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Park JY, Yasir M, Lee HJ, Han ET, Han JH, Park WS, Kwon YS, Chun W. Caffeic acid methyl ester inhibits LPS‑induced inflammatory response through Nrf2 activation and NF‑κB inhibition in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:559. [PMID: 37941589 PMCID: PMC10628649 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid (CA) derivatives have been reported to exert anti-inflammatory activities in various inflammatory conditions. However, the impact of CA methyl ester (CAME) on the inflammatory response in vascular endothelial cells has not been thoroughly elucidated. In the present study, the aim was to understand how CAME can reduce inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and elucidate its mechanisms. CAME significantly attenuated LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-1β release. Furthermore, CAME inhibited cyclooxygenase 2 expression and consequent secretion of prostaglandin E2. CAME also suppressed LPS-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. In addition, CAME significantly enhanced the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) phosphorylation in the absence or presence of LPS stimulation in HUVECs. CAME also significantly suppressed LPS-induced NF-κB phosphorylation and inhibitor of κB phosphorylation and degradation. In conclusion, the present results provide clear evidence that CAME exerts its anti-inflammatory activities by increasing HO-1/Nrf2-mediated cytoprotection and inhibiting NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory pathways in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- Department of Pharmacology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanjoo Chun
- Department of Pharmacology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
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2
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Lee S, Kim HW, Lee SJ, Kwon RH, Na H, Kim JH, Choi YM, Yoon H, Kim YS, Wee CD, Yoo SM, Lee SH. Comprehensive characterization of flavonoid derivatives in young leaves of core-collected soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars based on high-resolution mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14678. [PMID: 36038700 PMCID: PMC9424525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Most previous studies have been focused on isoflavone profile with biological activities from soybean seed and its related products. However, in the present study, eighty-three flavonoid derivatives (55 flavonols, 9 flavones and 19 isoflavones) were comprehensively identified and quantified from young leaves of 21 core-collected soybean cultivars based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector with quadrupole time of flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-QToF/MS). Among total flavonoids from soybean leaves (SLs), the abundant flavonols (83.6%) were primarily composed of di- and tri- glycosides combined to the aglycones (K, kaempferol; Q, quercetin; I, isorhamnetin). Particularly, K-rich SLs (yellow coated seed), Nongrim 51 (breeding line) and YJ208-1 (landrace) contained mainly kaempferol 3-O-(2″-O-glucosyl-6″-O-rhamnosyl)galactoside and 3-O-(2″,6″-di-O-rhamnosyl)galactoside, and were expected to be superior cultivars by their higher flavonoids. Besides, the new tri-I-glycosides (soyanins I–V) were presented as predominant components in Junyeorikong (landrace, black). Thus, this study suggest that the SLs can be considered as valuable edible resources due to their rich flavonoids. Also, these detailed profiles will support breeding of superior varieties with excellent biological activities as well as relationship with seed anthocyanins production, and contribute to perform metabolomics approach to investigate the changes of SLs flavonols during the leaf growth and fermentation in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Lee
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Woong Kim
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jeong Lee
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeong Ha Kwon
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Na
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyung Kim
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Choi
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemyeong Yoon
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Do Wee
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Mi Yoo
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea.
