefore, an effective therapeutic approach to target chemoresistance-associated cellular molecules is imperative. Claudin-1 (CLDN1) has previously been reported to be associated with the development of drug resistance. The present study investigated the effect of CLDN1 on the sensitivity of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-resistant liver cancer cells. Firstly, a 5-FU-resistant HepG2 liver cancer cell line (Hep/5FU) was developed by continuous 5-FU treatment. MTT proliferation, Transwell and Matrigel assays indicated that Hep/5FU cells were significantly resistant to 5-FU, and demonstrated increased migration and invasion abilities, compared with parental HepG2 cells. Furthermore, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis indicated that mRNA and protein expression levels of CLDN1 were significantly increased in Hep/5FU cells, compared with HepG2 cells. CLDN1 was knocked down by transfection with small interference RNA. MTT and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide assays demonstrated that CLDN1 silencing significantly inhibits proliferation and enhances apoptosis induced by 5-FU treatment in Hep/5FU cells, compared with non-silenced Hep/5FU cells. Additionally, CLDN1 silencing attenuated the migration and invasion capabilities of Hep/5FU cells. In addition, it was identified that CLDN1 silencing decreased drug resistance by inhibiting autophagy, which was associated with a decrease in the ratio of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-II/LC3-I and upregulation of P62. A cell proliferation assay revealed that the addition of autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine decreased drug resistance of Hep/5FU cells. By contrast, incubation with the autophagy agonist Rapamycin elevated drug resistance of CLDN1-silenced Hep/5FU cells. In summary, these data indicate that CLDN1 may be a potential target for resensitizing resistant liver cancer HepG2 cells to 5-FU by regulating cell autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tong
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Zhecheng Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wu L, Li J, Liu T, Li S, Feng J, Yu Q, Zhang J, Chen J, Zhou Y, Ji J, Chen K, Mao Y, Wang F, Dai W, Fan X, Wu J, Guo C. Quercetin shows anti-tumor effect in hepatocellular carcinoma LM3 cells by abrogating JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Cancer Med 2019; 8:4806-4820. [PMID: 31273958 PMCID: PMC6712453 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Hepatocellular carcinima is one of the most common tumors in clinic and also one of the leading causes of death from cancer worldwide. Quercetin shows significant effects on blocking the development of various cancers. Methods We used the human hepatocellular carcinoma LM3 and nude mice tumor model to assess the effects of quercetin in hepatocellular carcinoma and clarify its mechanism of action. We collected LM3 cell line treated with different doses of quercetin at different time periods and determined the vital indexes. The liver tissues of mice were collected and used for western boltting (WB), Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and TUNEL staining. Results Results indicated that quercetin suppressed the Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth both in vivo and in vitro. Quercetin could disturb LM3 cells proliferation and cell cycle distribution, thus inducing apoptosis. At the same time, quercetin inhibited LM3 cells migration and invasion and promoted HCC autophagy. These effects at least partly depended on the down‐regulation of the activation of JAK2 and STAT3 by quercetin. Conclusion Quercetin inhibited hepatocellular carcinoma progression by modulating cell apoptosis, migration, invasion, and autophagy; and its effects were at least partly related with the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sainan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Tenth Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Tenth Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Tenth Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Tenth Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Mao
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqi Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Jinshan, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianye Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-eating catabolic pathway that contributes to liver homeostasis through its role in energy balance and in the quality control of the cytoplasm, by removing misfolded proteins, damaged organelles and lipid droplets. Autophagy not only regulates hepatocyte functions but also impacts on non-parenchymal cells, such as endothelial cells, macrophages and hepatic stellate cells. Deregulation of autophagy has been linked to many liver diseases and its modulation is now recognized as a potential new therapeutic strategy. Indeed, enhancing autophagy may prevent the progression of a number of liver diseases, including storage disorders (alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson's disease), acute liver injury, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and chronic alcohol-related liver disease. Nevertheless, in some situations such as fibrosis, targeting specific liver cells must be considered, as autophagy displays opposing functions depending on the cell type. In addition, an optimal therapeutic time-window should be identified, since autophagy might be beneficial in the initial stages of disease, but detrimental at more advanced stages, as in the case of hepatocellular carcinoma. Finally, identifying biomarkers of autophagy and methods to monitor autophagic flux in vivo are important steps for the future development of personalized autophagy-targeting strategies. In this review, we provide an update on the regulatory role of autophagy in various aspects of liver pathophysiology, describing the different strategies to manipulate autophagy and discussing the potential to modulate autophagy as a therapeutic strategy in the context of liver diseases.
