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Hartman-Houstman H, Swenson S, Minea RO, Sinha UK, Chiang MF, Chen TC, Schönthal AH. Activation of Epstein-Barr Virus' Lytic Cycle in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells by NEO212, a Conjugate of Perillyl Alcohol and Temozolomide. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:936. [PMID: 38473298 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is accepted as a primary risk factor for certain nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) subtypes, where the virus persists in a latent stage which is thought to contribute to tumorigenesis. Current treatments are sub-optimal, and recurrence occurs in many cases. An alternative therapeutic concept is aimed at triggering the lytic cycle of EBV selectively in tumor cells as a means to add clinical benefit. While compounds able to stimulate the lytic cascade have been identified, their clinical application so far has been limited. We are developing a novel anticancer molecule, NEO212, that was generated by covalent conjugation of the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) to the naturally occurring monoterpene perillyl alcohol (POH). In the current study, we investigated its potential to trigger the lytic cycle of EBV in NPC cells in vitro and in vivo. We used the established C666.1 cell line and primary patient cells derived from the brain metastasis of a patient with NPC, both of which harbored latent EBV. Upon treatment with NEO212, there was an increase in EBV proteins Zta and Ea-D, key markers of the lytic cycle, along with increased levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), a marker of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, followed by the activation of caspases. These effects could also be confirmed in tumor tissue from mice implanted with C666.1 cells. Towards a mechanistic understanding of these events, we used siRNA-mediated knockdown of CHOP and inclusion of anti-oxidant compounds. Both approaches blocked lytic cycle induction by NEO212. Therefore, we established a sequence of events, where NEO212 caused reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which triggered ER stress and elevated the levels of CHOP, which was required to stimulate the lytic cascade of EBV. Inclusion of the antiviral agent ganciclovir synergistically enhanced the cytotoxic impact of NEO212, pointing to a potential combination treatment for EBV-positive cancers which should be explored further. Overall, our study establishes NEO212 as a novel agent able to stimulate EBV's lytic cycle in NPC tumors, with implications for other virus-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Hartman-Houstman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Steve Swenson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Radu O Minea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Uttam K Sinha
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ming-Fu Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City 24352, Taiwan
| | - Thomas C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- NeOnc Technologies, Inc., Los Angeles, CA 90069, USA
| | - Axel H Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Minea RO, Thein TZ, Yang Z, Campan M, Ward PM, Schönthal AH, Chen TC. NEO212, temozolomide conjugated to NEO100, exerts superior therapeutic activity over temozolomide in preclinical chemoradiation models of glioblastoma. Neurooncol Adv 2024; 6:vdae095. [PMID: 39022643 PMCID: PMC11252566 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdae095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The chemotherapeutic standard of care for patients with glioblastoma (GB) is radiation therapy (RT) combined with temozolomide (TMZ). However, during the twenty years since its introduction, this so-called Stupp protocol has revealed major drawbacks, because nearly half of all GBs harbor intrinsic treatment resistance mechanisms. Prime among these are the increased expression of the DNA repair protein O6-guanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and cellular deficiency in DNA mismatch repair (MMR). Patients with such tumors receive very little, if any, benefit from TMZ. We are developing a novel molecule, NEO212 (TMZ conjugated to NEO100), that harbors the potential to overcome these limitations. Methods We used mouse models that were orthotopically implanted with GB cell lines or primary, radioresistant human GB stem cells, representing different treatment resistance mechanisms. Animals received NEO212 (or TMZ for comparison) without or with RT. Overall survival was recorded, and histology studies quantified DNA damage, apoptosis, microvessel density, and impact on bone marrow. Results In all tumor models, replacing TMZ with NEO212 in a schedule designed to mimic the Stupp protocol achieved a strikingly superior extension of survival, especially in TMZ-resistant and RT-resistant models. While NEO212 displayed pronounced radiation-sensitizing, DNA-damaging, pro-apoptotic, and anti-angiogenic effects in tumor tissue, it did not cause bone marrow toxicity. Conclusions NEO212 is a candidate drug to potentially replace TMZ within the standard Stupp protocol. It has the potential to become the first chemotherapeutic agent to significantly extend overall survival in TMZ-resistant patients when combined with radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu O Minea
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine (KSOM), University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, KSOM, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thu Zan Thein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine (KSOM), University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zhuoyue Yang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, KSOM, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mihaela Campan
- USC Clinical Laboratories, KSOM, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pamela M Ward
- Department of Pathology, KSOM, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Axel H Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, KSOM, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thomas C Chen
- NeOnc Technologies, Inc., Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine (KSOM), University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, KSOM, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, KSOM, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Zeng N, Wang Q, Zhang C, Zhou Y, Yan J. A review of studies on the implication of NLRP3 inflammasome for Parkinson's disease and related candidate treatment targets. Neurochem Int 2023; 170:105610. [PMID: 37704080 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease for which the prevalence is second only to Alzheimer's disease (AD). This disease primarily affects people of middle and old age, significantly impacting their health and quality of life. The main pathological features include the degenerative nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) neuron loss and Lewy body (LB) formation. Currently, available PD medications primarily aim to alleviate clinical symptoms, however, there is no universally recognized therapy worldwide that effectively prevents, clinically treats, stops, or reverses the disease. Consequently, the evaluation and exploration of potential therapeutic targets for PD are of utmost importance. Nevertheless, the pathophysiology of PD remains unknown, and neuroinflammation mediated by inflammatory cytokines that prompts neuron death is fundamental for the progression of PD. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a key complex of proteins linking the neuroinflammatory cascade in PD. Moreover, mounting evidence suggests that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) alleviates PD by suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome. This article aims to comprehensively review the available studies on the composition and activating mechanism of the NLRP3 inflammasome, along with its significance in PD pathogenesis and potential treatment targets. We also review natural products or synthetic compounds which reduce neuroinflammation via modulating NLRP3 inflammasome activity, aiming to identify new targets for future PD diagnosis and treatment through the exploration of NLRP3 inhibitors. Additionally, this review offers valuable references for developing new PD treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Zeng
- Department of Physiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Physiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541100, China
| | - Yali Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Jianguo Yan
- Department of Physiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China.