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The Role of KLF2 in the Regulation of Atherosclerosis Development and Potential Use of KLF2-Targeted Therapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020254. [PMID: 35203463 PMCID: PMC8869605 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Kruppel like factor 2 (KLF2) is a mechanosensitive transcription factor participating in the regulation of vascular endothelial cells metabolism. Activating KLF2 in endothelial cells induces eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) expression, subsequent NO (nitric oxide) release, and vasodilatory effect. In addition, many KLF2-regulated genes participate in the anti-thrombotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, thereby preventing atherosclerosis development and progression. In this review, we summarise recent evidence suggesting that KLF2 plays a major role in regulating atheroprotective effects in endothelial cells. We also discuss several recently identified repurposed drugs and natural plant-based bioactive compounds with KLF2-mediated atheroprotective activities. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview of the role of KLF2 in atherosclerosis and as a pharmacological target for different drugs and natural compounds and highlight the potential application of these phytochemicals for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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4
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Rha CS, Jang EK, Hong YD, Park WS. Supervised Statistical Learning Prediction of Soybean Varieties and Cultivation Sites Using Rapid UPLC-MS Separation, Method Validation, and Targeted Metabolomic Analysis of 31 Phenolic Compounds in the Leaves. Metabolites 2021; 11:884. [PMID: 34940642 PMCID: PMC8704512 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max; SB) leaf (SL) is an abundant non-conventional edible resource that possesses value-adding bioactive compounds. We predicted the attributes of SB based on the metabolomes of an SL using targeted metabolomics. The SB was planted in two cities, and SLs were regularly obtained from the SB plant. Nine flavonol glycosides were purified from SLs, and a validated simultaneous quantification method was used to establish rapid separation by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass detection. Changes in 31 targeted compounds were monitored, and the compounds were discriminated by various supervised machine learning (ML) models. Isoflavones, quercetin derivatives, and flavonol derivatives were discriminators for cultivation days, varieties, and cultivation sites, respectively, using the combined criteria of supervised ML models. The neural model exhibited higher prediction power of the factors with high fitness and low misclassification rates while other models showed lower. We propose that a set of phytochemicals of SL is a useful predictor for discriminating characteristics of edible plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Su Rha
- AMOREPACIFIC R&D Center, Yongin 17074, Korea; (Y.D.H.); (W.S.P.)
| | - Eun Kyu Jang
- Gyeonggi-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Hwaseong 18388, Korea;
| | - Yong Deog Hong
- AMOREPACIFIC R&D Center, Yongin 17074, Korea; (Y.D.H.); (W.S.P.)
| | - Won Seok Park
- AMOREPACIFIC R&D Center, Yongin 17074, Korea; (Y.D.H.); (W.S.P.)
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Vahdat-Lasemi F, Aghaee-Bakhtiari SH, Tasbandi A, Jaafari MR, Sahebkar A. Targeting interleukin-β by plant-derived natural products: Implications for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Phytother Res 2021; 35:5596-5622. [PMID: 34390063 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is the main contributing factor to atheroma formation in atherosclerosis. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is an inflammatory mediator found in endothelial cells and resident leukocytes. Canakinumab is a selective monoclonal antibody against IL-1β which attenuates inflammation and concurrently precipitates fatal infections and sepsis. Natural products derived from medicinal plants, herbal remedy and functional foods are widely used nowadays. Experimental and clinical trial evidence supports that some natural products such as curcumin, resveratrol, and quercetin have potential effects on IL-1β suppression. In this review, we tried to document findings that used medicinal plants and plant-based natural products for treating atherosclerosis and its related diseases through the suppression of IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Vahdat-Lasemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Aida Tasbandi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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6
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Yu S, Li H, Cui T, Cui M, Piao C, Wang S, Ju M, Liu X, Zhou G, Xu H, Li G. Onion (Allium cepa L.) peel extract effects on 3T3-L1 adipocytes and high-fat diet-induced obese mice. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Lin Y, Wu S. Vegetable soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) leaf extracts: Functional components and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. J Food Sci 2021; 86:2468-2480. [PMID: 34028011 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To investigate ways to extract greater dietary value from the leaves of the vegetable soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar 'Kaohsiung No. 9'. Our results indicate that phenolic content and flavonoid content are highest in extracts prepared with 70% methanol and 70% ethanol. The 70% ethanol extracts also had the highest quercetin (135 ± 1.62 µg/g) and kaempferol (450 ± 1.35 µg/g) contents. These results show that flavonoids are a dominant class of compounds in these vegetable soybean leaf extracts and serve as their main source of antioxidants. At an extract concentration of 5 mg/ml, the 70% methanol extracts achieved good antioxidant effects, with a DPPH radical scavenging rate of 80%, and a reducing power of 88%. In assays of anti-inflammatory capacity using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The 70% methanol extracts displayed the most significant inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, achieving up to 86% inhibition. As a similar trend was observed in expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), we deduced that vegetable soybean leaves may regulate NO synthesis through inhibiting iNOS. We also observed a significant decrease in cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 gene expression. Analysis of proinflammatory cytokine synthesis revealed that the 70% methanol and 70% ethanol extracts significantly reduced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β synthesis, and increased the intracellular reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio from 8 to 12.8. These results indicate that vegetable soybean leaves possess antioxidant activities and exert inhibitory effects on inflammatory mediators, suggesting their potential for use as dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushiuan Lin
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szjie Wu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Chrysin boosts KLF2 expression through suppression of endothelial cell-derived exosomal microRNA-92a in the model of atheroprotection. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:4345-4355. [PMID: 34041583 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Atherosclerosis and its related clinical complications are the leading cause of death. MicroRNA (miR)-92a in the inflammatory endothelial dysfunction leads to atherosclerosis. Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is required for vascular integrity and endothelial function maintenance. Flavonoids possess many biological properties. This study investigated the vascular protective effects of chrysin in balloon-injured carotid arteries. MATERIALS AND METHODS Exosomes were extracted from human coronary artery endothelial cell (HCAEC) culture media. Herb flavonoids and chrysin were the treatments in these atheroprotective models. Western blotting and real-time PCRs were performed. In situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence analyses were employed. RESULTS MiR-92a increased after balloon injury and was present in HCAEC culture media. Chrysin was treated, and significantly attenuated the miR-92a levels after balloon injury, and similar results were obtained in HCAEC cultures in vitro. Balloon injury-induced miR-92a expression, and attenuated KLF2 expression. Chrysin increased the KLF2 but reduced exosomal miR-92a secretion. The addition of chrysin and antagomir-92a, neointimal formation was reduced by 44.8 and 49.0% compared with balloon injury after 14 days, respectively. CONCLUSION Chrysin upregulated KLF2 expression in atheroprotection and attenuated endothelial cell-derived miR-92a-containing exosomes. The suppressive effect of miR-92a suggests that chrysin plays an atheroprotective role. Proposed pathway for human coronary artery endothelial cell (HCAEC)-derived exosomes induced by chrysin to suppress microRNA (miR)-92a expression and counteract the inhibitory effect of miR-92a on KLF2 expression in HCAECs. This provides an outline of the critical role of the herbal flavonoid chrysin, which may serve as a valuable therapeutic supplement for atheroprotection.
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9
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Park JY, Lee HJ, Kwon YS, Chun W. 3,4,5-Trihydroxycinnamic Acid Inhibits LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response by Increasing SIRT1 Expression in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. J Vasc Res 2020; 57:302-310. [PMID: 32564014 DOI: 10.1159/000507628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
3,4,5-Trihydroxycinnamic acid (THC) has been demonstrated to exert anti-inflammatory activities in LPS-induced RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells and in LPS-induced septic mice. However, the effect of THC on the inflammatory response in vascular endothelial cells has not been clearly examined. The goal of the present study was to elucidate the anti-inflammatory properties of THC and its underlying mechanism in LPS-challenged human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). THC significantly suppressed LPS-induced interleukin-1β production and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression and significantly decreased LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB activation by attenuating p65 phosphorylation and inhibitor of kappa B degradation. To understand the underlying mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of THC, the involvement of the sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) signaling pathway was examined. THC resulted in increased expression of SIRT1 in LPS-challenged HUVECs. Among the downstream molecular targets of SIRT1, the level of LPS-induced acetylated p53 was significantly decreased by THC treatment, whereas no noticeable change was observed in the levels of forkhead box O3 and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha. In conclusion, the results clearly demonstrate that THC possesses anti-inflammatory properties by increasing SIRT1 expression and subsequent suppression of p53 activation in LPS-challenged HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanjoo Chun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea,
