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Thipe VC, Hall N, Pandurangi A, Ajayi S, Emeh P, Gauttam I, Ghamgui R, Hameedat F, Khelil S, Ly NK, Salim M, Waleed AS, Hegde P, Hegde V, Prakash D, Hegde I, Katti K, Raphael Karikachery A, Roger E, Landreau A, Katti KV. Nano-Ayurvedic Medicine Approaches Using Ginkgo biloba-Phytochemicals Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles Against Breast Cancer. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2024; 17:189-210. [PMID: 39346127 PMCID: PMC11430862 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s478533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Breast cancer is a significant global health issue, contributing to 15% of cancer-related deaths. Our laboratory has pioneered a novel approach, combining Ayurvedic principles with green nanotechnology, to develop a scientifically rigorous medical modality referred to as Nano-Ayurvedic Medicine, recently approved by the US Patents and Trademarks Office. Here in we report a new Nano-Ayurvedic medicine agent derived from gold nanoparticles encapsulated with phytochemicals from Ginkgo biloba plant (GB-AuNPs). Methods We have developed biocompatible gold nanoparticles using electron-rich phytochemicals from Ginkgo biloba as reducing agent cocktail. Ginkgo biloba phytochemical-encapsulated gold nanoparticles (GB-AuNPs) were fully characterized, and their anticancer activity, including immunomodulatory profiles, were evaluated against breast (MDAMB-231) cancer cell lines. Results Characterization revealed spherical morphology for GB-AuNPs and possessed optimum in vitro stability through high zeta potential of -34 mV for optimum in vivo stability. The core size of GB-AuNPs of 19 nm allows for penetration into tumor cells through both EPR effects as well as through the receptor-mediated endocytosis. The Antitumor efficacy of this nano-ayurvedic medicine agent revealed strong antitumor effects of GB-AuNPs towards MDAMB-231. Our investigations reveal that GB-AuNPs enhance anti-tumor cytokines (IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ) and reduce pro-tumor cytokines (IL-10, IL-6), promoting the conversion of protumor M2 macrophages into M1-like macrophage antitumor phenotype. Cellular studies show that GB-AuNPs offer superior anti-tumor efficacy and a better safety profile against breast tumors compared to cisplatin. Conclusion Our investigations have demonstrated that the nano-ayurvedic medicine agent, GB-AuNPs, treats cancers through an immunomodulatory mechanism facilitated by elevated levels of anti-tumor cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-12) with concomitant downregulation of pro-tumor cytokines expression (IL-6 and IL-10). The green nanotechnology approach for the development of nano-ayurvedic medicine agent (GB-AuNPs), as described in this paper, presents new and attractive opportunities for treating human cancers and other debilitating diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velaphi C Thipe
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Nya Hall
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Amoolya Pandurangi
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA
| | - Samuel Ajayi
- Pharmacy School, UNIV Angers, Angers, F-49000, France
| | - Prosper Emeh
- Pharmacy School, UNIV Angers, Angers, F-49000, France
| | - Iti Gauttam
- Pharmacy School, UNIV Angers, Angers, F-49000, France
| | - Rania Ghamgui
- Pharmacy School, UNIV Angers, Angers, F-49000, France
| | | | - Sihem Khelil
- Pharmacy School, UNIV Angers, Angers, F-49000, France
| | - Nhu Ky Ly
- Pharmacy School, UNIV Angers, Angers, F-49000, France
| | - Mahmoud Salim
- Pharmacy School, UNIV Angers, Angers, F-49000, France
| | | | - Prajna Hegde
- Kadamba Intrac Private Ltd, Bangalore, KA, 560011, India
| | - Vrushali Hegde
- Kadamba Intrac Private Ltd, Bangalore, KA, 560011, India
| | - Deepa Prakash
- Kadamba Intrac Private Ltd, Bangalore, KA, 560011, India
| | - Ilaadevi Hegde
- Kadamba Intrac Private Ltd, Bangalore, KA, 560011, India
| | - Kavita Katti
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | | | - Emilie Roger
- Pharmacy School, UNIV Angers, Angers, F-49000, France
- MINT, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Anne Landreau
- Pharmacy School, UNIV Angers, Angers, F-49000, France
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, IRF, SFR ICAT, Angers, F-49000France
| | - Kattesh V Katti
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Departments of Physics, Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
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Zhang M, Li Y, Han C, Chu S, Yu P, Cheng W. Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles with Green Tea for Inhibition of β-Amyloid Fibrillation Coupled with Ligands Analysis. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:4299-4317. [PMID: 38766654 PMCID: PMC11102095 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s451070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Inhibition of amyloid β protein fragment (Aβ) aggregation is considered to be one of the most effective strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been found to be effective in this regard; however, owing to its low bioavailability, nanodelivery is recommended for practical applications. Compared to chemical reduction methods, biosynthesis avoids possible biotoxicity and cumbersome preparation processes. Materials and Methods The interaction between EGCG and Aβ42 was simulated by molecular docking, and green tea-conjugated gold nanoparticles (GT-Au NPs) and EGCG-Au NPs were synthesized using EGCG-enriched green tea and EGCG solutions, respectively. Surface active molecules of the particles were identified and analyzed using various liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry methods. ThT fluorescence assay, circular dichroism, and TEM were used to investigate the effect of synthesized particles on the inhibition of Aβ42 aggregation. Results EGCG as well as apigenin, quercetin, baicalin, and glutathione were identified as capping ligands stabilized on the surface of GT-Au NPs. They more or less inhibited Aβ42 aggregation or promoted fibril disaggregation, with EGCG being the most effective, which bound to Aβ42 through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, etc. resulting in 39.86% and 88.50% inhibition of aggregation and disaggregation effects, respectively. EGCG-Au NPs were not as effective as free EGCG, whereas multiple thiols and polyphenols in green tea accelerated and optimized heavy metal detoxification. The synthesized GT-Au NPs conferred the efficacy of diverse ligands to the particles, with inhibition of aggregation and disaggregation effects of 54.69% and 88.75%, respectively, while increasing the yield, enhancing water solubility, and decreasing cost. Conclusion Biosynthesis of nanoparticles using green tea is a promising simple and economical drug-carrying approach to confer multiple pharmacophore molecules to Au NPs. This could be used to design new drug candidates to treat Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Zhang
- Mass Spectrometry Application Center, Tianjin Guoke Medical Technology Development Co., Ltd, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Mass Spectrometry Application Center, Tianjin Guoke Medical Technology Development Co., Ltd, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunli Han
- Mass Spectrometry Application Center, Shandong CAS Intelligent Manufacturing Medical Device Technology Co., Ltd, Zaozhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiying Chu
- Mass Spectrometry Application Center, Tianjin Guoke Medical Technology Development Co., Ltd, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Yu
- Mass Spectrometry Application Center, Tianjin Guoke Medical Technology Development Co., Ltd, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Cheng
- Mass Spectrometry Application Center, Tianjin Guoke Medical Technology Development Co., Ltd, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Benatti Justino A, Prado Bittar V, Luiza Borges A, Sol Peña Carrillo M, Sommerfeld S, Aparecida Cunha Araújo I, Maria da Silva N, Beatriz Fonseca B, Christine Almeida A, Salmen Espindola F. Curcumin-functionalized gold nanoparticles attenuate AAPH-induced acute cardiotoxicity via reduction of lipid peroxidation and modulation of antioxidant parameters in a chicken embryo model. Int J Pharm 2023; 646:123486. [PMID: 37802259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have gained considerable attention due to their biocompatibility, customizable optical properties and ease of synthesis. In this study, an environmentally friendly method was used for synthesize curcumin-functionalized AuNPs (AuNP-C). AuNP-C exhibited a spherical shape, uniformity, and an average diameter of 6 nm. The in vitro antioxidant activity was analyzed, and cytotoxicity properties of AuNP-C were assessed in fibroblast and macrophage cells. Additionally, the effects of AuNP-C on oxidative stress in chicken embryo liver and hearts were investigated. AuNP-C demonstrated potent free radical scavenging properties without exhibiting cytotoxicity and hepatotoxicity effects. Administration of 300 µg/mL of AuNP-C in chicken embryos, subjected to oxidative damage induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species levels in the cardiac tissue. Moreover, the activities of cardiac superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase were restored, accompanied by an increase in overall antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, at higher concentrations, AuNP-C normalized the reduced glutathione content. AuNP-C preserved the normal structure of blood vessels; however, it resulted in an increase in protein carbonylation. This study provides initial evidence for the modulation of antioxidant defense mechanisms by green-synthesized AuNPs and underscores the importance of investigating the in vivo safety of phytoantioxidant-functionalized nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allisson Benatti Justino
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil; Laboratory of New Nanostructured and Functional Materials, Physics Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil; Postgraduate Program of the Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Prado Bittar
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Borges
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
| | - María Sol Peña Carrillo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
| | - Simone Sommerfeld
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
| | | | - Neide Maria da Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
| | | | - Anielle Christine Almeida
- Laboratory of New Nanostructured and Functional Materials, Physics Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Brazil; Postgraduate Program of the Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Foued Salmen Espindola
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil.