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Chen TC, Minea RO, Swenson S, Yang Z, Thein TZ, Schönthal AH. NEO212, a Perillyl Alcohol-Temozolomide Conjugate, Triggers Macrophage Differentiation of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells and Blocks Their Tumorigenicity. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:6065. [PMID: 36551551 PMCID: PMC9776529 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are still dying from this disease. In the past, the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) has been investigated for AML and found to be partially effective; however, the presence of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT; a DNA repair enzyme) in tumor cells confers profound treatment resistance against TMZ. We are developing a novel anticancer compound, called NEO212, where TMZ was covalently conjugated to perillyl alcohol (a naturally occurring monoterpene). NEO212 has revealed robust therapeutic activity in a variety of preclinical cancer models, including AML. In the current study, we investigated its impact on a panel of human AML cell lines and found that it exerted cytotoxic potency even against MGMT-positive cells that were highly resistant to TMZ. Furthermore, NEO212 strongly stimulated the expression of a large number of macrophage-associated marker genes, including CD11b/ITGAM. This latter effect could not be mimicked when cells were treated with TMZ or an equimolar mix of individual agents, TMZ plus perillyl alcohol. The superior cytotoxic impact of NEO212 appeared to involve down-regulation of MGMT protein levels. In a mouse model implanted with TMZ-resistant, MGMT-positive AML cells, two 5-day cycles of 25 mg/kg NEO212 achieved an apparent cure, as mice survived >300 days without any signs of disease. In parallel toxicity studies with rats, a 5-day cycle of 200 mg/kg NEO212 was well tolerated by these animals, whereas animals that were given 200 mg/kg TMZ all died due to severe leukopenia. Together, our results show that NEO212 exerts pleiotropic effects on AML cells that include differentiation, proliferation arrest, and eventual cell death. In vivo, NEO212 was well tolerated even at dosages that far exceed the therapeutic need, indicating a large therapeutic window. These results present NEO212 as an agent that should be considered for development as a therapeutic agent for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Radu O. Minea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Steve Swenson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zhuoyue Yang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Thu Zan Thein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Axel H. Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Perillyl alcohol and its synthetic derivatives: the rising of a novel class of selective and potent antitumoral compounds. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Parvez S, Kaushik M, Ali M, Alam MM, Ali J, Tabassum H, Kaushik P. Dodging blood brain barrier with "nano" warriors: Novel strategy against ischemic stroke. Theranostics 2022; 12:689-719. [PMID: 34976208 PMCID: PMC8692911 DOI: 10.7150/thno.64806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the leading causes of death and disability resulting in inevitable burden globally. Ischemic injury initiates cascade of pathological events comprising energy dwindling, failure of ionic gradients, failure of blood brain barrier (BBB), vasogenic edema, calcium over accumulation, excitotoxicity, increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and eventually cell death. In spite of such complexity of the disease, the only treatment approved by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). This therapy overcome blood deficiency in the brain along with side effects of reperfusion which are responsible for considerable tissue injury. Therefore, there is urgent need of novel therapeutic perspectives that can protect the integrity of BBB and salvageable brain tissue. Advancement in nanomedicine is empowering new approaches that are potent to improve the understanding and treatment of the IS. Herein, we focus nanomaterial mediated drug delivery systems (DDSs) and their role to bypass and cross BBB especially via intranasal drug delivery. The various nanocarriers used in DDSs are also discussed. In a nut shell, the objective is to provide an overview of use of nanomedicine in the diagnosis and treatment of IS to facilitate the research from benchtop to bedside.
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Ricardo Barbosa de Lima N, Gomes Souza Junior F, Gaëlle Roullin V, Pal K. Amphipathic Au-sulfur-poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly (butylene succinate) system prepared by interfacial reaction as in-silico photosensitizer and antineoplastic carrier. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Schönthal AH, Swenson S, Minea RO, Kim HN, Cho H, Mohseni N, Kim YM, Chen TC. Potentially Curative Therapeutic Activity of NEO212, a Perillyl Alcohol-Temozolomide Conjugate, in Preclinical Cytarabine-Resistant Models of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143385. [PMID: 34298603 PMCID: PMC8305595 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Many patients are still dying from acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Initial treatment of this blood-borne cancer consists of chemotherapy, usually with the agent cytarabine (AraC). However, the cancer cells can become drug resistant and unresponsive to AraC, which complicates further treatment and worsens prognosis. More effective treatments are needed. We are developing a novel anticancer compound called NEO212. We investigated its AML-therapeutic potential with the use of AraC-resistant AML cells grown in culture and in mice implanted with such AML cells. We found that NEO212 effectively killed AML cells in culture. The majority of AML mice that received NEO212 treatment survived and thrived without signs of tumor recurrence. At the same time, NEO212 treatment did not result in any detectable side effects, showing that this drug was very well tolerated by these animals. We deem it worthwhile to further develop NEO212 toward its evaluation in AML patients, in particular in those where initial therapy with AraC has failed. Abstract Despite progress in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the clinical outcome remains suboptimal and many patients are still dying from this disease. First-line treatment consists of chemotherapy, which typically includes cytarabine (AraC), either alone or in combination with anthracyclines, but drug resistance can develop and significantly worsen prognosis. Better treatments are needed. We are developing a novel anticancer compound, NEO212, that was created by covalent conjugation of two different molecules with already established anticancer activity, the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) and the natural monoterpene perillyl alcohol (POH). We investigated the anticancer activity of NEO212 in several in vitro and in vivo models of AML. Human HL60 and U937 AML cell lines, as well as different AraC-resistant AML cell lines, were treated with NEO212 and effects on cell proliferation, cell cycle, and cell death were investigated. Mice with implanted AraC-sensitive or AraC-resistant AML cells were dosed with oral NEO212, and animal survival was monitored. Our in vitro experiments show that treatment of cells with NEO212 results in growth inhibition via potent G2 arrest, which is followed by apoptotic cell death. Intriguingly, NEO212 was equally potent in highly AraC-resistant cells. In vivo, NEO212 treatment strikingly extended survival of AML mice and the majority of treated mice continued to thrive and survive without any signs of illness. At the same time, we were unable to detect toxic side effects of NEO212 treatment. All in all, the absence of side effects, combined with striking therapeutic activity even in an AraC-resistant context, suggests that NEO212 should be developed further toward clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel H. Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
- Correspondence: (A.H.S.); (T.C.C.); Tel.: +1-323-442-1730 (A.H.S.); +1-323-409-7422 (T.C.C.); Fax: +1-323-442-1721 (A.H.S.); +1-323-226-7833 (T.C.C.)
