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Islam N, Hoque M, Taharat SF. Recent advances in extraction of chitin and chitosan. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:28. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chitosan Production by Fungi: Current State of Knowledge, Future Opportunities and Constraints. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Conventionally, the commercial supply of chitin and chitosan relies on shellfish wastes as the extraction sources. However, the fungal sources constitute a valuable option, especially for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, due to the batch-to-batch unsteady properties of chitin and chitosan from conventional ones. Fungal production of these glycans is not affected by seasonality enables accurate process control and, consequently, more uniform properties of the obtained product. Moreover, liquid and solid production media often are derived from wastes, thus enabling the application of circular economy criteria and improving the process economics. The present review deals with fungal chitosan production processes focusing on waste-oriented and integrated production processes. In doing so, contrary to other reviews that used a genus-specific approach for organizing the available information, the present one bases the discussion on the bioprocess typology. Finally, the main process parameters affecting chitosan production and their interactions are critically discussed.
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Yahya Allawi M, Salim Al-Taie B, Hmoshi RM. Isolation and Identification of Penicillium rubens from the Local Strain in Mosul, Iraq, and Investigation of Potassium Phosphate Effect on its Growth. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2022; 77:421-427. [PMID: 35891733 PMCID: PMC9288601 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356684.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium species is one of the most common microscopic filamentous fungi that have been isolated from widespread substrates. In this study, soil samples from different areas of Mosul, Iraq, were examined by morphological and molecular methods. Fungi were isolated and grown in diagnostic culture media, including Czapek Yeast Extract Agar, Malt Extract Agar, and 25% Glycerol nitrate agar at different temperatures of 15, 20, 25, and 30°C. The growth rate of the fungus was also evaluated in the culture containing K2HPO4. In the molecular method, the obtained fragment was sequenced using the Internal Transcribed Spacer region primers after replication. Morphological evaluation of both macroscopic and microscopic features revealed that strains were Penicillium rubens, and molecular methods used have confirmed the isolated strain. The results of this study showed a decrease in the diameters of the colonies at different growth temperatures when doubling the amount of K2HPO4. In addition, the findings revealed that compared to growth inhibition in the control groups, the maximum growth inhibition was 16 and 29 mm on Czapek Dox Agar (modified) medium at incubation temperatures of 20°C and 25°C, respectively. As a result, K2HPO4 has an important role in inhibiting growth; therefore, it can be used as Fungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yahya Allawi
- Environmental Science Department, College of Environmental Science and Technologies, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - B Salim Al-Taie
- Environmental Science Department, College of Environmental Science and Technologies, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - R M Hmoshi
- Environmental Science Department, College of Environmental Science and Technologies, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
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Mucoromycota fungi as powerful cell factories for modern biorefinery. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 106:101-115. [PMID: 34889982 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Biorefinery employing fungi can be a strategy for valorizing low-cost rest materials, by-products and wastes into several valuable bioproducts through the fungal fermentation. Mucoromycota fungi are soil fungi with a highly versatile metabolic system that positions them as powerful microbial cell factories for biorefinery applications. Lipids, pigments, chitin/chitosan, polyphosphates, ethanol, organic acids and enzymes are main Mucoromycota products that can be refined from the fermentation process and applied in nutrition, chemical or biofuel industries. In addition, Mucoromycota biomass can be used as it is for specific purposes, such as feed. Mucoromycota fungi can be employed in developing co-production processes, whereby several intra- and extracellular products are simultaneously formed in a single fermentation process, and, thus, economic viability of the process can be improved. This mini review provides a comprehensive overview over the recent advances in the production of valuable metabolites by Mucoromycota fungi and fermentation strategies which could be potentially applied in the industrial biorefinery settings. KEY POINTS: • Biorefineries utilizing Mucoromycota fungi as production cell factories can provide a wide range of bioproducts. • Mucoromycota fungi are able to perform co-production of various metabolites in a single fermentation process. • Versatile metabolism of Mucoromycota allows valorization of a various low-cost substrates such as wastes and rest materials.