Collapse
|
41
|
Long non-coding RNA PVT1 promotes autophagy as ceRNA to target ATG3 by sponging microRNA-365 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gene 2019; 697:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
42
|
Jiang J, Chen S, Li K, Zhang C, Tan Y, Deng Q, Chai Y, Wang X, Chen G, Feng K, Zhang L, Xie CM, Ma K. Targeting autophagy enhances heat stress-induced apoptosis via the ATP-AMPK-mTOR axis for hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Hyperthermia 2019; 36:499-510. [PMID: 31007109 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2019.1600052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Jiang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Shihan Chen
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Kun Li
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yunhua Tan
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Qingsong Deng
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yuelong Chai
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Geng Chen
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Kai Feng
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Leida Zhang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Chuan-Ming Xie
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Kuansheng Ma
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Denk H, Stumptner C, Abuja PM, Zatloukal K. Sequestosome 1/p62-related pathways as therapeutic targets in hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:393-406. [PMID: 30987486 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1601703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein sequestosome 1/p62 (p62) plays a crucial role in vital complex and interacting signaling pathways in normal and neoplastic cells. P62 is involved in autophagy, defense against oxidative stress via activation of the Keap1/Nrf2 system, in protein aggregation and sequestration, and in apoptosis. Autophagy contributes to cell survival and proliferation by eliminating damaged organelles, potentially toxic protein aggregates and invading microorganisms, and by providing nutrients under starvation conditions. The same holds true for oxidative stress defense, which may prevent genomic alterations and tumor initiation but also protect established tumor cells and promote tumor progression. Cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis is regulated by a signaling network with the involvement of p62. Areas covered: The review deals with structure, function, and regulation of p62 and its role in liver carcinogenesis. Emphasis is placed on mechanisms leading to overexpression of p62 and its accumulation as inclusion bodies in HCC and on the impact of p62-dependent signaling pathways in tumor cells with the aim to explore the possible role of p62 as the therapeutic target. Expert opinion: Depending on the context, targeting p62 or interference with related pathways, such as autophagy, is a potential therapeutic strategy in HCC. However, the heterogeneity of this tumor entity and the complexity and mutual interactions of the p62-dependent pathways involved are challenges for a targeted therapy since interference with p62-mediated regulatory processes could result likewise in inhibition of tumorigenesis and in its promotion and thus provoke harmful side effects. Therapy-related patient stratification based on reliable markers to better define pathogenic principles of the tumor is a necessity when this type of treatment is considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Denk
- a Institute of Pathology , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Conny Stumptner
- a Institute of Pathology , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Peter M Abuja
- a Institute of Pathology , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- a Institute of Pathology , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Pottakkat B, Ashokachakkaravarthy K. Sorafenib resistance and autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma: A concealed threat. JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/jcrp.jcrp_6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
45
|
Peantum J, Kunanopparat A, Hirankarn N, Tangkijvanich P, Kimkong I. Autophagy Related-Protein 16-1 Up-Regulated in Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Impaired Apoptosis. Gastroenterology Res 2018; 11:404-410. [PMID: 30627263 PMCID: PMC6306113 DOI: 10.14740/gr1075w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as primary malignancy of the liver has become the most common type of cancer worldwide. HCC development is mainly caused by viruses, especially the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Autophagy is an important defense mechanism against virus infection; however, HBV promotes autophagy mediated by the HBx protein which stimulates its replication. The autophagy-related protein 16-1 (ATG16L1) binds to the ATG12-ATG5 conjugate and forms a large protein autophagosome complex. Previous studies indicated that the ATG12-ATG5 conjugate was involved in HBV-associated HCC. Therefore, the ATG16L1 protein might consistently relate to this condition. Methods Accordingly, the ATG16L1 protein expression was determined in tumor and non-tumor liver cell lines and liver tissue samples using immunoblotting, and also investigated in ATG16L1-knockdown cells to further clarify this function. Results Our results showed that the ATG16L1 protein was up-regulated in HepG2.2.15 and HepG2 cell lines compared to THLE-2 cells. This protein also increased in tumor liver tissues of HCC patients with HBV infection compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues. Silenced-ATG16L1 also significantly promoted apoptosis in HepG2 cells cultured in starvation conditions. Conclusions Findings suggested ATG16L1 as an important molecule involved in apoptosis processes for HCC cells. A more profound understanding is required regarding the mechanisms that link autophagy and apoptosis in HCC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaranai Peantum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Areerat Kunanopparat