| | - Steve Swenson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (S.S.); (R.O.M.); (H.C.)
| | - Radu O. Minea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (S.S.); (R.O.M.); (H.C.)
| | - Hye Na Kim
- Department Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (H.N.K.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Heeyeon Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (S.S.); (R.O.M.); (H.C.)
| | - Nazleen Mohseni
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
| | - Yong-Mi Kim
- Department Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (H.N.K.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Thomas C. Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (S.S.); (R.O.M.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.H.S.); (T.C.C.); Tel.: +1-323-442-1730 (A.H.S.); +1-323-409-7422 (T.C.C.); Fax: +1-323-442-1721 (A.H.S.); +1-323-226-7833 (T.C.C.)
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Brain-targeted drug delivery assisted by physical techniques and its potential applications in traditional Chinese medicine. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Silva MDO, de Sousa GR, Simões SC, Nicolucci P, Tamashiro E, Saggioro F, de Oliveira RS, Brassesco MS. Perillyl alcohol for pediatric TP53- and RAS-mutated SHH-medulloblastoma: an in vitro and in vivo translational pre-clinical study. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:2163-2175. [PMID: 33885911 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05115-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhalation of perillyl alcohol (POH) recently emerged as an investigational promising antiglioma strategy. However, little attention has been paid to its therapeutic potential for other brain tumors, especially in the pediatric setting. METHODS The effects of POH were explored in medulloblastoma cell models belonging to the SHH variant with activation of RAS (ONS-76) or with TP53 mutations (DAOY and UW402), by means of proliferation and invasion assays. Interactions with methotrexate, thiotepa, or ionizing radiation were also assessed. Mice bearing subcutaneous tumors were treated with intraperitoneal injections. Alternatively, animals with intracranial tumors were exposed to intranasal POH alone or combined with radiation. Tumor growth was measured by bioluminescence. Analyses of cytotoxicity to the nasal cavity were also performed, and the presence of POH in the brain, lungs, and plasma was surveyed through chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS POH decreased cell proliferation and colony formation, with conspicuous death, though the invasive capacity was only affected in the NRAS-mutated cell line. Median-drug effect analysis displayed synergistic combinations with methotrexate. Otherwise, POH showed to be a reasonable radiosensitizer. In vivo, intraperitoneal injection significantly decreased tumor volume. However, its inhalation did not affect orthotopic tumors, neither alone or followed by cranial irradiation. Nasal cavity epithelium showed unimportant alterations, though, no traces of POH or its metabolites were detected in tissue samples. CONCLUSION POH presents robust in vitro antimedulloblastoma effects and sensitizes cell lines to other conventional therapeutics, reducing tumor volume when administered intraperitoneally. Nevertheless, further improvement of delivery devices and/or drug formulations are needed to better characterize its effectiveness through inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patrícia Nicolucci
- Physics Department from the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edwin Tamashiro
- Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Saggioro
- Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - María Sol Brassesco
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Oncogenetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, CEP 14040-900, Brazil.
