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Ligan C, Ma XH, Zhao SL, Zhao W. The regulatory role and mechanism of mast cells in tumor microenvironment. Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:1-15. [PMID: 38323271 PMCID: PMC10839313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) have emerged as pivotal contributors to both the defensive immune response and immunomodulation. They also exhibit regulatory functions in modulating pathological processes across various allergic diseases. The impact of MC presence within tumor tissues has garnered considerable attention, yielding conflicting findings. While some studies propose that MCs within tumor tissues promote tumor initiation and progression, others advocate an opposing perspective. Notably, evidence emphasizes the dual role of MCs in cancer, both as promoters and suppressors, is crucial for optimizing cancer treatment strategies. These conflicting viewpoints have generated substantial controversy, underscoring the need for a comprehensive understanding of MC's role in tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryl Ligan
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin-Hua Ma
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shu-Li Zhao
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Liang T, Cheng M, Lu L, Liu R. Competing endogenous RNA network characterization of lymph node metastases in Leuran gastric cancer subtypes. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:16043-16053. [PMID: 37688630 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a kind of tumor with strong heterogeneity. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) acting as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) play significant roles in the development of tumors. In this study, we divided all TCGA gastric cancer patients into the whole, intestinal and diffuse cohorts for further analysis, and constructed competitive endogenous RNA network and evaluated immune cells using CIBERSORTx. The support vector machines recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) was used for screening significant signatures and the support vector machines (SVM) for establishing model predicting the lymph node metastasis. The performance of SVM model was good in the intestinal and diffuse cohort, while the model in the whole cohort was relatively poor. Some important co-expression patterns between immune cells and ceRNAs network indicated significant correlation CD70 with dendritic cells and so on. Our research inferred competing endogenous RNA network of lymph node metastasis and built an excellent predicting model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Liang
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Intensive Care Unit, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minjun Cheng
- Intensive Care Unit, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Chun'an Branch of Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Chun'an Hospital Affiliated to Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Renyang Liu
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Intensive Care Unit, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Baran J, Sobiepanek A, Mazurkiewicz-Pisarek A, Rogalska M, Gryciuk A, Kuryk L, Abraham SN, Staniszewska M. Mast Cells as a Target-A Comprehensive Review of Recent Therapeutic Approaches. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081187. [PMID: 37190096 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are the immune cells distributed throughout nearly all tissues, mainly in the skin, near blood vessels and lymph vessels, nerves, lungs, and the intestines. Although MCs are essential to the healthy immune response, their overactivity and pathological states can lead to numerous health hazards. The side effect of mast cell activity is usually caused by degranulation. It can be triggered by immunological factors, such as immunoglobulins, lymphocytes, or antigen-antibody complexes, and non-immune factors, such as radiation and pathogens. An intensive reaction of mast cells can even lead to anaphylaxis, one of the most life-threatening allergic reactions. What is more, mast cells play a role in the tumor microenvironment by modulating various events of tumor biology, such as cell proliferation and survival, angiogenesis, invasiveness, and metastasis. The mechanisms of the mast cell actions are still poorly understood, making it difficult to develop therapies for their pathological condition. This review focuses on the possible therapies targeting mast cell degranulation, anaphylaxis, and MC-derived tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Baran
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sobiepanek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Mazurkiewicz-Pisarek
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Rogalska
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksander Gryciuk
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Kuryk
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health NIH-NRI, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Soman N Abraham
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Monika Staniszewska
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Salati M, Caputo F, Bocconi A, Cerri S, Baldessari C, Piacentini F, Dominici M, Gelsomino F. Successes and failures of angiogenesis blockade in gastric and gastro-esophageal junction adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:993573. [PMID: 36212393 PMCID: PMC9540203 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.993573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric and gastro-esophageal junction adenocarcinoma (GEA) remains a considerable major public health problem worldwide, being the fifth most common cancer with a fatality-to-case ratio that stands still at 70%. Angiogenesis, which is a well-established cancer hallmark, exerts a fundamental role in cancer initiation and progression and its targeting has been actively pursued as a promising therapeutic strategy in GEA. A wealth of clinical trials has been conducted, investigating anti-angiogenic agents including VEGF-directed monoclonal antibodies, small molecules tyrosine kinase inhibitors and VEGF-Trap agents both in the resectable and advanced setting, reporting controversial results. While phase III randomized trials testing the anti-VEGFR-2 antibody Ramucirumab and the selective VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor Apatinib demonstrated a significant survival benefit in later lines, the shift of angiogenesis inhibitors in the perioperative and first-line setting failed to improve patients’ outcome in GEAs. The molecular landscape of disease, together with novel combinatorial strategies and biomarker-selected approaches are under investigation as key elements to the success of angiogenesis blockade in GEA. In this article, we critically review the existing literature on the biological rationale and clinical development of antiangiogenic agents in GEA, discussing major achievements, limitations and future developments, aiming at fully realizing the potential of this therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Salati