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune Mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattiya Hirankarn
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune Mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pisit Tangkijvanich
- Research Unit of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ingorn Kimkong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fang Y, Chen S, Reis C, Zhang J. The Role of Autophagy in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: An Update. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1255-1266. [PMID: 28382869 PMCID: PMC6251055 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170406142631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is an extensive self-degradation process for the disposition of cytosolic aggregated or misfolded proteins and defective organelles which executes the functions of pro-survival and pro-death to maintain cellular homeostasis. The pathway plays essential roles in several neurological disorders. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating subtype of hemorrhagic stroke with high risk of neurological deficit and high mortality. Early brain injury (EBI) plays a role in the poor clinical course and outcome after SAH. Recent studies have paid attention on the role of the autophagy pathway in the development of EBI after SAH. We aim to update the multifaceted roles of autophagy pathway in the pathogenesis of SAH, especially in the phase of EBI. METHODS We reviewed early researches related to autophagy and SAH. The following three aspects of contents will be mainly discussed: the process of the autophagy pathway, the role of the autophagy in SAH and the interaction between organelle dysfunction and autophagy pathway after SAH. RESULTS Accumulating evidence shows an increased autophagy reaction in response to early stages of SAH. However, others suggest inadequate or excessive autophagy activation can result in cell injury and death. In addition to autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis can occur in neurons simultaneously after SAH, leading to mixed features of cell death morphologies. And it is also known that there is extensive crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis pathway. Subcellular organelles of neural cells generally participate in the formation and functional parts of autophagy process. CONCLUSION Autophagy plays an important role in the SAH-induced brain injury. A better understanding of the interrelationship among autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis might provide us better therapeutic targets for the treatment of SAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cesar Reis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mei Y, Liu H. IL-37: An anti-inflammatory cytokine with antitumor functions. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2018; 2:e1151. [PMID: 32935478 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-37 is a newly identified IL-1 family cytokine. Unlike other members in IL-1 family, IL-37 has been demonstrated to be an anti-inflammatory cytokine in many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. IL-37 is regarded as a dual-function cytokine as both the extracellular and intracellular IL-37 are biologically functional. Extracellular IL-37 can bind to IL-18Rα and IL-1R8 to form a triple complex, regulating the downstream STAT3 and PTEN signaling. Intracellular IL-37 can interact with Smad3, translocate into nucleus, and regulate downstream target gene expressions. Recently, the role of IL-37 in tumor development has been extensively studied. RECENT FINDINGS IL-37 has been found to play an antitumor role in various types of tumors, such as non-small cell lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma. Many mechanism studies have been carried out to elaborate the possible effects of IL-37 on tumor growth, immune responses, and tumor angiogenesis. More importantly, the function of IL-37 may be dependent on its concentration and receptor expression. It can form dimers at high concentrations to be inactivated, thus inhibiting its anti-inflammatory function. We focused on the role of IL-37 in various tumor types and provided the hypothesis regarding the underlying mechanisms. CONCLUSION IL-37 may affect tumor development through multiple mechanisms: (1) IL-37 directly influences tumor cell viability; (2) IL-37 regulates the immune response to promote the antitumor immunity; and (3) IL-37 suppresses tumor angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment. Future studies are warranted to further investigate the mechanisms of these multifaceted functions of IL-37 in animal models and cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mei
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Xu X, Tao Y, Shan L, Chen R, Jiang H, Qian Z, Cai F, Ma L, Yu Y. The Role of MicroRNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Cancer 2018; 9:3557-3569. [PMID: 30310513 PMCID: PMC6171016 DOI: 10.7150/jca.26350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers, leading to the second cancer-related death in the global. Although the treatment of HCC has greatly improved over the past few decades, the survival rate of patients is still quite low. Thus, it is urgent to explore new therapies, especially seek for more accurate biomarkers for early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis in HCC. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs, are pivotal participants and regulators in the development and progression of HCC. Great progress has been made in the studies of miRNAs in HCC. The key regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs include proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, drug resistance and autophagy in HCC. And exosomal miRNAs also play important roles in proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance in HCC by regulating gene expression in the target cells. In addition, some miRNAs, including exosomal miRNAs, can be as potential diagnostic and prediction markers in HCC. This review summarizes the latest researches development of miRNAs in HCC in recent years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, P.R. China
