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Li R, Wang Y, Liu Y, Li D, Tian Y, Liu X, Kang X, Li Z. Effects of SLC45A2 and GPNMB on Melanin Deposition Based on Transcriptome Sequencing in Chicken Feather Follicles. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2608. [PMID: 37627399 PMCID: PMC10451703 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As an essential genetic and economic trait, chicken feather color has long been an important research topic. To further understand the mechanism of melanin deposition associated with coloration in chicken feathers, we selected feather follicle tissues from the neck and wings of chickens with differently colored feathers (yellow, sub-Columbian, and silver) for transcriptome analysis. We focused on genes that were expressed in both the wings and neck and were expressed with the same trends in breeds with two different plumage colors, specifically, SLC45A2, GPNMB, MLPH, TYR, KIT, WNT11, and FZD1. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed the DEGs were enriched in melanin-related pathways, such as tyrosine metabolic pathway and melanogenesis, and PPI analysis highlighted the genes SLC45A2 and GPNMB as associated with melanin deposition. Verification experiments in chicken melanocytes demonstrated that these two genes promote melanocyte melanin deposition. These data enrich our knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate chicken feather color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (R.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (D.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yanxing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (R.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (D.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (R.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (D.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Donghua Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (R.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (D.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (R.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (D.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (R.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (D.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (R.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (D.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Zhuanjian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (R.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (D.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Sangkaew O, Prombutara P, Roytrakul S, Yompakdee C. Metatranscriptomics Reveals Sequential Expression of Genes Involved in the Production of Melanogenesis Inhibitors by the Defined Microbial Species in Fermented Unpolished Black Rice. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0313922. [PMID: 36861996 PMCID: PMC10100879 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03139-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermented products require metabolic enzymes from the microbial community for desired final products. Using a metatranscriptomic approach, the role of microorganisms in fermented products on producing compounds with a melanogenesis inhibition activity has not yet been reported. Previously, unpolished black rice (UBR) fermented with the E11 starter containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, Rhizopus oryzae, and Pediococcus pentosaceus (FUBR) showed potent melanogenesis inhibition activity. This study aimed to investigate the function of these defined microbial species in producing melanogenesis inhibitors in the FUBR using a metatranscriptomic approach. The melanogenesis inhibition activity increased in a fermentation time-dependent manner. Genes related to melanogenesis inhibitors synthesis such as carbohydrate metabolism, amino acids synthesis, fatty acids/unsaturated fatty acids synthesis, and carbohydrate transporters were analyzed. Most genes from R. oryzae and P. pentosaceus were upregulated in the early stage of the fermentation process, while those of S. cerevisiae and S. fibuligera were upregulated in the late stage. FUBR production using different combinations of the four microbial species shows that all species were required to produce the highest activity. The FUBR containing at least R. oryzae and/or P. pentosaceus exhibited a certain level of activity. These findings were in agreement with the metatranscriptomic results. Overall, the results suggested that all four species sequentially and/or coordinately synthesized metabolites during the fermentation that led to a FUBR with maximum melanogenesis inhibition activity. This study not only sheds light on crucial functions of certain microbial community on producing the melanogenesis inhibitors, but also paves the way to initiate quality improvement of melanogenesis inhibition activity in the FUBR. IMPORTANCE Fermentation of food is a metabolic process through the action of enzymes from certain microorganisms. Although roles of the microbial community in the fermented food were investigated using metatranscriptomic approach in terms of flavors, but no study has been reported so far on the function of the microorganisms on producing compounds with a melanogenesis inhibition activity. Therefore, this study explained the roles of the defined microorganisms from the selected starter in the fermented unpolished black rice (FUBR) that can produce melanogenesis inhibitor(s) using metatranscriptomic analysis. Genes from different species were upregulated at different fermentation time. All four microbial species in the FUBR sequentially and/or coordinately synthesized metabolites during fermentation that led to a FUBR with maximal melanogenesis inhibition activity. This finding contributes to a deeper understanding of the roles of certain microbial community during fermentation and led to the knowledge-based improvement for the fermented rice with potent melanogenesis inhibition activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orrarat Sangkaew