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
- PhD Program Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- *Correspondence: Massimiliano Salati,
| | - Francesco Caputo
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bocconi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Sara Cerri
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Cinzia Baldessari
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Federico Piacentini
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Gelsomino
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
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5
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Sciumè M, De Magistris C, Galli N, Ferretti E, Milesi G, De Roberto P, Fabris S, Grifoni FI. Target Therapies for Systemic Mastocytosis: An Update. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060738. [PMID: 35745657 PMCID: PMC9229771 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic mastocytosis (SM) results from a clonal proliferation of abnormal mast cells (MCs) in extra-cutaneous organs. It could be divided into indolent SM, smoldering SM, SM with an associated hematologic (non-MC lineage) neoplasm, aggressive SM, and mast cell leukemia. SM is generally associated with the presence of a gain-of-function somatic mutation in KIT at codon 816. Clinical features could be related to MC mediator release or to uncontrolled infiltration of MCs in different organs. Whereas indolent forms have a near-normal life expectancy, advanced diseases have a poor prognosis with short survival times. Indolent forms should be considered for symptom-directed therapy, while cytoreductive therapy represents the first-line treatment for advanced diseases. Since the emergence of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), KIT inhibition has been an attractive approach. Initial reports showed that only the rare KITD816V negative cases were responsive to first-line TKI imatinib. The development of new TKIs with activity against the KITD816V mutation, such as midostaurin or avapritinib, has changed the management of this disease. This review aims to focus on the available clinical data of therapies for SM and provide insights into possible future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarita Sciumè
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (P.D.R.); (S.F.); (F.I.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5503-3466
| | - Claudio De Magistris
- Department of Oncology and Oncohaematology, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.D.M.); (N.G.)
| | - Nicole Galli
- Department of Oncology and Oncohaematology, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.D.M.); (N.G.)
| | - Eleonora Ferretti
- Direzione Scientifica, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giulia Milesi
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (P.D.R.); (S.F.); (F.I.G.)
| | - Pasquale De Roberto
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (P.D.R.); (S.F.); (F.I.G.)
| | - Sonia Fabris
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (P.D.R.); (S.F.); (F.I.G.)
| | - Federica Irene Grifoni
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (P.D.R.); (S.F.); (F.I.G.)
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Wang Y, Zhu GQ, Tian D, Zhou CW, Li N, Feng Y, Zeng MS. Comprehensive analysis of tumor immune microenvironment and prognosis of m6A-related lncRNAs in gastric cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:316. [PMID: 35331183 PMCID: PMC8943990 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play pivotal roles in gastric cancer (GC) progression. The emergence of immunotherapy in GC has created a paradigm shift in the approaches of treatment, whereas there is significant heterogeneity with regard to degree of treatment responses, which results from the variability of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). How the interplay between m6A and lncRNAs enrolling in the shaping of TIME remains unclear. Methods The RNA sequencing and clinical data of GC patients were collected from TCGA database. Pearson correlation test and univariate Cox analysis were used to screen out m6A-related lncRNAs. Consensus clustering method was implemented to classify GC patients into two clusters. Survival analysis, the infiltration level of immune cells, Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and the mutation profiles were analyzed and compared between two clusters. A competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were applied for the identification of pathways in which m6A-related lncRNAs enriched. Then least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) COX regression was implemented to select pivotal lncRNAs, and risk model was constructed accordingly. The prognosis value of the risk model was explored. In addition, the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy were compared between different risk groups. Finally, we performed qRT-PCR to detect expression patterns of the selected lncRNAs in the 35 tumor tissues and their paired adjacent normal tissues, and validated the prognostic value of risk model in our cohort (N = 35). Results The expression profiles of 15 lncRNAs were included to cluster patients into 2 subtypes. Cluster1 with worse prognosis harbored higher immune score, stromal score, ESTIMATE score and lower mutation rates of the genes. Different immune cell infiltration patterns