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Karimi-Shahri M, Alalikhan A, Hashemian P, Hashemzadeh A, Javid H. The applications of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-nanogold conjugate in cancer therapy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:212001. [PMID: 36535007 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acaca3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer has recently increased the death toll worldwide owing to inadequate therapy and decreased drug bioavailability. Long-term and untargeted chemotherapeutic exposure causes toxicity to healthy cells and drug resistance. These challenges necessitate the development of new methods to increase drug efficacy. Nanotechnology is an emerging field in the engineering of new drug delivery platforms. The phytochemical epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the main component of green tea extract and its most bioactive component, offers novel approaches to cancer cell eradication. The current review focuses on the nanogold-based carriers containing EGCG, with an emphasis on the chemotherapeutic effects of EGCG in cancer treatment. The nanoscale vehicle may improve the EGCG solubility and bioavailability while overcoming constraints and cellular barriers. This article reviewed the phytochemical EGCG-based gold nanoplatforms and their major anticancer applications, both individually, and in combination therapy in a few cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Karimi-Shahri
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Abbas Alalikhan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pedram Hashemian
- Jahad Daneshgahi Research Committee, Jahad Daneshgahi Institute, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Hashemzadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Javid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Catechol Mediated Synthesis of Monometallic and Bimetallic Nanoparticles and Catalytic Efficiency of Monometallic Nanoparticles. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Green nanotechnology—An innovative pathway towards biocompatible and medically relevant gold nanoparticles. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhao Y, Shirasu T, Yodsanit N, Kent E, Ye M, Wang Y, Xie R, Gregg AC, Huang Y, Kent KC, Guo LW, Gong S, Wang B. Biomimetic, ROS-detonable nanoclusters - A multimodal nanoplatform for anti-restenotic therapy. J Control Release 2021; 338:295-306. [PMID: 34416322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The long-term success of endovascular intervention has long been overshadowed by vessel re-occlusion, also known as restenosis. Mainstream anti-restenotic devices, such as drug-eluting stent (DES) and drug-coated balloon (DCB), were recently shown with suboptimal performances and life-threatening complications, thereby underpinning the urgent need for alternative strategies with enhanced efficacy and safety profile. In our current study, we engineered a multimodal nanocluster formed by self-assembly of unimolecular nanoparticles and surface coated with platelet membrane, specifically tailored for precision drug delivery in endovascular applications. More specifically, it incorporates the combined merits of platelet membrane coating (lesion targetability and biocompatibility), reactive oxygen species (ROS)-detonable "cluster-bomb" chemistry (to trigger the large-to-small size transition at the target site, thereby achieving longer circulation time and higher tissue penetration), and sustained drug release. Using RVX-208 (an emerging anti-restenotic drug under clinical trials) as the model payload, we demonstrated the superior performances of our nanocluster over conventional poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticle. In cultured vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC), the drug-loaded nanocluster induced effective inhibition of proliferation and protective gene expression (e.g., APOA-I) with a significantly reduced dosage of RVX-208 (1 μM). In a rat model of balloon angioplasty, intravenous injection of Cy5.5-tagged nanocluster led to greater lesion targetability, improved biodistribution, and deeper penetration into injured vessel walls featuring enriched ROS. Moreover, in contrast to either free drug solution or drug-loaded PLGA nanoparticle formulation, a single injection with the drug-loaded nanocluster (10 mg/kg of RVX-208) was sufficient to substantially mitigate restenosis. Additionally, this nanocluster also demonstrated biocompatibility according to in vitro cytotoxicity assay and in vivo histological and tissue qPCR analysis. Overall, our multimodal nanocluster offers improved targetability, tissue penetration, and ROS-responsive release over conventional nanoparticles, therefore making it a highly promising platform for development of next-generation endovascular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Takuro Shirasu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Nisakorn Yodsanit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Eric Kent
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Mingzhou Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Yuyuan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Ruosen Xie
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.; Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | | | - Yitao Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.; The Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - K Craig Kent
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA..