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pinidphon Prombutara
- Omics Science & Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Chulee Yompakdee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
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Miglitol, an Oral Antidiabetic Drug, Downregulates Melanogenesis in B16F10 Melanoma Cells through the PKA, MAPK, and GSK3β/β-Catenin Signaling Pathways. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010115. [PMID: 36615308 PMCID: PMC9822252 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation is a common condition that causes darker spots or patches on the skin, which often look brown, black, gray, red, or pink. This results in unresolved psychological impact due to high anxiety, depression, and somatoform disorder. We aimed to repurpose an antidiabetic drug, miglitol, as an effective compound against hyperpigmentation when applied as a cosmeceutical agent. The present study investigated the antimelanogenic effects of miglitol and the trehalase inhibitor validamycin A. Miglitol in isolation exhibited no cytotoxicity and significantly reduced the melanin production and intracellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 melanoma cells. The Western blotting results showed that miglitol reduces the expression of melanogenic regulatory factors, including tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, TRP-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Mechanistically, miglitol appears to suppress melanin synthesis through cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)-dependent downregulation of MITF, a master transcription factor in melanogenesis. The antimelanogenic effects of miglitol was mediated by downregulation of the p38 signaling pathway and upregulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Moreover, miglitol decreases P-GSK3β and β-catenin levels compared to those in the untreated group. However, miglitol activated P-β-catenin expression compared to that in the untreated group. Finally, we tested the potential of miglitol in topical application through primary human skin irritation tests on the normal skin (upper back) of 33 volunteers. In these assays, miglitol (125 and 250 μM) did not induce any adverse reactions. Taken together, these findings suggest that the regulation of melanogenesis by miglitol may be mediated by the PKA, MAPK, and GSK3β/β-Catenin signaling pathways and that miglitol might provide new insights into drug repurposing for the treatment of hyperpigmentation symptoms.
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Application of Carrageenan extract from red seaweed (Rhodophyta) in cosmetic products: A review. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Human milk oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose promotes melanin degradation via the autophagic AMPK-ULK1 signaling axis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13983. [PMID: 35977966 PMCID: PMC9385628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17896-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There is still an unmet need for development of safer antimelanogenic or melanin-degrading agents for skin hyperpigmentation, induced by intrinsic or extrinsic factors including aging or ultraviolet irradiation. Owing to the relatively low cytotoxicity compared with other chemical materials, several studies have explored the role of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), the most dominant component of human milk oligosaccharides. Here, we showed that 2'-FL reduced melanin levels in both melanocytic cells and a human skin equivalent three-dimensional in vitro model. Regarding the cellular and molecular mechanism, 2'-FL induced LC3I conversion into LC3II, an autophagy activation marker, followed by the formation of LC3II+/PMEL+ autophagosomes. Comparative transcriptome analysis provided a comprehensive understanding for the up- and downstream cellular processes and signaling pathways of the AMPK–ULK1 signaling axis triggered by 2'-FL treatment. Moreover, 2'-FL activated the phosphorylation of AMPK at Thr172 and of ULK1 at Ser555, which were readily reversed in the presence of dorsomorphin, a specific AMPK inhibitor, with consequent reduction of the 2'-FL-mediated hypopigmentation. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that 2'-FL promotes melanin degradation by inducing autophagy through the AMPK–ULK1 axis. Hence, 2'-FL may represent a new natural melanin-degrading agent for hyperpigmentation.