were also displayed between the two clusters. GSEA showed that cluster1 preferentially enriched in tumor hallmarks and tumor-related biological pathways. KEGG pathway analysis found that the target mRNAs which m6A-related lncRNAs regulated by sponging miRNAs mainly enriched in vascular smooth muscle contraction, cAMP signaling pathway and cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. Next, eight lncRNAs were selected by LASSO regression algorithm to construct risk model. Patients in the high-risk group had poor prognoses, which were consistent in our cohort. As for predicting responses to ICIs therapy, patients from high-risk group were found to have lower tumor mutation burden (TMB) scores and account for large proportion in the Microsatellite Instability-Low (MSI-L) subtype. Moreover, patients had distinct immunophenoscores in different risk groups. Conclusion Our study revealed that the interplay between m6A modification and lncRNAs might have critical role in predicting GC prognosis, sculpting TIME landscape and predicting the responses to ICIs therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09377-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Gui-Qi Zhu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Di Tian
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chang-Wu Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Street, Nantong, 226000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Meng-Su Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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7
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Mast Cell–Tumor Interactions: Molecular Mechanisms of Recruitment, Intratumoral Communication and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Tumor Growth. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030349. [PMID: 35159157 PMCID: PMC8834237 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue-resident immune cells that are important players in diseases associated with chronic inflammation such as cancer. Since MCs can infiltrate solid tumors and promote or limit tumor growth, a possible polarization of MCs to pro-tumoral or anti-tumoral phenotypes has been proposed and remains as a challenging research field. Here, we review the recent evidence regarding the complex relationship between MCs and tumor cells. In particular, we consider: (1) the multifaceted role of MCs on tumor growth suggested by histological analysis of tumor biopsies and studies performed in MC-deficient animal models; (2) the signaling pathways triggered by tumor-derived chemotactic mediators and bioactive lipids that promote MC migration and modulate their function inside tumors; (3) the possible phenotypic changes on MCs triggered by prevalent conditions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) such as hypoxia; (4) the signaling pathways that specifically lead to the production of angiogenic factors, mainly VEGF; and (5) the possible role of MCs on tumor fibrosis and metastasis. Finally, we discuss the novel literature on the molecular mechanisms potentially related to phenotypic changes that MCs undergo into the TME and some therapeutic strategies targeting MC activation to limit tumor growth.
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8
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Senchukova MA. Issues of origin, morphology and clinical significance of tumor microvessels in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:8262-8282. [PMID: 35068869 PMCID: PMC8717017 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i48.8262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) remains a serious oncological problem, ranking third in the structure of mortality from malignant neoplasms. Improving treatment outcomes for this pathology largely depends on understanding the pathogenesis and biological characteristics of GC, including the identification and characterization of diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic biomarkers. It is known that the main cause of death from malignant neoplasms and GC, in particular, is tumor metastasis. Given that angiogenesis is a critical process for tumor growth and metastasis, it is now considered an important marker of disease prognosis and sensitivity to anticancer therapy. In the presented review, modern concepts of the mechanisms of tumor vessel formation and the peculiarities of their morphology are considered; data on numerous factors influencing the formation of tumor microvessels and their role in GC progression are summarized; and various approaches to the classification of tumor vessels, as well as the methods for assessing angiogenesis activity in a tumor, are highlighted. Here, results from studies on the prognostic and predictive significance of tumor microvessels in GC are also discussed, and a new classification of tumor microvessels in GC, based on their morphology and clinical significance, is proposed for consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Senchukova
- Department of Oncology, Orenburg State Medical University, Orenburg 460021, Russia
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9
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Zhang C, Li D, Yu R, Li C, Song Y, Chen X, Fan Y, Liu Y, Qu X. Immune Landscape of Gastric Carcinoma Tumor Microenvironment Identifies a Peritoneal Relapse Relevant Immune Signature. Front Immunol 2021; 12:651033. [PMID: 34054812 PMCID: PMC8155484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) still represents the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Peritoneal relapse (PR) is the most frequent metastasis occurring among patients with advanced gastric cancer. Increasingly more evidence have clarified the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) may predict survival and have clinical significance in GC. However, tumor-transcriptomics based immune signatures derived from immune profiling have not been established for predicting the peritoneal recurrence of the advanced GC. Methods In this study, we depict the immune landscape of GC by using transcriptome profiling and clinical characteristics retrieved from GSE62254 of Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Immune cell infiltration score was evaluated via single-sample gene set enrichment (ssGSEA) analysis algorithm. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression algorithm was used to select the valuable immune cells and construct the final model for the prediction of PR. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the Kaplan-Meier curve were used to check the accuracy of PRIs. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were performed to explore the molecular pathways associated with PRIs. Results A peritoneal recurrence related immune score (PRIs) with 10 immune cells was constructed. Compared to the low-PRIs group, the high-PRIs group had a greater risk. The upregulation of the focal adhesion signaling was observed in the high-PRIs subtype by GSEA and KEGG. Multivariate analysis found that both in the internal training cohort and the internal validation cohort, PRIs was a stable and independent predictor for PR. A nomogram that integrated clinicopathological features and PRIs to predict peritoneal relapse was constructed. Subgroup analysis indicated that the PRIs could obviously distinguish peritoneal recurrence in different molecular subtypes, pathological stages and Lauren subtypes, in which PRIs of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions (EMT) subtype, III-IV stage and diffuse subtype are higher respectively. Conclusion Overall, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of the immune landscape of GC and constructed a predictive PR model based on the immune cell infiltration. The PRIs represents novel promising feature of predicting peritoneal recurrence of GC and sheds light on the improvement of the personalized management of GC patients after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Danni Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ruoxi Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institution, Shenyang, China
| | - Ce Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yujia Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yibo Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiujuan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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10
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Tyczyńska M, Kędzierawski P, Karakuła K, Januszewski J, Kozak K, Sitarz M, Forma A. Treatment Strategies of Gastric Cancer-Molecular Targets for Anti-angiogenic Therapy: a State-of-the-art Review. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 52:476-488. [PMID: 33761051 PMCID: PMC8131337 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Recent studies have suggested that molecular targets for the anti-angiogenic therapy might constitute a basis for additional therapy in gastric cancer treatment. A vast number of molecules, receptors, pathways, specific interactions, and thus strategies that target gastric cancer angiogenesis specifically have been reported in numerous research articles and clinical trials. Methods We conducted a systematic literature review of molecularly targeted treatment strategies in gastric cancer on the following databases—PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus—on September 20, 2020. Multiple articles and evaluations were searched for studies reporting newly found and promising molecular anti-angiogenic therapy pathways. Eventually, 39 articles regarding the anti-angiogenic therapy in gastric cancer were included in the final analysis. Results As a consequence of the release of the pro-angiogenic molecules from the tumour cells, gastric cancer presents high angiogenic capability. Therefore, potential schemes for future treatment strategies include the decrease of the process ligands as well as the expression of their receptors. Moreover, the increase in the angiogenic inhibitor levels and direct aim for the inner walls of the endothelial cells appear as a promising therapeutic strategy. Beyond that, angiogenesis process inhibition seems to indirectly exaggerate the effects of chemotherapy in the considered patients. Conclusions The anti-angiogenic treatment in gastric cancer patients evaluates its significance especially in the early stages of the malignancy. The studies conducted so far show that most of the meaningful angiogenic factors and receptors with the potential molecular pathways should be further evaluated since they could potentially play a substantial role in future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Tyczyńska
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Kędzierawski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kaja Karakuła
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Gluska Street 1, 20-439 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Januszewski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kozak
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Sitarz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Alicja Forma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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11
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Yao J, Xi W, Chen X, Xiong Y, Zhu Y, Wang H, Hu X, Guo J. Mast cell density in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Association with prognosis and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes. Scand J Immunol 2020; 93:e13006. [PMID: 33275792 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumour-infiltrating mast cells (TIMs) have been reported to play functional roles in the tumour microenvironment. However, controversial evidences exist regarding their impact in different cancers. In order to study their role in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), we have investigated the prognostic value of TIMs and their association with tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in patients with mRCC treated with sunitinib or sorafenib. Baseline clinical characteristics and follow-up data were collected from 231 patients with mRCC; TIMs (mast cells density positive to tryptase), along with CD8+ and CD4+ TILs, were evaluated by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray. The log-rank test and univariate and multivariate COX regression models were used for survival analyses. Our results revealed that patients with high mast cell density had significantly better overall and progression-free survival (OS, P = .008, and PFS, P = .016, respectively) than those with low mast cell density. Additionally, multivariate COX regression analyses identified TIMs as an independent prognostic factor for OS (HR = 0.624, 95% CI: 0.420-0.927, P = .020) and PFS (HR = 0.658, 95% CI: 0.466-0.930, P = .019). Further, combining TIMs with the International mRCC Database Consortium (IMDC) risk model achieved statistically significant and better predictive ability for one- and two-year OS (P = .002 and P = .004, respectively). Moreover, the cases with high mast cell density were associated with a high density of CD8+ and CD4+ TILs (P = .008 and P = .001, respectively). Thus, better OS in patients with mRCC exhibiting a high mast cell density population may be attributed to the co-existence of CD8+ and CD4+ TILs, which have anti-tumour effects on activation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Yao