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA..
| | - Shaoqin Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.; Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA..
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA..
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Sani A, Cao C, Cui D. Toxicity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs): A review. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100991. [PMID: 33912692 PMCID: PMC8063742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles are a kind of nanomaterials that have received great interest in field of biomedicine due to their electrical, mechanical, thermal, chemical and optical properties. With these great potentials came the consequence of their interaction with biological tissues and molecules which presents the possibility of toxicity. This paper aims to consolidate and bring forward the studies performed that evaluate the toxicological aspect of AuNPs which were categorized into in vivo and in vitro studies. Both indicate to some extent oxidative damage to tissues and cell lines used in vivo and in vitro respectively with the liver, spleen and kidney most affected. The outcome of these review showed small controversy but however, the primary toxicity and its extent is collectively determined by the characteristics, preparations and physicochemical properties of the NPs. Some studies have shown that AuNPs are not toxic, though many other studies contradict this statement. In order to have a holistic inference, more studies are required that will focus on characterization of NPs and changes of physical properties before and after treatment with biological media. So also, they should incorporate controlled experiment which includes supernatant control Since most studies dwell on citrate or CTAB-capped AuNPs, there is the need to evaluate the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of functionalized AuNPs with their surface composition which in turn affects their toxicity. Functionalizing the NPs surface with more peculiar ligands would however help regulate and detoxify the uptake of these NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sani
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - C. Cao
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - D. Cui
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
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Sibuyi NRS, Thipe VC, Panjtan-Amiri K, Meyer M, Katti KV. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Acai berry and Elderberry extracts and investigation of their effect on prostate and pancreatic cancer cells. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2021; 8:1849543521995310. [PMID: 33643450 PMCID: PMC7894693 DOI: 10.1177/1849543521995310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Green nanotechnology has drawn major attention because of its ecofriendly and economical biosynthetic protocols. Synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using plant secondary metabolites is considered as a safer and cheaper option. Plants contain phytochemicals that has been used traditionally for treatment of various diseases, and proved to be non-toxic to healthy tissues. These phytochemicals play an important role in bio-reduction processes as reducing and stabilizing agents, and renders NPs selective toxicity towards diseased tissues. The study reports on the synthesis of AuNPs using Acai berry (AB) and Elderberry (EB) extracts and their anti-cancer properties. Formation of berry-AuNPs was confirmed through measurement of physico-chemical properties. The stability of the AuNPs was tested in biocompatible solutions. Anti-cancer activity of berry extracts and AuNPs was evaluated on the prostate (PC-3) and pancreatic (Panc-1) cancer cells. The berry extracts did not show toxicity to the cells, except for AB extracts on PC-3 cells at higher concentrations. The berry-AuNPs showed potential anti-cancer activities, and these effects could be further exploited for treatment of both the prostate and pancreatic cancers. Further studies are required to study the NP mechanism of action and specificity, as well as identify the phytochemicals involved in the synthesis of AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Remaliah Samantha Sibuyi
- Department of Science and Technology, Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (DST/Mintek NIC), Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Velaphi Clement Thipe
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology and Cancer Nanotechnology, Department of Radiology, Missouri University, Columbia, USA
| | - Kiandokht Panjtan-Amiri
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology and Cancer Nanotechnology, Department of Radiology, Missouri University, Columbia, USA
| | - Mervin Meyer
- Department of Science and Technology, Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (DST/Mintek NIC), Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kattesh V Katti
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology and Cancer Nanotechnology, Department of Radiology, Missouri University, Columbia, USA
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P38 MAPK and Nrf2 Activation Mediated Naked Gold Nanoparticle Induced Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Rat Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:388-396. [PMID: 32409143 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is mainly regulated by the redox-sensitive transcription factor, namely nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). We previously found a physically-made gold nanoparticle (GNP) can affect migration, adhesion, and proliferation of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). This study was sought to investigate whether the GNP can affect HO-1 expression level in VSMCs. METHODS Cellular fractionation, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence microscopy were used to determine Nrf2 translocation and phosphorylation. SiRNA interference was used to examine role of Nrf2 in GNP-induced HO-1 expression. RESULTS The GNP concentration- and time-dependently enhanced HO-1 protein and mRNA expression; however, the mRNA induction was declined after 16 h treatment. The GNP treatment caused Nrf2 expression level and phosphorylation. In addition, it induced cytosolic Nrf2 translocation into nucleus. The HO-1 induction was inhibited by a ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC), thiol-containing antioxidants (glutathione [GSH] and dithiothreitol [DTT]), JNK and p38 MAPK inhibitors, and nuclear transport inhibitor leptomycin. Meanwhile, the GNP-induced Nrf2 translocation (activation) was also reduced by NAC, JNK and p38 MAPK inhibitors, and nuclear transport inhibitor. Intriguingly, the GNP only enhanced activation of p38 MAPK but not JNK1/2. Finally, introduction of Nrf2 siRNA to cells to knockdown Nrf2 expression significantly inhibited GNP-induced HO-1 protein expression. CONCLUSIONS This study elucidates the action mechanism that the naked physically-made GNP can enhance HO-1 expression in rat aortic VSMCs by inducing Nrf2 expression and phosphorylation and translocation into nucleus. The Nrf2 activation is mediated through a redox-related reaction and p38 MAPK activation.