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Brito S, Baek JM, Cha B, Heo H, Lee SH, Lei L, Jung SY, Lee SM, Lee SH, Kwak BM, Chae S, Lee MG, Bin BH. Nicotinamide mononucleotide reduces melanin production in aged melanocytes by inhibiting cAMP/Wnt signaling. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 106:159-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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7
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Lee S, Park HO, Yoo W. Anti-Melanogenic and Antioxidant Effects of Cell-Free Supernatant from Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040788. [PMID: 35456838 PMCID: PMC9027439 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the use of cell-free supernatant of probiotics culture for nutritional and functional applications. In this study, we investigated the effect of the cell-free supernatant from Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 (CFS) on anti-melanogenesis and reducing oxidative stress in B16-F10 murine melanoma cells and HaCaT human keratinocytes. Treatment with CFS significantly inhibited the production of extracellular and intracellular melanin without cytotoxicity during melanogenesis induced by the α-MSH in B16-F10 cells. The CFS dramatically reduced tyrosinase activity and the melanogenesis-related gene expression. Further, it showed antioxidative effects in a dose-dependent manner in DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assays and significantly increased the mRNA levels of HO-1 and CAT in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, the CFS increased HO-1 and anti-oxidative-related gene expression during H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT cells. Together, this study suggests that the CFS reduces hyperpigmentation and inhibits oxidative stress, and thus can be used as a potential skincare product in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Lee
- AceBiome Inc., Seoul 06164, Korea; (S.L.); (H.-O.P.)
- R&D Center, AceBiome Inc., Daejeon 34013, Korea
| | - Han-Oh Park
- AceBiome Inc., Seoul 06164, Korea; (S.L.); (H.-O.P.)
- R&D Center, AceBiome Inc., Daejeon 34013, Korea
- siRNAgen Therapeutics, Daejeon 34302, Korea
- Bioneer Corporation, Daejeon 34302, Korea
| | - Wonbeak Yoo
- AceBiome Inc., Seoul 06164, Korea; (S.L.); (H.-O.P.)
- R&D Center, AceBiome Inc., Daejeon 34013, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-335-6020
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Liu Y, Chi W, Tao L, Wang G, Deepak RK, Sheng L, Chen T, Feng Y, Cao X, Cheng L, Zhao X, Liu X, Deng H, Fan H, Jiang P, Chen L. Ablation of H+/glucose Exporter SLC45A2 Enhances Melanosomal Glycolysis to Inhibit Melanin Biosynthesis and Promote Melanoma Metastasis. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2744-2755.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Identification of Sitogluside as a Potential Skin-Pigmentation-Reducing Agent through Network Pharmacology. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:4883398. [PMID: 34603597 PMCID: PMC8483913 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4883398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) with skin-whitening properties have been recorded in the Ben-Cao-Gang-Mu and in folk prescriptions, and some literature confirms that their extracts do have the potential to inhibit pigmentation. However, no systematic studies have identified the specific regulatory mechanisms of the potential active ingredients. The aim of this study was to screen the ingredients in TCMs that inhibit skin pigmentation through a network pharmacology system and to explore underlying mechanisms. We identified 148 potential active ingredients from 14 TCMs, and based on the average “degree” of the topological parameters, the top five TCMs (Fructus Ligustri Lucidi, Hedysarum multijugum Maxim., Ampelopsis japonica, Pseudobulbus Cremastrae Seu Pleiones, and Paeoniae Radix Alba) that were most likely to cause skin-whitening through anti-inflammatory processes were selected. Sitogluside, the most common ingredient in the top five TCMs, inhibits melanogenesis in human melanoma cells (MNT1) and murine melanoma cells (B16F0) and decreases skin pigmentation in zebrafish. Furthermore, mechanistic research revealed that sitogluside is capable of downregulating tyrosinase (TYR) expression by inhibiting the ERK and p38 pathways and inhibiting TYR activity. These results demonstrate that network pharmacology is an effective tool for the discovery of natural compounds with skin-whitening properties and determination of their possible mechanisms. Sitogluside is a novel skin-whitening active ingredient with dual regulatory effects that inhibit TYR expression and activity.