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Zielińska-Błajet M, Pietrusiak P, Feder-Kubis J. Selected Monocyclic Monoterpenes and Their Derivatives as Effective Anticancer Therapeutic Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4763. [PMID: 33946245 PMCID: PMC8124601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenes-a diverse group of secondary metabolites-constitute the largest class of natural products abundant in almost every plant species. The properties of concrete terpenes and essential oils have been intensively studied due to their widespread use in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics industries. Despite the popularity of these aromatic compounds, their derivatives, terpenoids, are still not comprehensively characterized despite exhibiting potent bioactive properties. This review aims to assess the anticancer properties of selected monoterpenes including carvone, carvacrol, perillyl alcohol, perillaldehyde, limonene, menthol and their derivatives while also evaluating potential applications as novel anticancer treatments. Special attention is paid to functional groups that improve the bioactivity of monoterpene molecules. This review also covers the therapeutic potential of deep eutectic solvents that contain monoterpene substances. Taken together, the literature supports the use of monoterpene derivatives in the development of new alternatives for disease treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Zielińska-Błajet
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
| | | | - Joanna Feder-Kubis
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
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Wang W, He H, Marín-Ramos NI, Zeng S, Swenson SD, Cho HY, Fu J, Beringer PM, Neman J, Chen L, Schönthal AH, Chen TC. Enhanced brain delivery and therapeutic activity of trastuzumab after blood-brain barrier opening by NEO100 in mouse models of brain-metastatic breast cancer. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:1656-1667. [PMID: 33659980 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antitumor efficacy of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted therapies, such as humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin®, Roche), in patients with breast-to-brain cancer metastasis is hindered by the low permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). NEO100 is a high-purity version of the natural monoterpene perillyl alcohol, produced under current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) regulations, that was shown previously to reversibly open the BBB in rodent models. Here we investigated whether NEO100 could enable brain entry of trastuzumab to achieve greater therapeutic activity. METHODS An in vitro BBB, consisting of human astrocytes and brain endothelial cells, was used to determine trastuzumab penetration in the presence or absence of NEO100. For in vivo studies, we administered intravenous (IV) trastuzumab or the trastuzumab-drug conjugate ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1; Kadcyla®, Roche), to mouse models harboring intracranial HER2+ breast cancer, with or without BBB opening via IA NEO100. Brain and tumor tissues were examined for the presence of trastuzumab and infiltration of immune cells. Therapeutic impact was evaluated based on overall survival. RESULTS NEO100 greatly increased trastuzumab penetration across an in vitro BBB. In vivo, IA NEO100-mediated BBB opening resulted in brain tumor-selective accumulation of trastuzumab, without detectable presence in normal brain tissue, along with increased presence of immune cell populations. IV delivery of trastuzumab or T-DM1 achieved significantly greater overall survival of tumor-bearing mice when combined with IA NEO100. CONCLUSION IA NEO100 facilitates brain tumor entry of trastuzumab and T-DM1 and significantly enhances their therapeutic efficacy, along with increased antibody-dependent immune cell recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Haiping He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Nagore I Marín-Ramos
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shan Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Steven D Swenson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hee-Yeon Cho
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jie Fu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Paul M Beringer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Josh Neman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Axel H Schönthal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thomas C Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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13
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Cho HY, Swenson S, Thein TZ, Wang W, Wijeratne NR, Marín-Ramos NI, Katz JE, Hofman FM, Schönthal AH, Chen TC. Pharmacokinetic properties of the temozolomide perillyl alcohol conjugate (NEO212) in mice. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdaa160. [PMID: 33392507 PMCID: PMC7764505 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NEO212 is a novel small-molecule anticancer agent that was generated by covalent conjugation of the natural monoterpene perillyl alcohol (POH) to the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ). It is undergoing preclinical development as a therapeutic for brain-localized malignancies. The aim of this study was to characterize metabolism and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of NEO212 in preclinical models. Methods We used mass spectrometry (MS) and modified high-performance liquid chromatography to identify and quantitate NEO212 and its metabolites in cultured glioblastoma cells, in mouse plasma, brain, and excreta after oral gavage. Results Our methods allowed identification and quantitation of NEO212, POH, TMZ, as well as primary metabolites 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AIC) and perillic acid (PA). Intracellular concentrations of TMZ were greater after treatment of U251TR cells with NEO212 than after treatment with TMZ. The half-life of NEO212 in mouse plasma was 94 min. In mice harboring syngeneic GL261 brain tumors, the amount of NEO212 was greater in the tumor-bearing hemisphere than in the contralateral normal hemisphere. The brain:plasma ratio of NEO212 was greater than that of TMZ. Excretion of unaltered NEO212 was through feces, whereas its AIC metabolite was excreted via urine. Conclusions NEO212 preferentially concentrates in brain tumor tissue over normal brain tissue, and compared to TMZ has a higher brain:plasma ratio, altogether revealing favorable features to encourage its further development as a brain-targeted therapeutic. Its breakdown into well-characterized, long-lived metabolites, in particular AIC and PA, will provide useful equivalents for PK studies during further drug development and clinical trials with NEO212.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yeon Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steve Swenson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thu Zan Thein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Weijun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Neloni R Wijeratne
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nagore I Marín-Ramos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jonathan E Katz
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Florence M Hofman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Pathology Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Axel H Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thomas C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Pathology Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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14
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Bicker J, Fortuna A, Alves G, Falcão A. Nose-to-brain Delivery of Natural Compounds for the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:594-619. [PMID: 31939728 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200115101544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several natural compounds have demonstrated potential for the treatment of central nervous system disorders such as ischemic cerebrovascular disease, glioblastoma, neuropathic pain, neurodegenerative diseases, multiple sclerosis and migraine. This is due to their well-known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-tumor, anti-ischemic and analgesic properties. Nevertheless, many of these molecules have poor aqueous solubility, low bioavailability and extensive gastrointestinal and/or hepatic first-pass metabolism, leading to a quick elimination as well as low serum and tissue concentrations. Thus, the intranasal route emerged as a viable alternative to oral or parenteral administration, by enabling a direct transport into the brain through the olfactory and trigeminal nerves. With this approach, the blood-brain barrier is circumvented and peripheral exposure is reduced, thereby minimizing possible adverse effects. OBJECTIVE Herein, brain-targeting strategies for nose-to-brain delivery of natural compounds, including flavonoids, cannabinoids, essential oils and terpenes, will be reviewed and discussed. Brain and plasma pharmacokinetics of these molecules will be analyzed and related to their physicochemical characteristics and formulation properties. CONCLUSION Natural compounds constitute relevant alternatives for the treatment of brain diseases but often require loading into nanocarrier systems to reach the central nervous system in sufficient concentrations. Future challenges lie in a deeper characterization of their therapeutic mechanisms and in the development of effective, safe and brain-targeted delivery systems for their intranasal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Bicker