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xi
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjun Zhu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Shanghai ZhongShan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Shanghai ZhongShan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Shanghai ZhongShan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Shanghai ZhongShan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Forma A, Tyczyńska M, Kędzierawski P, Gietka K, Sitarz M. Gastric carcinogenesis: a comprehensive review of the angiogenic pathways. Clin J Gastroenterol 2020; 14:14-25. [PMID: 33206367 PMCID: PMC7886717 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-020-01295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is undoubtedly one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. Since GC is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths with nearly one million new diagnoses reported every year, there is a need for the development of new, effective treatment strategies of GC. Gastric carcinogenesis is a complex process that is induced by numerous factors and further stimulated by many pro-oncogenic pathways. Angiogenesis is the process of the new blood vessels formation from the already existing ones and it significantly contributes to the progression of gastric tumorigenesis and the growth of the cancerous tissues. The newly formed vessels provide cancer cells with proper nutrition, growth factors, and oxygen supply that are crucial for tumor growth and progression. Tumor-associated vessels differ from the physiological ones both morphologically and functionally. They are usually inefficient and unevenly distributed due to structural transformations. Thus, the development of the angiogenesis inhibitors that possess therapeutic effects has been the main focus of recent studies. Angiogenesis inhibitors mostly affect the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway since it is a major factor that stimulates the pro-angiogenic pathways. The aim of this review was to describe and summarize other promising molecular pathways that might be crucial in further improvements in GC therapies. This article provides an overview of how a meaningful role in tumor progression the angiogenetic process has. Furthermore, this review includes a description of the most important angiogenic factors as well as pathways and their involvement in gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Forma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Tyczyńska
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Kędzierawski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Klaudyna Gietka
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Sitarz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
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13
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Abstract
Early mast cell (MC) infiltration has been reported in a wide range of human and animal tumors particularly malignant melanoma and breast and colorectal cancer. The consequences of their presence in the tumor microenvironment (TME) or at their margins still remain unclear as it is associated with a good or poor prognosis based on the type and anatomical site of the tumor. Within the tumor, MC interactions occur with infiltrated immune cells, tumor cells, and extracellular matrix (ECM) through direct cell-to-cell interactions or release of a broad range of mediators capable of remodeling the TME. MCs actively contribute to angiogenesis and induce neovascularization by releasing the classical proangiogenic factors including VEGF, FGF-2, PDGF, and IL-6, and nonclassical proangiogenic factors mainly proteases including tryptase and chymase. MCs support tumor invasiveness by releasing a broad range of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). MC presence within the tumor gained additional significance when it was assumed that controlling its activation by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (imatinib and masitinib) and tryptase inhibitors (gabexate and nafamostat mesylate) or controlling their interactions with other cell types may have therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Elieh Ali Komi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Frank A Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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14
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Abstract
Mast cells are tissue-resident, innate immune cells that play a key role in the inflammatory response and tissue homeostasis. Mast cells accumulate in the tumor stroma of different human cancer types, and increased mast cell density has been associated to either good or poor prognosis, depending on the tumor type and stage. Mast cells play a multifaceted role in the tumor microenvironment by modulating various events of tumor biology, such as cell proliferation and survival, angiogenesis, invasiveness, and metastasis. Moreover, tumor-associated mast cells have the potential to shape the tumor microenvironment by establishing crosstalk with other tumor-infiltrating cells. This chapter reviews the current understanding of the role of mast cells in the tumor microenvironment. These cells have received much less attention than other tumor-associated immune cells but are now recognized as critical components of the tumor microenvironment and could hold promise as a potential target to improve cancer immunotherapy.