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Kalasariya HS, Yadav VK, Yadav KK, Tirth V, Algahtani A, Islam S, Gupta N, Jeon BH. Seaweed-Based Molecules and Their Potential Biological Activities: An Eco-Sustainable Cosmetics. Molecules 2021; 26:5313. [PMID: 34500745 PMCID: PMC8434260 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amongst the countless marine organisms, seaweeds are considered as one of the richest sources of biologically active ingredients having powerful biological activities. Seaweeds or marine macroalgae are macroscopic multicellular eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms and have the potential to produce a large number of valuable compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids, phenolic compounds, pigments, etc. Since it is a prominent source of bioactive constituents, it finds diversified industrial applications viz food and dairy, pharmaceuticals, medicinal, cosmeceutical, nutraceutical, etc. Moreover, seaweed-based cosmetic products are risen up in their demands by the consumers, as they see them as a promising alternative to synthetic cosmetics. Normally it contains purified biologically active compounds or extracts with several compounds. Several seaweed ingredients that are useful in cosmeceuticals are known to be effective alternatives with significant benefits. Many seaweeds' species demonstrated skin beneficial activities, such as antioxidant, anti-melanogenesis, antiaging, photoprotection, anti-wrinkle, moisturizer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant properties, as well as certain antimicrobial activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities. This review presents applications of bioactive molecules derived from marine algae as a potential substitute for its current applications in the cosmetic industry. The biological activities of carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic compounds and pigments are discussed as safe sources of ingredients for the consumer and cosmetic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haresh S. Kalasariya
- Microbiology Department, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar 384315, Gujarat, India
| | - Virendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Engineering, River Engineering Pvt. Ltd., Ecotech Phase III, Greater Noida 110042, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal 462044, Madhya Pradesh, India;
| | - Vineet Tirth
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Asir, Saudi Arabia; (V.T.); (A.A.)
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University Guraiger, Abha 61413, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Algahtani
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Asir, Saudi Arabia; (V.T.); (A.A.)
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University Guraiger, Abha 61413, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saiful Islam
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Asir, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Neha Gupta
- Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi 284128, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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11
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Broadening the Catalytic Role of Enzymes in Cosmeceutical Sector: A Robust Tool from White Biotechnology. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03678-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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12
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Homma T, Kageyama S, Nishikawa A, Nagata K. Anti-melanogenic activity of salacinol by inhibition of tyrosinase oligosaccharide processing. J Biochem 2021; 167:503-511. [PMID: 31883005 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation that manifests through melasma and solar lentigo (age spots), although mostly harmless for health, bothers many people. Controlling the rate-limiting activity of tyrosinase is most effective for suppressing excessive melanin formation and accordingly recent research has focused on the maturation of tyrosinase. Salacia, a medicinal plant, has been used to treat diabetes in India and Sri Lanka. Salacia extract reportedly contains components that inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase. Salacinol, the active ingredient in Salacia extract, has unique thiosugar sulphonium sulphate inner salt structure. Here, we observed that the salacinol component of Salacia extract possesses anti-melanogenic activity in comparison to various existing whitening agents. Although the anti-melanogenic mechanism of salacinol is presumably medicated by inhibition of tyrosinase activity, which is often found in existing whitening agents, salacinol did not inhibit tyrosinase activity in vitro. Analysis of the intracellular state of tyrosinase showed a decrease in the mature tyrosinase form due to inhibition of N-linked oligosaccharide processing. Salacinol inhibited the processing glucosidase I/II, which are involved in the initial stage of N-linked glycosylation. Owing to high activity, low cytotoxicity and high hydrophilicity, salacinol is a promising candidate compound in whitening agents aimed for external application on skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Homma
- Pharmaceutical & Healthcare Research Laboratories, FUJIFILM Inc., 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-Machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 258-8577, Japan.,Department of Applied Life Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kageyama
- Pharmaceutical & Healthcare Research Laboratories, FUJIFILM Inc., 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-Machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 258-8577, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishikawa
- Department of Applied Life Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kozo Nagata
- Pharmaceutical & Healthcare Research Laboratories, FUJIFILM Inc., 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-Machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 258-8577, Japan
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Wiriyasermkul P, Moriyama S, Nagamori S. Membrane transport proteins in melanosomes: Regulation of ions for pigmentation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183318. [PMID: 32333855 PMCID: PMC7175901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanosomes are unique organelles in melanocytes that produce melanin, the pigment for skin, hair, and eye color. Tyrosinase is the essential and rate-limiting enzyme for melanin production, that strictly requires neutral pH for activity. pH maintenance is a result of the combinational function of multiple ion transport proteins. Thus, ion homeostasis in melanosomes is crucial for melanin synthesis. Defect of the ion transport system causes various pigmentation phenotypes, from mild effect to severe disorders such as albinism. In this review, we summarize the up-to-date knowledge of the ion transport system, such as transport function, structure, and the physiological roles and mechanisms of the ion transport proteins in melanosomes. In addition, we propose a model of melanosomal ion transport system-how the functional coupling of multiple transport proteins modulates and maintains ion homeostasis. We discuss melanin synthesis in terms of the ion transport system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattama Wiriyasermkul
- Department of Collaborative Research for Bio-Molecular Dynamics, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Satomi Moriyama
- Department of Collaborative Research for Bio-Molecular Dynamics, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Shushi Nagamori
- Department of Collaborative Research for Bio-Molecular Dynamics, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
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Nishi K, Mori M, Nakayama D, Sato J, Kim IH, Kim M, Kim S, Sugahara T. Anti-melanogenic activity of methanolic extract from leaves of Sorbaria sorbifolia var. stellipila Max. on α-MSH-stimulated B16 melanoma 4A5 cells. BIOMEDICAL DERMATOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s41702-020-0061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Melanin is a pigment, which is widely distributed in organisms. In humans, melanin pigments determine eye, hair, and skin color and protect the skin from damage by ultraviolet radiation; however, immoderate distribution of melanin in the skin causes discoloration. In the present study, we screened methanolic extracts from leaves of 47 plant species, most of which are native to East Asia, for the inhibitory activity against melanogenesis.
Methods
B16 melanoma 4A5 cells were used in all assays conducted in this study. Melanin content assay was performed using methanolic extracts from leaves of 47 plant species. Cytotoxicity of the extract from leaves of Sorbaria sorbifolia var. stellipila Max. (SME) was evaluated by WST-8 assay. Tyrosinase activity was determined using the lysate of α-MSH-stimulated B16 melanoma 4A5 cells and L-dopa as a colorimetric substrate. Melanogenic gene expression was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).
Results
SME showed the highest inhibitory activity among tested samples without cytotoxicity. SME exhibited the inhibition potency for the enzymatic activity of tyrosinase. In addition, qRT-PCR result displayed that SME downregulates the expression of melanogenic genes including tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, and the transcription factor MITF.
Conclusion
Overall results revealed that the extract from leaves of S. sorbifolia var. stellipila Max. has a potential to be used as a skin whitening agent.
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Glucose Exerts an Anti-Melanogenic Effect by Indirect Inactivation of Tyrosinase in Melanocytes and a Human Skin Equivalent. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051736. [PMID: 32138354 PMCID: PMC7084727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugars are ubiquitous in organisms and well-known cosmetic ingredients for moisturizing skin with minimal side-effects. Glucose, a simple sugar used as an energy source by living cells, is often used in skin care products. Several reports have demonstrated that sugar and sugar-related compounds have anti-melanogenic effects on melanocytes. However, the underlying molecular mechanism by which glucose inhibits melanin synthesis is unknown, even though glucose is used as a whitening as well as moisturizing ingredient in cosmetics. Herein, we found that glucose significantly reduced the melanin content of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)-stimulated B16 cells and darkly pigmented normal human melanocytes with no signs of cytotoxicity. Furthermore, topical treatment of glucose clearly demonstrated its whitening efficacy through photography, Fontana-Masson (F&M) staining, and multi-photon microscopy in a pigmented 3D human skin model, MelanoDerm. However, glucose did not alter the gene expression or protein levels of major melanogenic proteins in melanocytes. While glucose potently decreased intracellular tyrosinase activity in melanocytes, it did not reduce mushroom tyrosinase activity in a cell-free experimental system. However, glucose was metabolized into lactic acid, which can powerfully suppress tyrosinase activity. Thus, we concluded that glucose indirectly inhibits tyrosinase activity through conversion into lactic acid, explaining its anti-melanogenic effects in melanocytes.