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciencias da Saude, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBIT/ICNAS - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Fortuna
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciencias da Saude, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBIT/ICNAS - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciencias da Saude, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBIT/ICNAS - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
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15
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Minea RO, Duc TC, Swenson SD, Cho HY, Huang M, Hartman H, Hofman FM, Schönthal AH, Chen TC. Developing a clinically relevant radiosensitizer for temozolomide-resistant gliomas. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238238. [PMID: 32881880 PMCID: PMC7470340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis for patients with glioblastoma (GB) remains grim. Concurrent temozolomide (TMZ) radiation—the cornerstone of glioma control—extends the overall median survival of GB patients by only a few months over radiotherapy alone. While these survival gains could be partly attributed to radiosensitization, this benefit is greatly minimized in tumors expressing O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), which specifically reverses O6-methylguanine lesions. Theoretically, non-O6-methylguanine lesions (i.e., the N-methylpurine adducts), which represent up to 90% of TMZ-generated DNA adducts, could also contribute to radiosensitization. Unfortunately, at concentrations attainable in clinical practice, the alkylation capacity of TMZ cannot overwhelm the repair of N-methylpurine adducts to efficiently exploit these lesions. The current therapeutic application of TMZ therefore faces two main obstacles: (i) the stochastic presence of MGMT and (ii) a blunted radiosensitization potential at physiologic concentrations. To circumvent these limitations, we are developing a novel molecule called NEO212—a derivatization of TMZ generated by coupling TMZ to perillyl alcohol. Based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses, we determined that NEO212 had greater tumor cell uptake than TMZ. In mouse models, NEO212 was more efficient than TMZ at crossing the blood-brain barrier, preferentially accumulating in tumoral over normal brain tissue. Moreover, in vitro analyses with GB cell lines, including TMZ-resistant isogenic variants, revealed more potent cytotoxic and radiosensitizing activities for NEO212 at physiologic concentrations. Mechanistically, these advantages of NEO212 over TMZ could be attributed to its enhanced tumor uptake presumably leading to more extensive DNA alkylation at equivalent dosages which, ultimately, allows for N-methylpurine lesions to be better exploited for radiosensitization. This effect cannot be achieved with TMZ at clinically relevant concentrations and is independent of MGMT. Our findings establish NEO212 as a superior radiosensitizer and a potentially better alternative to TMZ for newly diagnosed GB patients, irrespective of their MGMT status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu O. Minea
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine (KSOM), University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California (CA), United States of America
| | - Tuan Cao Duc
- Haiphong University School of Pharmacy, Haiphong, Vietnam
| | - Stephen D. Swenson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine (KSOM), University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California (CA), United States of America
| | - Hee-Yeon Cho
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine (KSOM), University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California (CA), United States of America
| | - Mickey Huang
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Hannah Hartman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Florence M. Hofman
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Axel H. Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine (KSOM), University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California (CA), United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Wang W, Swenson S, Cho HY, Hofman FM, Schönthal AH, Chen TC. Efficient brain targeting and therapeutic intracranial activity of bortezomib through intranasal co-delivery with NEO100 in rodent glioblastoma models. J Neurosurg 2020; 132:959-967. [PMID: 30875688 DOI: 10.3171/2018.11.jns181161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many pharmaceutical agents are highly potent but are unable to exert therapeutic activity against disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), because the blood-brain barrier (BBB) impedes their brain entry. One such agent is bortezomib (BZM), a proteasome inhibitor that is approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Preclinical studies established that BZM can be effective against glioblastoma (GBM), but only when the drug is delivered via catheter directly into the brain lesion, not after intravenous systemic delivery. The authors therefore explored alternative options of BZM delivery to the brain that would avoid invasive procedures and minimize systemic exposure. METHODS Using mouse and rat GBM models, the authors applied intranasal drug delivery, where they co-administered BZM together with NEO100, a highly purified, GMP-manufactured version of perillyl alcohol that is used in clinical trials for intranasal therapy of GBM patients. RESULTS The authors found that intranasal delivery of BZM combined with NEO100 significantly prolonged survival of tumor-bearing animals over those that received vehicle alone and also over those that received BZM alone or NEO100 alone. Moreover, BZM concentrations in the brain were higher after intranasal co-delivery with NEO100 as compared to delivery in the absence of NEO100. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that intranasal delivery with a NEO100-based formulation enables noninvasive, therapeutically effective brain delivery of a pharmaceutical agent that otherwise does not efficiently cross the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Axel H Schönthal
- 3Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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17
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de Lima DC, Rodrigues SV, Boaventura GT, Cho HY, Chen TC, Schönthal AH, Da Fonseca CO. Simultaneous measurement of perillyl alcohol and its metabolite perillic acid in plasma and lung after inhalational administration in Wistar rats. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:268-279. [PMID: 31800149 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The inhalational administration of drugs is a practical and non-invasive approach with the potential to reduce side effects and with a quick onset of therapeutic activity. Perillyl alcohol (POH) is a monoterpene with antitumor activity that currently is undergoing clinical evaluation as an inhalational anticancer agent. A detection method was developed that will be applicable to pharmacokinetic studies of not only POH, but also its longer-lived main metabolite, perillic acid (PA), in lung tissue and plasma after inhalational delivery. The anticancer activity of POH was investigated in vitro with the use of various lung cancer cell lines. Toxicity was established by a standard MTT assay, and apoptosis markers were analyzed by Western blot. For the detection of POH and PA in lungs and plasma, albino Wistar rats were used that were exposed to POH inhalation. Tissues were subjected to chromatographic separation on an Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB C18 column, followed by detection of absorption in the ultraviolet (UV) range. In vitro, POH exerted cytotoxic activity against six different lung tumor cell lines, and apoptotic cell death was indicated by induction of active caspase 3 and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1). These results demonstrate that inhalational delivery of POH results in effective biodistribution and metabolism of POH in the systemic circulation. In addition, our study introduces a simple, rapid HPLC-UV method with high accuracy for simultaneous detection of POH and its metabolite PA in plasma, and for sensitive detection of PA in lung tissue, which should prove useful for applications in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carneiro de Lima