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15
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Hsieh HL, Tsai MM. Tumor progression-dependent angiogenesis in gastric cancer and its potential application. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2019; 11:686-704. [PMID: 31558974 PMCID: PMC6755109 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v11.i9.686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in the early diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer (GC), human GC remains one of the most frequently diagnosed malignant tumors in the world, and the survival rate of GC patients remains very poor. Thus, a suitable therapeutic strategy for GC is important for prolonging survival. Both tumor cells themselves and the tumor microenvironment play an important role in tumorigenesis, including angiogenesis, inflammation, immunosuppression and metastasis. Importantly, these cells contribute to gastric carcinogenesis by altering the angiogenic phenotype switch. The development, relapse and spreading of tumors depend on new vessels that provide the nutrition, growth factors and oxygen required for continuous tumor growth. Therefore, a state of tumor dormancy could be induced by blocking tumor-associated angiogenesis. Recently, several antiangiogenic agents have been identified, and their potential for the clinical management of GC has been tested. Here, we provide an up-to-date summary of angiogenesis and the angiogenic factors associated with tumor progression in GC. We also review antiangiogenic agents with a focus on the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-mediated pathway for endothelial cell growth and their angiogenesis ability in GC. However, most antiangiogenic agents have reported no benefit to overall survival (OS) compared to chemotherapy alone in local or advanced GC. In phase III clinical trials, only ramucirumab (anti-VEGFR blocker) and apatinib (VEGFR-TKI blocker) have reported an improved median overall response rate and prolonged OS and progression-free survival outcomes as a 2nd-line agent combined with chemotherapy treatment in advanced GC. By providing insights into the molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis associated with tumor progression in GC, this review will hopefully aid the optimization of antiangiogenesis strategies for GC therapy in combination with chemotherapy and adjuvant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ming Tsai
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
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16
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Guner A, Kim HI. Biomarkers for Evaluating the Inflammation Status in Patients with Cancer. J Gastric Cancer 2019; 19:254-277. [PMID: 31598370 PMCID: PMC6769371 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2019.19.e29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation can be a causative factor for carcinogenesis or can result from a consequence of cancer progression. Moreover, cancer therapeutic interventions can also induce an inflammatory response. Various inflammatory parameters are used to assess the inflammatory status during cancer treatment. It is important to select the most optimal biomarker among these parameters. Additionally, suitable biomarkers must be examined if there are no known parameters. We briefly reviewed the published literature for the use of inflammatory parameters in the treatment of patients with cancer. Most studies on inflammation evaluated the correlation between host characteristics, effect of interventions, and clinical outcomes. Additionally, the levels of C-reactive protein, albumin, lymphocytes, and platelets were the most commonly used laboratory parameters, either independently or in combination with other laboratory parameters and clinical characteristics. Furthermore, the immune parameters are classically examined using flow cytometry, immunohistochemical staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. However, gene expression profiling can aid in assessing the overall peri-interventional immune status. The checklists of guidelines, such as STAndards for Reporting of Diagnostic accuracy and REporting recommendations for tumor MARKer prognostic studies should be considered when designing studies to investigate the inflammatory parameters. Finally, the data should be interpreted after adjusting for clinically important variables, such as age and cancer stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Guner
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Institute of Medical Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Hyoung-Il Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea.,Gastric Cancer Center, Yonsei Cancer Hospital; Seoul, Korea
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17
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Sammarco G, Varricchi G, Ferraro V, Ammendola M, De Fazio M, Altomare DF, Luposella M, Maltese L, Currò G, Marone G, Ranieri G, Memeo R. Mast Cells, Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis in Human Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2106. [PMID: 31035644 PMCID: PMC6540185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is diagnosed in nearly one million new patients each year and it remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although gastric cancer represents a heterogeneous group of diseases, chronic inflammation has been shown to play a role in tumorigenesis. Cancer development is a multistep process characterized by genetic and epigenetic alterations during tumour initiation and progression. The stromal microenvironment is important in maintaining normal tissue homeostasis or promoting tumour development. A plethora of immune cells (i.e., lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, monocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, Treg cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells) are components of gastric cancer microenvironment. Mast cell density is increased in gastric cancer and there is a correlation with angiogenesis, the number of metastatic lymph nodes and the survival of these patients. Mast cells exert a protumorigenic role in gastric cancer through the release of angiogenic (VEGF-A, CXCL8, MMP-9) and lymphangiogenic factors (VEGF-C and VEGF-F). Gastric mast cells express the programmed death ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2) which are relevant as immune checkpoints in cancer. Several clinical undergoing trials targeting immune checkpoints could be an innovative therapeutic strategy in gastric cancer. Elucidation of the role of subsets of mast cells in different human gastric cancers will demand studies of increasing complexity beyond those assessing merely mast cell density and microlocalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sammarco
- Department of Health Science, General Surgery, Magna Graecia University, Medicine School of Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET) and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Valentina Ferraro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Endocrine, Digestive and Emergency Surgery, Aldo Moro University, 74124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Michele Ammendola
- Department of Health Science, General Surgery, Magna Graecia University, Medicine School of Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Michele De Fazio
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Aldo Moro University, 74124 Bari, Italy.
| | | | - Maria Luposella
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, 88900 Crotone, Italy.
| | - Lorenza Maltese
- Pathology Unit, Pugliese-Ciaccio Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Currò
- Department of Health Science, General Surgery, Magna Graecia University, Medicine School of Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Evolutive Age G. Barresi, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET) and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Interventional Oncology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 74124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Memeo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Aldo Moro University, 74124 Bari, Italy.