| | - Yuquan Tao
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, P.R. China
| | - Liang Shan
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, P.R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, P.R. China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, P.R. China
| | - Zijun Qian
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, P.R. China
| | - Feng Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, P.R. China
| | - Lifang Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, P.R. China
| | - Yongchun Yu
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, P.R. China
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Qin Z, Yu X, Lin M, Wu J, Ma S, Wang N. Prognostic and clinicopathological value of Beclin-1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol 2018; 16:170. [PMID: 30107804 PMCID: PMC6092876 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-018-1465-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The abnormal expression of Beclin-1 has recently been investigated in a variety of tumors. However, previous studies have obtained contradicting results regarding the clinical and prognostic value of Beclin-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We performed a meta-analysis to clarify the prognostic value of Beclin-1 and its correlations with clinical pathological parameters in HCC. Methods Relevant studies were systematically retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wan Fang and Chinese VIP databases. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) to estimate the quality of the involved studies. Results Ten eligible studies with 1086 HCC patients were included in this study. Our results showed that decreased Beclin-1 expression in HCC related to histological grade [poor-undifferentiated vs. well-moderate: odds ratio (OR) = 2.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.65–3.32, P < 0.00001]. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) (HR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.17–1.75, P = 0.0004) indicated that decreased Beclin-1 expression correlated with poor overall survival (OS). Conclusions This meta-analysis indicated that decreased Beclin-1 expression might relate to poor differentiation and unfavorable outcome in HCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12957-018-1465-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Qin
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjuan Yu
- Central Laboratories, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Lin
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinkun Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shupei Ma
- Department of Hematology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266011, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Auerbach SS, Xu M, Merrick BA, Hoenerhoff MJ, Phadke D, Taxman DJ, Shah R, Hong HHL, Ton TV, Kovi RC, Sills RC, Pandiri AR. Exome Sequencing of Fresh-frozen or Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded B6C3F1/N Mouse Hepatocellular Carcinomas Arising Either Spontaneously or due to Chronic Chemical Exposure. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:706-718. [PMID: 30045675 DOI: 10.1177/0192623318789398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide; however, the mutational properties of HCC-associated carcinogens remain largely uncharacterized. We hypothesized that mechanisms underlying chemical-induced HCC can be characterized by evaluating the mutational spectra of these tumors. To test this hypothesis, we performed exome sequencing of B6C3F1/N HCCs that arose either spontaneously in vehicle controls ( n = 3) or due to chronic exposure to gingko biloba extract (GBE; n = 4) or methyleugenol (MEG; n = 3). Most archived tumor samples are available as formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks, rather than fresh-frozen (FF) samples; hence, exome sequencing from paired FF and FFPE samples was compared. FF and FFPE samples showed 63% to 70% mutation concordance. Multiple known (e.g., Ctnnb1T41A, BrafV637E) and novel (e.g., Erbb4C559S, Card10A700V, and Klf11P358L) mutations in cancer-related genes were identified. The overall mutational burden was greater for MEG than for GBE or spontaneous HCC samples. To characterize the mutagenic mechanisms, we analyzed the mutational spectra in the HCCs according to their trinucleotide motifs. The MEG tumors clustered closest to Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer signatures 4 and 24, which are, respectively, associated with benzo(a)pyrene- and aflatoxin-induced HCCs in humans. These results establish a novel approach for classifying liver carcinogens and understanding the mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott S Auerbach
- 1 Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Miaofei Xu
- 1 Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - B Alex Merrick
- 1 Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark J Hoenerhoff
- 1 Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.,2 Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Dhiral Phadke
- 3 Sciome LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Debra J Taxman
- 3 Sciome LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ruchir Shah
- 3 Sciome LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hue-Hua L Hong
- 1 Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thai-Vu Ton
- 1 Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ramesh C Kovi
- 1 Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.,4 Experimental Pathology Laboratories Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert C Sills
- 1 Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Arun R Pandiri
- 1 Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|