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Uwineza C, Mahboubi A, Atmowidjojo A, Ramadhani A, Wainaina S, Millati R, Wikandari R, Niklasson C, Taherzadeh MJ. Cultivation of edible filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae on volatile fatty acids derived from anaerobic digestion of food waste and cow manure. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125410. [PMID: 34157433 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In a circular economy approach, edible filamentous fungi (single cell protein) can be cultivated on volatile fatty acids (VFAs) derived from anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic-rich waste streams. In this study, the effect of pH, concentration/distribution of VFAs, nutrient supplementation, and type of waste on Aspergillus oryzae cultivation on synthetic VFAs, and actual VFAs derived from AD of food waste and cow manure were investigated. The optimal pH for A. oryzae growth on VFAs were 6 and 7 with maximum acetic acid consumption rates of 0.09 g/L.h. The fungus could thrive on high concentrations of acetic (up to 9 g/L) yielding 0.29 g dry biomass/gVFAsfed. In mixed VFAs cultures, A. oryzae primarily consumed caproic and acetic acids reaching a biomass yield of 0.26 g dry biomass/gVFAsfed (containing up to 41% protein). For waste-derived VFAs at pH 6, the fungus successfully consumed 81-100% of caproic, acetic, and butyric acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Uwineza
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden
| | - Amir Mahboubi
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden
| | - Amelia Atmowidjojo
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Alya Ramadhani
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Steven Wainaina
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden
| | - Ria Millati
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Rachma Wikandari
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Claes Niklasson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Barnharst T, Sun X, Rajendran A, Urriola P, Shurson G, Hu B. Enhanced protein and amino acids of corn-ethanol co-product by Mucor indicus and Rhizopus oryzae. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 44:1989-2000. [PMID: 33988726 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02580-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Upcycle of co-products from corn-ethanol plant into protein-rich animal feed with balanced key amino acids via solid-state fermentation is a promising approach to economically support both biofuel and animal feed industries. However, there are multiple types of solid-state fermentation microorganisms and growth conditions that have not been tested. In this study, Mucor indicus and Rhizopus oryzae were used to ferment corn-based wet distiller's grains with solubles (WDGS). The effects of fermentation conditions (temperature, agitation, and moisture) and supplementations (extraneous carbon and nitrogen sources) were evaluated on protein production and amino acids profiles before and after fermentation. The study established best fermentation conditions (23 °C, static incubation for 4 days at 70% initial moisture content) to improve protein content for both R. oryzae and M. indicus. Moreover, urea supplied to R. oryzae and M. indicus improved protein concentration by 35 and 38%, and total amino acids content by 28 and 18%, respectively. The amount of 693.1 and 451.8 mg of additional total amino acids including 262.8 and 227.7 mg of key amino acids (lysine, methionine, tryptophan, and arginine) was synthesized by R. oryzae and M. indicus, respectively, per supply of 536 mg urea in 25 g of WDGS. This study demonstrated the feasibility of urea as a low-cost nitrogen source for amino acid biosynthesis in fungal fermentation of WDGS, which could contribute to the increasing demand for high-value monogastric animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner Barnharst
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave, Saint Paul, MN, 55108-6005, USA
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave, Saint Paul, MN, 55108-6005, USA
| | - Aravindan Rajendran
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave, Saint Paul, MN, 55108-6005, USA
| | - Pedro Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, 55108, USA
| | - Gerald Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, 55108, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave, Saint Paul, MN, 55108-6005, USA.
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Extraction and characterization of fungal chitin nanofibers from Mucor indicus cultured in optimized medium conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:1126-1134. [PMID: 33188816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitin nanofibers (ChNFs) were extracted from Mucor indicus by a purification method followed by a mechanical treatment, cultivated under obtained optimum culture medium conditions to improve fungal chitin production rate. A semi synthetic media containing 50 g/l glucose was used for cultivation of the fungus in shake flasks. The cell wall analysis showed that N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) content, which is an indication of chitin content, was maximum in presence of 2.5 g/l H3PO4, 2.5 g/l of NaOH, 1 g/l of yeast extract, 1 mg/l of plant hormones, and 1 ml/l of trace metals. The chemical characterizations demonstrated that the isolated fibers had a degree of deacetylation lower than of 10%, and were phosphate free. The FTIR results revealed successful removal of different materials during the purification step. The FE-SEM of fibrillated chitin illustrated an average diameter of 28 nm. Finally, X-ray diffraction results showed that the crystallinity index of nanofibers was 82%.