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Lee JE, Kim YA, Yu S, Park SY, Kim KH, Kang NJ. 3,6-Anhydro-L-galactose increases hyaluronic acid production via the EGFR and AMPKα signaling pathway in HaCaT keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 96:90-98. [PMID: 31718895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an important factor in skin hydration maintenance. In mammalian keratinocytes, hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) is a critical enzyme in HA production. Therefore, the promotion of HAS2 expression in keratinocytes may be a strategy for maintaining skin moisture. OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine the skin hydration effect and regulatory mechanisms of 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose (L-AHG), a main component of red macroalgal carbohydrates in human keratinocytes. METHODS L-AHG was applied to an immortalized human epidermal keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT cells). HA production, HAS2 protein and mRNA levels, and the activation of the signaling pathways involved in HAS2 expression were measured. HA levels were also evaluated for three dimensional (3D) reconstructed human skin. RESULTS Our results suggest that L-AHG upregulates HA production and may enhance HAS2 expression by activating EGFR-mediated ERK, PI3K/Akt, and STAT3 signaling pathways. We confirmed that L-AHG activated the AMPKα signaling pathway which in turn could regulate HAS2 expression in HaCaT cells. The effects of L-AHG on HA production were observed in the 3D reconstructed human skin model. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that L-AHG may enhance skin moisture retention by increasing HA synthesis in human epidermal keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Eun Lee
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ah Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nam Joo Kang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Kim M, Lee CS, Lim KM. Rhododenol Activates Melanocytes and Induces Morphological Alteration at Sub-Cytotoxic Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225665. [PMID: 31726751 PMCID: PMC6888388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhododenol (RD), a whitening cosmetic ingredient, was withdrawn from the market due to RD-induced leukoderma (RIL). While many attempts have been made to clarify the mechanism underlying RIL, RIL has not been fully understood yet. Indeed, affected subjects showed uneven skin pigmentation, but the features are different from vitiligo, a skin hypopigmentary disorder, alluding to events more complex than simple melanocyte cytotoxicity. Here, we discovered that rhododenol treatment reduced the number of melanocytes in a pigmented 3D human skin model, Melanoderm™, confirming the melanocyte toxicity of RD. Of note, melanocytes that survived in the RD treated tissues exhibited altered morphology, such as extended dendrites and increased cell sizes. Consistently with this, sub-cytotoxic level of RD increased cell size and elongated dendrites in B16 melanoma cells. Morphological changes of B16 cells were further confirmed in the immunocytochemistry of treated cells for actin and tubulin. Even more provoking, RD up-regulated the expression of tyrosinase and TRP1 in the survived B16 cells. Evaluation of mRNA expression of cytoskeletal proteins suggests that RD altered the cytoskeletal dynamic favoring cell size expansion and melanosome maturation. Collectively, these results suggest that RD not only induces cytotoxicity in melanocytes but also can lead to a profound perturbation of melanocyte integrity even at sub-cytotoxic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Chang-Seok Lee
- Department of Beauty and Cosmetic Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam-si 13135, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.-S.L.); (K.-M.L.)
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
- Correspondence: (C.-S.L.); (K.-M.L.)
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Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Marine Algae in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123061. [PMID: 31234555 PMCID: PMC6628294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the main contributors to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Microglial and astrocyte activation is a brain defense mechanism to counteract harmful pathogens and damaged tissues, while their prolonged activation induces neuroinflammation that can trigger or exacerbate neurodegeneration. Unfortunately, to date there are no pharmacological therapies able to slow down or stop the progression of neurodegeneration. For this reason, research is turning to the identification of natural compounds with protective action against these diseases. Considering the important role of neuroinflammation in the onset and development of neurodegenerative pathologies, natural compounds with anti-inflammatory activity could be good candidates for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Marine organisms represent a huge source of natural compounds, and among them, algae are appreciated sources of important bioactive components such as antioxidants, proteins, vitamins, minerals, soluble dietary fibers, polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides, sterols, carotenoids, tocopherols, terpenes, phycobilins, phycocolloids, and phycocyanins. Recently, numerous anti-inflammatory compounds have been isolated from marine algae with potential protective efficacy against neuroinflammation. This review highlights the key inflammatory processes involved in neurodegeneration and the potential of specific compounds from marine algae to counteract neuroinflammation in the CNS.