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvana Vianna Rodrigues
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilson Teles Boaventura
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hee-Yeon Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Thomas C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Axel H Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Clovis Orlando Da Fonseca
- Service of Neurosurgery, Department of General and Specialized Surgery, Antonio Pedro University Hospital, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Silva-Hirschberg C, Hartman H, Stack S, Swenson S, Minea RO, Davitz MA, Chen TC, Schönthal AH. Cytotoxic impact of a perillyl alcohol-temozolomide conjugate, NEO212, on cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in vitro. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2019; 11:1758835919891567. [PMID: 31839810 PMCID: PMC6900611 DOI: 10.1177/1758835919891567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS) are subtypes of primary
cutaneous lymphomas and represent complex diseases regarding their
physiopathology and management. Depending on the stage of the disease,
different treatment regimens are applied, but there is no consensus on an
optimal approach. Prognosis for patients with early stage MF is favorable,
but significantly worsens in advanced disease and in SS, where patients
frequently relapse and require multiple therapies. Methods: We investigated the potential anticancer effects of NEO212, a novel compound
generated by covalently conjugating perillyl alcohol (a natural monoterpene)
to temozolomide (an alkylating agent), on MF and SS cell lines in
vitro. HUT-78, HUT-102, and MyLa cells were treated with NEO212
under different conditions, and drug effects on proliferation, viability,
and apoptosis were characterized. Results: NEO212 inhibited proliferation, diminished viability, and stimulated
apoptosis in all cell lines, although with varying degrees of potency in the
different cell lines. It down-regulated c-myc and cyclin D1 proteins, which
are required for cell proliferation, but triggered endoplasmic reticulum
stress and activation of caspases. Pretreatment of cells with antioxidants
ascorbic acid and beta-mercaptoethanol prevented these NEO212-induced
effects. Conclusions: NEO212 exerted promising anticancer effects on SS and MF cell lines. The
generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) appears to play a key role in
the NEO212-induced cell death process, because the blockage of ROS with
antioxidants prevented caspase activation. We propose that NEO212 should be
investigated further toward clinical testing in these tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Silva-Hirschberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Hartman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Samantha Stack
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steve Swenson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Radu O Minea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Davitz
- Leason Ellis, One Barker Avenue, Fifth Floor, White Plains, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Axel H Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR-405, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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19
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Cho HY, Thein TZ, Wang W, Swenson SD, Fayngor RA, Ou M, Marín-Ramos NI, Schönthal AH, Hofman FM, Chen TC. The Rolipram-Perillyl Alcohol Conjugate (NEO214) Is A Mediator of Cell Death through the Death Receptor Pathway. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:517-530. [PMID: 30647121 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis. Treatment with temozolomide, standard of care for gliomas, usually results in drug resistance and tumor recurrence. Therefore, there is a great need for drugs that target GBM. NEO214 was generated by covalently linking rolipram to perillyl alcohol (POH) via a carbamate bond to form the rolipram-perillyl alcohol conjugate. We show here that NEO214 is effective against both temozolomide-sensitive and temozolomide-resistant glioma cells. Furthermore, NEO214 is effective for different mechanisms of temozolomide resistance: overexpression of MGMT (O6-methylguanine methyl-transferase); deficiency in specific mismatch repair proteins; and overexpression of base excision repair (BER) proteins. NEO214-induced cytotoxicity involves apoptosis triggered by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, as well as activating the Death Receptor 5 (DR5)/TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo2L) pathway. In vitro studies show that glioma cells treated with NEO214 express DR5 and exhibit cell death in the presence of recombinant TRAIL, a growth factor constitutively produced by astrocytes. Our in vitro 3D coculture data show that induction of DR5 in glioma cells with NEO214 and TRAIL cause tumor cell death very effectively and specifically for glioma cells. In vivo studies show that NEO214 has antitumor efficacy in orthotropic syngeneic rodent tumor models. Furthermore, NEO214 has therapeutic potential especially for brain tumors because this drug can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and is effective in the TRAIL-rich astrocyte microenvironment. NEO214 is a strong candidate for use in the treatment of GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yeon Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Thu Zan Thein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Weijun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephen D Swenson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rochelle A Fayngor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mengting Ou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nagore I Marín-Ramos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Axel H Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Florence M Hofman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Thomas C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. .,Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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20
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NEO412: A temozolomide analog with transdermal activity in melanoma in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2018; 9:37026-37041. [PMID: 30651933 PMCID: PMC6319336 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite new treatments introduced over the past several years, metastatic melanoma remains difficult to cure. Although melanoma in situ (MIS) has better prognosis, it relies heavily on thorough surgical excision, where ill-defined margins can pose a challenge to successful removal, potentially leading to invasive melanoma. As well, MIS in the head and neck area can create serious aesthetic concerns with regard to the surgical defect and substantial scar formation. Toward improved treatment of localized melanoma, including the targeting of unrecognized invasive components, we have been studying a novel agent, NEO412, designed for transdermal application. NEO412 is a tripartite agent that was created by covalent conjugation of three bioactive agents: temozolomide (TMZ, an alkylating agent), perillyl alcohol (POH, a naturally occurring monoterpene with anticancer properties), and linoleic acid (LA, an omega-6 essential fatty acid). We investigated the anti-melanoma potency of NEO412 in vitro and in mouse models in vivo. The in vitro results showed that NEO412 effectively killed melanoma cells, including TMZ-resistant and BRAF mutant ones, through DNA alkylation and subsequent apoptosis. in vivo, NEO412 inhibited tumor growth when applied topically to the skin of tumor-bearing animals, and this effect involved a combination of increased tumor cell death with decreased blood vessel development. At the same time, drug-treated mice continued to thrive, and there was no apparent damage to normal skin in response to daily drug applications. Combined, our results present NEO412 as a potentially promising new treatment for cutaneous melanoma, in particular MIS, deserving of further study.