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Dzurendova S, Zimmermann B, Tafintseva V, Kohler A, Ekeberg D, Shapaval V. The influence of phosphorus source and the nature of nitrogen substrate on the biomass production and lipid accumulation in oleaginous Mucoromycota fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8065-8076. [PMID: 32789746 PMCID: PMC7447667 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Oleaginous filamentous fungi grown under the nitrogen limitation, accumulate high amounts of lipids in the form of triacylglycerides (TAGs) with fatty acid profiles similar to plant and fish oils. In this study, we investigate the effect of six phosphorus source concentrations combined with two types of nitrogen substrate (yeast extract and ammonium sulphate), on the biomass formation, lipid production, and fatty acid profile for nine oleaginous Mucoromycota fungi. The analysis of fatty acid profiles was performed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and the lipid yield was estimated gravimetrically. Yeast extract could be used as both nitrogen and phosphorus source, without additional inorganic phosphorus supplementation. The use of inorganic nitrogen source (ammonium sulphate) requires strain-specific optimization of phosphorus source amount to obtain optimal lipid production regarding quantity and fatty acid profiles. Lipid production was decreased in ammonium sulphate-based media when phosphorus source was limited in all strains except for Rhizopus stolonifer. High phosphorus source concentration inhibited the growth of Mortierella fungi. The biomass (22 g/L) and lipid (14 g/L) yield of Umbelopsis vinacea was the highest among all the tested strains. Key points • The strain specific P requirements of Mucoromycota depend on the nature of N source. • Yeast extract leads to consistent biomass and lipid yield and fatty acids profiles. • Umbelopsis vinacea showed the highest biomass (22 g/L) and lipid (14 g/L) yield. • High P source amounts inhibit the growth of Mortierella fungi. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00253-020-10821-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Dzurendova
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Droebakveien 31, 1430, Aas, Norway.
| | - Boris Zimmermann
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Droebakveien 31, 1430, Aas, Norway
| | - Valeria Tafintseva
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Droebakveien 31, 1430, Aas, Norway
| | - Achim Kohler
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Droebakveien 31, 1430, Aas, Norway
| | - Dag Ekeberg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Christian Magnus Falsens vei 1, 1433, Aas, Norway
| | - Volha Shapaval
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Droebakveien 31, 1430, Aas, Norway
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Dzurendova S, Zimmermann B, Kohler A, Tafintseva V, Slany O, Certik M, Shapaval V. Microcultivation and FTIR spectroscopy-based screening revealed a nutrient-induced co-production of high-value metabolites in oleaginous Mucoromycota fungi. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234870. [PMID: 32569317 PMCID: PMC7307774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucoromycota fungi possess a versatile metabolism and can utilize various substrates for production of industrially important products, such as lipids, chitin/chitosan, polyphosphates, pigments, alcohols and organic acids. However, as far as commercialisation is concerned, establishing industrial biotechnological processes based on Mucoromycota fungi is still challenging due to the high production costs compared to the final product value. Therefore, the development of co-production concept is highly desired since more than one valuable product could be produced at the time and the process has a potentially higher viability. To develop such biotechnological strategy, we applied a high throughput approach consisting of micro-titre cultivation and FTIR spectroscopy. This approach allows single-step biochemical fingerprinting of either fungal biomass or growth media without tedious extraction of metabolites. The influence of two types of nitrogen sources and different levels of inorganic phosphorus on the co-production of lipids, chitin/chitosan and polyphosphates for nine different oleaginous Mucoromycota fungi was evaluated. FTIR analysis of biochemical composition of Mucoromycota fungi and biomass yield showed that variation in inorganic phosphorus had higher effect when inorganic nitrogen source-ammonium sulphate-was used. It was observed that: (1) Umbelopsis vinacea reached almost double biomass yield compared to other strains when yeast extract was used as nitrogen source while phosphorus limitation had little effect on the biomass yield; (2) Mucor circinelloides, Rhizopus stolonifer, Amylomyces rouxii, Absidia glauca and Lichtheimia corymbifera overproduced chitin/chitosan under the low pH caused by the limitation of inorganic phosphorus; (3) Mucor circinelloides, Amylomyces rouxii, Rhizopus stolonifer and Absidia glauca were able to store polyphosphates in addition to lipids when high concentration of inorganic phosphorus was used; (4) the biomass and lipid yield of high-value lipid producers Mortierella alpina and Mortierella hyalina were significantly increased when high concentrations of inorganic phosphorus were combined with ammonium sulphate, while the same amount of inorganic phosphorus combined with yeast extract showed negative impact on the growth and lipid accumulation. FTIR spectroscopy revealed the co-production potential of several oleaginous Mucoromycota fungi forming lipids, chitin/chitosan and polyphosphates in a single cultivation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Dzurendova
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Boris Zimmermann
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Achim Kohler
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Valeria Tafintseva
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ondrej Slany
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milan Certik
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Volha Shapaval
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Abasian L, Shafiei Alavijeh R, Satari B, Karimi K. Sustainable and Effective Chitosan Production by Dimorphic Fungus Mucor rouxii via Replacing Yeast Extract with Fungal Extract. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 191:666-678. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03220-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Satari B, Karimi K. Mucoralean fungi for sustainable production of bioethanol and biologically active molecules. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1097-1117. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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