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Kim JH, Lee JE, Kim KH, Kang NJ. Beneficial Effects of Marine Algae-Derived Carbohydrates for Skin Health. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16110459. [PMID: 30469402 PMCID: PMC6266229 DOI: 10.3390/md16110459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine algae are considered to be an abundant sources of bioactive compounds with cosmeceutical potential. Recently, a great deal of interest has focused on the health-promoting effects of marine bioactive compounds. Carbohydrates are the major and abundant constituent of marine algae and have been utilized in cosmetic formulations, as moisturizing and thickening agents for example. In addition, marine carbohydrates have been suggested as promising bioactive biomaterials for their various properties beneficial to skin, including antioxidant, anti-melanogenic and skin anti-aging properties. Therefore, marine algae carbohydrates have potential skin health benefits for value-added cosmeceutical applications. The present review focuses on the various biological capacities and potential skin health benefits of bioactive marine carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Jae-Eun Lee
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Nam Joo Kang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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Kim JH, Kim DH, Cho KM, Kim KH, Kang NJ. Effect of 3,6-anhydro-l-galactose on α-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced melanogenesis in human melanocytes and a skin-equivalent model. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7643-7656. [PMID: 29870090 PMCID: PMC6175185 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
3,6‐Anhydro‐l‐galactose (l‐AHG) is a bioactive sugar that is a major component of agarose. Recently, l‐AHG was reported to have anti‐melanogenic potential in human epidermal melanocytes (HEMs) and B16F10 melanoma cells; however, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. At noncytotoxic concentrations, l‐AHG has been shown to inhibit alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone‐induced melanin synthesis in various cell models, including HEMs, melan‐a cells, and B16F10 cells. Although l‐AHG did not inhibit tyrosinase activity in vitro, reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction results demonstrated that the anti‐melanogenic effect of l‐AHG was mediated by transcriptional repression of melanogenesis‐related genes, including tyrosinase, tyrosinase‐related protein‐1 (TRP‐1), tyrosinase‐related protein‐2 (TRP‐2), and microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF) in HEMs. Western blot analysis showed that l‐AHG effectively attenuated α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone‐induced melanogenic proteins by inhibiting cyclic adenosine monophosphate/cyclic adenosine monophosphate–dependent protein kinase, mitogen‐activated protein kinase, and Akt signaling pathways in HEMs. Topical application of l‐AHG significantly ameliorated melanin production in a 3D pigmented human skin model. Collectively, these results suggest that l‐AHG could be utilized as novel cosmetic compounds with skin‐whitening efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.,Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mun Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Joo Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Lee CS, Baek HS, Bae IH, Choi SJ, Kim YJ, Lee JH, Kim JW. Depigmentation efficacy of galacturonic acid through tyrosinase regulation in B16 murine melanoma cells and a three-dimensional human skin equivalent. Clin Exp Dermatol 2018; 43:708-712. [PMID: 29744907 DOI: 10.1111/ced.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sugar is a well-known cosmetic ingredient for moisturizing skin with minimal side-effects. Several reports have demonstrated an antimelanogenic effect of sugar in melanocytes. We evaluated the whitening efficacy of galacturonic acid (GA), the main component of pectin, as an anti-melanogenic agent. GA significantly suppressed melanin synthesis and secretion in a concentration-dependent manner in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone-treated B16 melanoma cells, and inhibited tyrosinase activity and expression at a dose of 10 mmol/L. In a three-dimensional human skin equivalent (MelanoDerm), GA clearly brightened tissue colour. Haematoxylin and eosin and Fontana-Masson (F&M) staining of tissue sections revealed decreased melanin production without skin tissue collapse in the presence of GA. Interestingly, GA dramatically suppressed gene expression of the melanogenic proteins tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TYRP)-1 and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, but not TYRP-2. The results support the utility of GA as an effective candidate antimelanogenic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Lee
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Korea.,Department of Beauty and Cosmetic Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Korea
| | - H S Baek
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Korea.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan-si, Korea.,Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan-si, Korea
| | - I-H Bae
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Korea
| | - S J Choi
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Korea
| | - Y J Kim
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Korea
| | - J H Lee
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Korea
| | - J W Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan-si, Korea.,Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan-si, Korea
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