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18
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The Microenvironment in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7020040. [PMID: 29652813 PMCID: PMC6027429 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) can cause a wide variety of cancers upon infection of different cell types and induces a highly variable composition of the tumor microenvironment (TME). This TME consists of both innate and adaptive immune cells and is not merely an aspecific reaction to the tumor cells. In fact, latent EBV-infected tumor cells utilize several specific mechanisms to form and shape the TME to their own benefit. These mechanisms have been studied largely in the context of EBV+ Hodgkin lymphoma, undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and EBV+ gastric cancer. This review describes the composition, immune escape mechanisms, and tumor cell promoting properties of the TME in these three malignancies. Mechanisms of susceptibility which regularly involve genes related to immune system function are also discussed, as only a small proportion of EBV-infected individuals develops an EBV-associated malignancy.
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19
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Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Mast Cells Positive to Tryptase Are Correlated with Angiogenesis in Surgically-Treated Gastric Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041176. [PMID: 29649166 PMCID: PMC5979483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells and macrophages can play a role in tumor angiogenesis by stimulating microvascular density (MVD). The density of mast cells positive to tryptase (MCDPT), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and MVD were evaluated in a series of 86 gastric cancer (GC) tissue samples from patients who had undergone potential curative surgery. MCDPT, TAMs, and MVD were assessed in tumor tissue (TT) and in adjacent normal tissue (ANT) by immunohistochemistry and image analysis. Each of the above parameters was correlated with the others and, in particular for TT, with important clinico-pathological features. In TT, a significant correlation between MCDPT, TAMs, and MVD was found by Pearson t-test analysis (p ranged from 0.01 to 0.02). No correlation to the clinico-pathological features was found. A significant difference in terms of mean MCDPT, TAMs, and MVD between TT and ANT was found (p ranged from 0.001 to 0.002). Obtained data suggest MCDPT, TAMs, and MVD increased from ANT to TT. Interestingly, MCDPT and TAMs are linked in the tumor microenvironment and they play a role in GC angiogenesis in a synergistic manner. The assessment of the combination of MCDPT and TAMs could represent a surrogate marker of angiogenesis and could be evaluated as a target of novel anti-angiogenic therapies in GC patients.
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20
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Atiakshin D, Buchwalow I, Samoilova V, Tiemann M. Tryptase as a polyfunctional component of mast cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2018. [PMID: 29532158 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are haematopoietic cells that arise from pluripotent precursors of the bone marrow. They play immunomodulatory roles in both health and disease. When appropriately activated, mast cells undergo degranulation, and preformed granule compounds are rapidly released into the surroundings. In many cases, the effects that mast cells have on various inflammatory settings are closely associated with the enzymatic characteristics of tryptase, the main granule compound of mast cells. Tryptase degranulation is often linked with the development of an immune response, allergy, inflammation, and remodelling of tissue architecture. Tryptase also represents an informative diagnostic marker of certain diseases and a prospective target for pharmacotherapy. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about mast cell tryptase as one of the mast cell secretome proteases. The main points of the reviewed publications are highlighted with our microscopic images of mast cell tryptases visualized using immunohistochemical staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Atiakshin
- Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Voronezh N. N. Burdenko State Medical University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Igor Buchwalow
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Vera Samoilova
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Tiemann
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547, Hamburg, Germany
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21
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Nienhüser H, Schmidt T. Angiogenesis and Anti-Angiogenic Therapy in Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010043. [PMID: 29295534 PMCID: PMC5795993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies worldwide. Despite improvements in diagnosis and therapy, the overall prognosis remains poor. In the last decade, several anti-angiogenic drugs for cancer treatment have been approved and lately also introduced to gastric cancer treatment. While the initial trials focused only on unresectable or metastatic cancer, anti-angiogenic treatment is now also investigated in the perioperative and neoadjuvant setting. In this review, an overview of the role of angiogenesis and angiogenic factors in gastric cancer as well as anti-angiogenic treatment of gastric cancer is provided. Findings from in vitro and animal studies are summarized and put in a context with translational data on angiogenesis in gastric cancer. The most important angiogenic factors and their effect in gastric cancer are highlighted and clinical trials including anti-angiogenic drugs are discussed. Finally, an outlook of biomarkers for predicting response to anti-angiogenic treatment is presented, the ongoing trials on this topic are discussed and current challenges of anti-angiogenic therapy are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Nienhüser
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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22