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21
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Chen TC, da Fonseca CO, Schönthal AH. Intranasal Perillyl Alcohol for Glioma Therapy: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3905. [PMID: 30563210 PMCID: PMC6321279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracranial malignancies, such as primary brain cancers and brain-localized metastases derived from peripheral cancers, are particularly difficult to treat with therapeutic agents, because the blood-brain barrier (BBB) effectively minimizes brain entry of the vast majority of agents arriving from the systemic circulation. Intranasal administration of cancer drugs has the potential to reach the brain via direct nose-to-brain transport, thereby circumventing the obstacle posed by the BBB. However, in the field of cancer therapy, there is a paucity of studies reporting positive results with this type of approach. A remarkable exception is the natural compound perillyl alcohol (POH). Its potent anticancer activity was convincingly established in preclinical studies, but it nonetheless failed in subsequent clinical trials, where it was given orally and displayed hard-to-tolerate gastrointestinal side effects. Intriguingly, when switched to intranasal delivery, POH yielded highly promising activity in recurrent glioma patients and was well tolerated. As of 2018, POH is the only intranasally delivered compound in the field of cancer therapy (outside of cancer pain) that has advanced to active clinical trials. In the following, we will introduce this compound, summarize its molecular mechanisms of action, and present the latest data on its clinical evaluation as an intranasally administered agent for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Clovis O da Fonseca
- Department of General and Specialized Surgery, Antonio Pedro University Hospital, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ 24220, Brazil.
| | - Axel H Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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22
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Vendrusculo V, de Souza VP, M Fontoura LA, M D'Oca MG, Banzato TP, Monteiro PA, Pilli RA, de Carvalho JE, Russowsky D. Synthesis of novel perillyl-dihydropyrimidinone hybrids designed for antiproliferative activity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1553-1564. [PMID: 30288229 PMCID: PMC6151448 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00270c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of fifteen novel dihydropyrimidinone hybrid compounds were synthesized in good yields via a multicomponent reaction combined with the Huisgen reaction. The antiproliferative activity was investigated against nine tumor cell lines, and four hybrid compounds (TGI < 10 μM) showed promising antiproliferative activity against the tumor cell lines OVCAR-3 (ovarian), UACC-62 (melanoma) and U251 (glioma). Several hybrid compounds assayed have high TGI values (TGI 147.92-507.82) for the human keratinocyte cell line (HaCat), which reveals selectivity to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Vendrusculo
- Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil .
| | - Vanessa P de Souza
- Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil .
| | - Luiz Antônio M Fontoura
- Fundação da Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
- PPGEMPS , Universidade Luterana do Brasil , Canoas , RS , Brazil
| | - Marcelo G M D'Oca
- Escola de Química e Alimentos , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande , Rio Grande , RS , Brazil
| | - Thais P Banzato
- Instituto de Biologia , Universidade Estadual Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Químicas , Biológicas e Agrícolas , Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Paula A Monteiro
- Instituto de Biologia , Universidade Estadual Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Químicas , Biológicas e Agrícolas , Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Ronaldo A Pilli
- Instituto de Química , Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - João Ernesto de Carvalho
- Instituto de Biologia , Universidade Estadual Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Químicas , Biológicas e Agrícolas , Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Dennis Russowsky
- Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil .
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23
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Gangurde PK, Ajitkumar B. N, Kumar L. Lamotrigine Lipid Nanoparticles for Effective Treatment of Epilepsy: a Focus on Brain Targeting via Nasal Route. J Pharm Innov 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-018-9343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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El Sayed SM. Enhancing anticancer effects, decreasing risks and solving practical problems facing 3-bromopyruvate in clinical oncology: 10 years of research experience. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:4699-4709. [PMID: 30154655 PMCID: PMC6103555 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s170564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Bromopyruvate (3BP) is a promising powerful general anticancer agent. Unfortunately, 3BP release faces many practical and biochemical problems in clinical human oncology, for example, 3BP induces burning venous sensation (during intravenous infusion) and rapid inactivation by thiol groups of glutathione and proteins. 3BP exhibits resistance in glutathione-rich tumors without being able to exert selective targeting. 3BP does not cross the blood–brain barrier and cannot treat nervous system tumors. Importantly, 3BP cannot persist in tumor tissues due to the phenomenon of enhanced permeability and retention effect. Here, the author presents the practical solutions for clinical problems facing 3BP use in clinical oncology, based on over 10 years of experience in 3BP research. Crude (unformulated 3BP that is purchased from chemical companies without being formulated in liposomes or other nanocarriers) should not be administered in clinical oncology. Instead, 3BP is better formulated with liposomes, polyethylene glycol (PEG), PEGylated liposomes (stealth liposomes) or perillyl alcohol that are used currently with many chemotherapeutics for treating clinical tumors in cancer patients. Formulating 3BP with targeted liposomes, for example, with folate, transferrin or other ligands, improves tumor targeting. Formulating 3BP with liposomes, PEG, stealth liposomes or perillyl alcohol may improve its pharmacokinetics, hide it from thiols in the circulation, protect it from serum proteins and enzymes, prevent burning sensation, prolong 3BP’s longevity and facilitate crossing the BBB. Formulating 3BP with stealth liposomes protects 3BP from the reticuloendothelial cells. Liposomal 3BP formulations may retain 3BP better inside the relatively large tumor capillary pores (abolish enhanced permeability and retention effect) sparing normal tissues, facilitate new delivery routes for 3BP (eg, topical and intranasal 3BP administration using perillyl alcohol) and improve cancer cytotoxicity. Formulating 3BP may be promising in overcoming many obstacles in clinical oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Mohamed El Sayed
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Taibah College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia, .,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt,
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25
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Nuutinen T. Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:198-228. [PMID: 30096653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cannabaceae plants Cannabis sativa L. and Humulus lupulus L. are rich in terpenes - both are typically comprised of terpenes as up to 3-5% of the dry-mass of the female inflorescence. Terpenes of cannabis and hops are typically simple mono- and sesquiterpenes derived from two and three isoprene units, respectively. Some terpenes are relatively well known for their potential in biomedicine and have been used in traditional medicine for centuries, while others are yet to be studied in detail. The current, comprehensive review presents terpenes found in cannabis and hops. Terpenes' medicinal properties are supported by numerous in vitro, animal and clinical trials and show anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, anticonvulsive, antidepressant, anxiolytic, anticancer, antitumor, neuroprotective, anti-mutagenic, anti-allergic, antibiotic and anti-diabetic attributes, among others. Because of the very low toxicity, these terpenes are already widely used as food additives and in cosmetic products. Thus, they have been proven safe and well-tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarmo Nuutinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Univerisity of Eastern Finland (UEF), Finland; Department of Physics and Mathematics, UEF, Finland.