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Khoobchandani M, Katti KK, Karikachery AR, Thipe VC, Srisrimal D, Dhurvas Mohandoss DK, Darshakumar RD, Joshi CM, Katti KV. New Approaches in Breast Cancer Therapy Through Green Nanotechnology and Nano-Ayurvedic Medicine - Pre-Clinical and Pilot Human Clinical Investigations. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:181-197. [PMID: 32021173 PMCID: PMC6970107 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s219042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The overarching objective of this investigation was to investigate the intervention of green nanotechnology to transform the ancient holistic Ayurvedic medicine scientifically credible through reproducible formulations and rigorous pre-clinical/clinical evaluations. METHODS We provide, herein, full details: (i) on the discovery and full characterization of gold nanoparticles-based Nano Swarna Bhasma (henceforth referred to as NSB drug); (ii) In vitro anti-tumor properties of NSB drug in breast tumor cells; (iii) pre-clinical therapeutic efficacy studies of NSB drug in breast tumor bearing SCID mice through oral delivery protocols and (iv) first results of clinical translation, from mice to human breast cancer patients, through pilot human clinical trials, conducted according to the Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (abbreviated as AYUSH) regulatory guidelines of the Government of India in metastatic breast cancer patients. RESULTS The preclinical in vitro and in vivo investigations, in breast tumor bearing mice, established unequivocally that the NSB Nano-Ayurvedic medicine-gold nanoparticles-based drug is highly effective in controlling the growth of breast tumors in a dose dependent fashion in vivo. These encouraging pre-clinical results prompted us to seek permission from the Indian Government's holistic medicine approval authority, AYUSH, for conducting clinical trials in human patients. Patients treated with the NSB drug capsules along with the "standard of care treatment" (Arm B) exhibited 100% clinical benefits when compared to patients in the treatment Arm A, thus indicating the tremendous clinical benefits of NSB drug in adjuvant therapy. CONCLUSION We have succeeded in clinically translating, from mice to humans, in using proprietary combinations of gold nanoparticles and phytochemicals to develop the Nano-Ayurvedic drug: Nano Swarna Bhasma (NSB), through innovative green nanotechnology, for treating human metastatic breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menka Khoobchandani
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65212, USA
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65212, USA
| | - Kavita K Katti
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65212, USA
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65212, USA
| | - Alice Raphael Karikachery
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65212, USA
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65212, USA
| | - Velaphi C Thipe
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65212, USA
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65212, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kattesh V Katti
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65212, USA
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65212, USA
- Department of Physics, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65212, USA
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MOSTAFA SHADYM, GAMAL-ELDEEN AMIRAM, MAKSOUD NABILAABDEL, FAHMI ABDELGAWADA. Epigallocatechin gallate-capped gold nanoparticles enhanced the tumor suppressors let-7a and miR-34a in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 92:e20200574. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020200574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- SHADY M. MOSTAFA
- National Research Centre, Egypt; National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - AMIRA M. GAMAL-ELDEEN
- National Research Centre, Egypt; National Research Centre, Egypt; Taif University, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Dykman LA, Khlebtsov NG. Gold nanoparticles in chemo-, immuno-, and combined therapy: review [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3152-3182. [PMID: 31467774 PMCID: PMC6706047 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with controlled geometrical and optical properties have been the subject of intense research and biomedical applications. This review summarizes recent data and topical problems in nanomedicine that are related to the use of variously sized, shaped, and structured GNPs. We focus on three topical fields in current nanomedicine: (1) use of GNP-based nanoplatforms for the targeted delivery of anticancer and antimicrobial drugs and of genes; (2) GNP-based cancer immunotherapy; and (3) combined chemo-, immuno-, and phototherapy. We present a summary of the available literature data and a short discussion of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Dykman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov 410049, Russia
| | - N G Khlebtsov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov 410049, Russia
- Saratov National Research State University, 83 Ulitsa Astrakhanskaya, Saratov 410012, Russia
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14