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Ammendola M, Gadaleta CD, Frampton AE, Piardi T, Memeo R, Zuccalà V, Luposella M, Patruno R, Zizzo N, Gadaleta P, Pessaux P, Sacco R, Sammarco G, Ranieri G. The density of mast cells c-Kit + and tryptase + correlates with each other and with angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer patients. Oncotarget 2017; 8:70463-70471. [PMID: 29050294 PMCID: PMC5642569 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Literature data suggest that inflammatory cells such as mast cells (MCs) are involved in angiogenesis. MCs can stimulate angiogenesis by releasing of well identified pro-angiogenic cytokines stored in their cytoplasm. In particular, MCs can release tryptase, a potent in vivo and in vitro pro-angiogenic factor. Nevertheless, few data are available concerning the role of MCs positive to tryptase in primary pancreatic cancer angiogenesis. This study analyzed the correlation between mast cells positive to c-Kit receptor (c-Kit+ MCs), the density of MCs expressing tryptase (MCD-T) and microvascular density (MVD) in primary tumor tissue from patients affected by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). A series of 35 PDAC patients with stage T2-3N0-1M0 (by AJCC for Pancreas Cancer Staging 7th Edition) were selected and then undergone to surgery. Tumor tissue samples were evaluated by mean of immunohistochemistry and image analysis methods in terms of number of c-Kit+ MCs, MCD-T and MVD. The above parameters were related each other and with the most important main clinico-pathological features. A significant correlation between c-Kit+ MCs, MCD-T and MVD groups each other was found by Pearson t-test analysis (r ranged from 0.75 to 0.87; p-value ranged from 0.01 to 0.04). No other significant correlation was found. Our in vivo preliminary data, suggest that tumor microenvironmental MCs evaluated in terms of c-Kit+ MCs and MCD-T may play a role in PDAC angiogenesis and they could be further evaluated as a novel tumor biomarker and as a target of anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ammendola
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa-Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Traslational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Adam Enver Frampton
- HPB Surgical Unit, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Tullio Piardi
- Department of General, Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, Hopital Robert Debre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Universite de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Riccardo Memeo
- Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgical Unit, General, Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, IRCAD, IHU Mix-Surg, Institute for Minimally Invasive Image-Guided Surgery, University of Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valeria Zuccalà
- Pathology Unit, "Pugliese-Ciaccio" Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Luposella
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, "San Giovanni di Dio" Hospital, Crotone, Italy
| | - Rosa Patruno
- Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School, University "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School, University "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Gadaleta
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Traslational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Patrick Pessaux
- Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgical Unit, General, Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, IRCAD, IHU Mix-Surg, Institute for Minimally Invasive Image-Guided Surgery, University of Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rosario Sacco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa-Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sammarco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa-Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Traslational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
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23
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Lin C, Liu H, Zhang H, Cao Y, Li R, Wu S, Li H, He H, Xu J, Sun Y. Tryptase expression as a prognostic marker in patients with resected gastric cancer. Br J Surg 2017; 104:1037-1044. [PMID: 28542986 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells play important roles in the progression of various malignancies, but their prognostic value in gastric cancer is unknown. Tryptase expression, as an indicator of mast cell activity, was therefore evaluated to see whether this could be incorporated usefully into a prognostic nomogram after surgery in patients with gastric cancer. METHODS Tissue microarrays from patients with gastric cancer were created from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded resection specimens. Tryptase density was assessed by immunohistochemistry, and the association between tryptase expression and prognosis was evaluated. Semiquantitative scoring was devised to determine an optimal cut-off value that correlated with survival. A prognostic nomogram was then developed incorporating tryptase expression scores along with other variables known to be related to survival. RESULTS Tissue microarrays were generated from 419 patients having surgery for gastric cancer. Increased tryptase expression was associated with better overall and recurrence-free survival (both P < 0·001). Tryptase expression was an independent favourable prognostic factor for overall (HR 0·72; P = 0·027) and recurrence-free (HR 0·74; P = 0·044) survival. The accuracy of an established prognostic model was improved when tryptase expression was added. CONCLUSION Tryptase expression is an independent prognostic factor for overall and recurrence-free survival in patients with gastric cancer after surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - H Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - H Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - R Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - S Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - H Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - H He
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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