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26
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He Q, Liu J, Liang J, Liu X, Li W, Liu Z, Ding Z, Tuo D. Towards Improvements for Penetrating the Blood-Brain Barrier-Recent Progress from a Material and Pharmaceutical Perspective. Cells 2018; 7:cells7040024. [PMID: 29570659 PMCID: PMC5946101 DOI: 10.3390/cells7040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a critical biological structure that prevents damage to the brain and maintains its bathing microenvironment. However, this barrier is also the obstacle to deliver beneficial drugs to treat CNS (central nervous system) diseases. Many efforts have been made for improvement of delivering drugs across the BBB in recent years to treat CNS diseases. In this review, the anatomical and functional structure of the BBB is comprehensively discussed. The mechanisms of BBB penetration are summarized, and the methods and effects on increasing BBB permeability are investigated in detail. It also elaborates on the physical, chemical, biological and nanocarrier aspects to improve drug delivery penetration to the brain and introduces some specific drug delivery effects on BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanguo He
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Jing Liang
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Liu
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Wen Li
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Ziyu Ding
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Du Tuo
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
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Chen TC, Chan N, Labib S, Yu J, Cho HY, Hofman FM, Schönthal AH. Induction of Pro-Apoptotic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Multiple Myeloma Cells by NEO214, Perillyl Alcohol Conjugated to Rolipram. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E277. [PMID: 29342125 PMCID: PMC5796223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of new therapies for multiple myeloma (MM), many patients are still dying from this disease and novel treatments are urgently needed. We have designed a novel hybrid molecule, called NEO214, that was generated by covalent conjugation of the natural monoterpene perillyl alcohol (POH), an inducer of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, to rolipram (Rp), an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4). Its potential anticancer effects were investigated in a panel of MM cell lines. We found that NEO214 effectively killed MM cells in vitro with a potency that was over an order of magnitude stronger than that of its individual components, either alone or in combination. The cytotoxic mechanism of NEO214 involved severe ER stress and prolonged induction of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), a key pro-apoptotic component of the ER stress response. These effects were prevented by salubrinal, a pharmacologic inhibitor of ER stress, and by CHOP gene knockout. Conversely, combination of NEO214 with bortezomib, a drug in clinical use for patients with MM, resulted in synergistic enhancement of MM cell death. Combination with the adenylate cyclase stimulant forskolin did not enhance NEO214 impact, indicating that cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (AMP) pathways might play a lesser role. Our study introduces the novel agent NEO214 as a potent inducer of ER stress with significant anti-MM activity in vitro. It should be further investigated as a potential MM therapy aimed at exploiting this tumor's distinct sensitivity to ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Nymph Chan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Shirin Labib
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Jiali Yu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Hee-Yeon Cho
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Florence M Hofman
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Axel H Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Khan AR, Liu M, Khan MW, Zhai G. Progress in brain targeting drug delivery system by nasal route. J Control Release 2017; 268:364-389. [PMID: 28887135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts the transport of potential therapeutic moieties to the brain. Direct targeting the brain via olfactory and trigeminal neural pathways by passing the BBB has gained an important consideration for delivery of wide range of therapeutics to brain. Intranasal route of transportation directly delivers the drugs to brain without systemic absorption, thus avoiding the side effects and enhancing the efficacy of neurotherapeutics. Over the last several decades, different drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been studied for targeting the brain by the nasal route. Novel DDSs such as nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes and polymeric micelles have gained potential as useful tools for targeting the brain without toxicity in nasal mucosa and central nervous system (CNS). Complex geometry of the nasal cavity presented a big challenge to effective delivery of drugs beyond the nasal valve. Recently, pharmaceutical firms utilized latest and emerging nasal drug delivery technologies to overcome these barriers. This review aims to describe the latest development of brain targeted DDSs via nasal administration. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS STUDIED IN THIS ARTICLE Carbopol 934p (PubChem CID: 6581) Carboxy methylcellulose (PubChem CID: 24748) Penetratin (PubChem CID: 101111470) Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PubChem CID: 23111554) Tween 80 (PubChem CID: 5284448).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Mengrui Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Muhammad Wasim Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China.
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