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Nanotherapies for Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease: A Case for Antioxidant Targeted Delivery. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 7:47-60. [PMID: 31396435 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-019-00196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Cardiovascular disease (CVD) involves a broad range of clinical manifestations resulting from a dysfunctional vascular system. Overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are causally implicated in the severity of vascular dysfunction and CVD. Antioxidant therapy is an attractive avenue for treatment of CVD associated pathologies. Implementation of targeted nano-antioxidant therapies has the potential to overcome hurdles associated with systemic delivery of antioxidants. This review examines the currently available options for nanotherapeutic targeting CVD, and explores successful studies showcasing targeted nano-antioxidant therapy. Recent Findings Active targeting strategies in the context of CVD heavily focus on immunotargeting to inflammatory markers like cell adhesion molecules, or to exposed extracellular matrix components. Targeted antioxidant nanotherapies have found success in pre-clinical studies. Summary This review underscores the potential of targeted nanocarriers as means of finding success translating antioxidant therapies to the clinic, all with a focus on CVD.
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15
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Dykman LA, Khlebtsov NG. Methods for chemical synthesis of colloidal gold. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Yang QQ, Wei XL, Fang YP, Gan RY, Wang M, Ge YY, Zhang D, Cheng LZ, Corke H. Nanochemoprevention with therapeutic benefits: An updated review focused on epigallocatechin gallate delivery. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:1243-1264. [PMID: 30799648 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1565490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a natural phenolic compound found in many plants, especially in green tea, which is a popular and restorative beverage with many claimed health benefits such as antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity activities. Despite its great curative potential, the poor bioavailability of EGCG restricts its clinical applcation. However, nanoformulations of EGCG are emerging as new alternatives to traditional formulations. This review focuses on the nanochemopreventive applications of various EGCG nanoparticles such as lipid-based, polymer-based, carbohydrate-based, protein-based, and metal-based nanoparticles. EGCG hybridized with these nanocarriers is capable of achieving advanced functions such as targeted release, active targeting, and enhanced penetration, ultimately increasing the bioavailability of EGCG. In addition, this review also summarizes the challenges for the use of EGCG in therapeutic applications, and suggests future directions for progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong-Qiong Yang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Lin Wei
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Peng Fang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Ying Ge
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Zeng Cheng
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Harold Corke
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Katti KV, Khoobchandani M, Thipe VC, Al-Yasiri AY, Katti KK, Loyalka SK, Sakr TM, Lugão AB. Prostate tumor therapy advances in nuclear medicine: green nanotechnology toward the design of tumor specific radioactive gold nanoparticles. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Lo HM, Ma MC, Shieh JM, Chen HL, Wu WB. Naked physically synthesized gold nanoparticles affect migration, mitochondrial activity, and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:3163-3176. [PMID: 29881271 PMCID: PMC5985769 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s156880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play an important role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis and vascular injuries in terms of proliferation and migration. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-migratory and proliferative effects of naked gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on VSMCs. Materials and methods One set of physically synthesized AuNPs (pAuNPs) and three sets of chemically synthesized AuNPs (cAuNPs) were tested. Results and discussion Among them, the pAuNPs were found to significantly and markedly inhibit platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced VSMC migration. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the pAuNPs were ingested and aggregated in the cytoplasm at an early stage of treatment, while the viability of VSMCs was not affected within 24 hours of treatment. The pAuNP treatment enhanced cellular mitochondrial activity but inhibited basal and PDGF-induced VSMC proliferation, as determined by MTT, WST-1, and BrdU cell proliferation assays. Furthermore, the pAuNPs did not interfere with PDGF signaling or matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression/activity. Unlike the cAuNPs, the pAuNPs could markedly reduce VSMC adhesion to collagen, which was supported by the findings that the pAuNPs could inhibit collagen-induced tyrosine protein and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation and actin cytoskeleton reorganization during cell adhesion. The in vitro effects of the pAuNPs were confirmed in the in vivo rat balloon-injured carotid artery model by diminishing the proliferating VSMCs. Conclusion Taken together, the present study provides the first evidence that naked pAuNPs can reduce VSMC migration and compromise cell adhesion by affecting FAK and tyrosine-protein activation. The pAuNPs also have an inhibitory effect on PDGF-induced VSMC proliferation and can reduce proliferating/migrating VSMC expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Ming Lo
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chieh Ma
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Min Shieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Recreation and Healthcare Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Chen
- Holistic Education Center, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Wu
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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19
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Bayford R, Rademacher T, Roitt I, Wang SX. Emerging applications of nanotechnology for diagnosis and therapy of disease: a review. Physiol Meas 2017; 38:R183-R203. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aa7182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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20
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Therapeutic Potential of Epigallocatechin Gallate Nanodelivery Systems. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5813793. [PMID: 28791306 PMCID: PMC5534279 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5813793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the society is facing a large health problem with the rising of new diseases, including cancer, heart diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and obesity. Thus, it is important to invest in substances that enhance the health of the population. In this context, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a flavonoid found in many plants, especially in tea. Several studies support the notion that EGCG has several benefits in fighting cancer, heart diseases, diabetes, and obesity, among others. Nevertheless, the poor intestinal absorbance and instability of EGCG constitute the main drawback to use this molecule in prevention and therapy. The encapsulation of EGCG in nanocarriers leads to its enhanced stability and higher therapeutic effects. A comprehensive review of studies currently available on the encapsulation of EGCG by means of nanocarriers will be addressed.
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21
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Al-Yasiri AY, Khoobchandani M, Cutler CS, Watkinson L, Carmack T, Smith CJ, Kuchuk M, Loyalka SK, Lugão AB, Katti KV. Mangiferin functionalized radioactive gold nanoparticles (MGF-198AuNPs) in prostate tumor therapy: green nanotechnology for production, in vivo tumor retention and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:14561-14571. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00383h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report here production of MGF-198AuNPs and its application for prostate tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Y. Al-Yasiri
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Institute (NSEI)
- University of Missouri
- Columbia
- USA
| | - M. Khoobchandani
- Department of Radiology
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology
- University of Missouri
- One Hospital Drive
- Columbia
| | - C. S. Cutler
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Institute (NSEI)
- University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR)
- University of Missouri
- Columbia
- USA
| | - L. Watkinson
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital
- University of Missouri
- One Hospital Drive
- Columbia
- USA
| | - T. Carmack
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital
- University of Missouri
- One Hospital Drive
- Columbia
- USA
| | - C. J. Smith
- Department of Radiology
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital
- University of Missouri
- One Hospital Drive
- Columbia
| | - M. Kuchuk
- University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR)
- University of Missouri
- One Hospital Drive
- Columbia
- USA
| | - S. K. Loyalka
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Institute (NSEI)
- University of Missouri
- Columbia
- USA
| | - A. B. Lugão
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute – IPEN/CNEN/Sao Paulo
- Brazil
| | - K. V. Katti
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Institute (NSEI)
- Department of Radiology
- Institute of Green Nanotechnology
- University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital
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Machado-Pereira M, Santos T, Bernardino L, Ferreira R. Vascular inter-regulation of inflammation: molecular and cellular targets for CNS therapy. J Neurochem 2016; 140:692-702. [PMID: 27925201 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and inflammation are clearly interconnected and interdependent processes that are dysregulated in a series of systemic and brain pathologies. Herein, key aspects regarding endothelial cell function and tissue remodelling that are particularly affected or aggravated by inflammation are presented. Most importantly, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the vascular regulation of the inflammatory processes occurring in several brain disorders and how they impact on disease/injury progression are detailed, highlighting potential targets for therapy. Finally, nanomedicine-based approaches designed to overcome limitations pertaining to low systemic bioavailability, light, pH and temperature sensitivity and/or rapid degradation of these targets, and to optimize their mode of action are discussed. Ultimately, we expect this review to provide new insight and to suggest novel approaches for the treatment of blood-brain barrier dysfunction per se or as a means to treat the injured or diseased central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Machado-Pereira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Santos
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ferreira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d'Ávila e Bolama, Covilhã, Portugal
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