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10
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Vejux A, Abed-Vieillard D, Hajji K, Zarrouk A, Mackrill JJ, Ghosh S, Nury T, Yammine A, Zaibi M, Mihoubi W, Bouchab H, Nasser B, Grosjean Y, Lizard G. 7-Ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol: In vitro and animal models used to characterize their activities and to identify molecules preventing their toxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 173:113648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Summarize of the reports on antioxidants especially from herbal sources which battle oxidative stress might be proficient to forestall and repair the free radical-prompted vascular damages in overseeing of atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Atherosclerosis is the one of the fundamental reason for hypertension, stroke, myocardial localized necrosis, and numerous other cardiovascular illnesses. Atherosclerosis associated path physiological factors like hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking actuates oxidative stress which are characterized by excessive oxidation and improper exclusion. The herbal plant-based antioxidant agents are effective towards the management/treatment of atherosclerosis by different ways like, by diminishing the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, diminishing the cell proliferation, restraining the foam cell arrangement, and advancing the reverse cholesterol transport, down regulation of pro-atherogenic genes, and inflammatory mediators. This review is a critical analysis about the role of oxidative stress in atherogenesis and furthermore outlines the ongoing study/examination done on the management of atherosclerosis by utilizing herbal antioxidant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Education, Export Promotions Industrial Park (EPIP), Industrial Area, Dist: Vaishali, Hajipur, Bihar, 844102, India.
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12
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Li H, Kim UH, Yoon JH, Ji HS, Park HM, Park HY, Jeong TS. Suppression of Hyperglycemia and Hepatic Steatosis by Black-Soybean-Leaf Extract via Enhanced Adiponectin-Receptor Signaling and AMPK Activation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:90-101. [PMID: 30541285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Yellow-soybean-leaf extract includes kaempferol glycosides and pheophorbides that reduce obesity and plasma glucose levels. This study researched the molecular mechanisms underlying the glucose-lowering effect of the extract of black-soybean leaves (EBL), which mainly contains quercetin glycosides and isorhamnetin glycosides, in mice with high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity and diabetes and in HepG2 cells. Twelve weeks of EBL supplementation decreased body weight and fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, insulin, triglyceride, and nonesterified fatty acid levels. Histological analyses manifested that EBL suppressed hepatic steatosis. Interestingly, EBL significantly improved plasma adiponectin levels and increased adiponectin-receptor-gene ( AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) expression in the liver. EBL restored the effects of HFD on hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and on the family of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα, PPARδ, and PPARγ), which are associated with fatty acid metabolism and are downstream of the adiponectin receptors. Hence, EBL effectively diminished hyperglycemia and hepatic steatosis through enhancing adiponectin-induced signaling and AMPK activation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Industrial Biomaterials Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Un-Hee Kim
- Industrial Biomaterials Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Yoon
- Industrial Biomaterials Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Seon Ji
- Industrial Biomaterials Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Park
- Industrial Biomaterials Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Yong Park
- Industrial Biomaterials Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sook Jeong
- Industrial Biomaterials Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
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13
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Kim K, Ahn N, Jung S, Ju Y, Lee G, Kim M, Jeong Y. Effects of Resistance Exercise and Fermented Soybean Consumption on Glucose Tolerance and Expressions of Immune Senescence-Related Myokines in Middle-Aged Obese Rats. J Obes Metab Syndr 2018; 27:186-194. [PMID: 31089561 PMCID: PMC6504197 DOI: 10.7570/jomes.2018.27.3.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is important for older adults to prevent sarcopenia, but there are not currently effective methods to maintain or improve skeletal muscle function or immune function in this population. The goal of this study was to observe the effects of a 12-week resistance exercise program with fermented soybean supplementation on glucose tolerance and myokine expression in middle-aged obese rats in regard to body composition and immune senescence. Methods Subjects were randomly assigned to four groups: control (CON), soybean (SO), resistance exercise (RE), and soybean plus resistance exercise (SR). Resistance exercise involved ladder climbing, and soybean supplementation comprised 24% of total calories from soybean protein. Obesity was induced with 6 weeks of a high-fat diet, and then the group-specific procedures were conducted for the following 12 weeks. Results There were no significant differences between the groups in regard to daily dietary intake and body weight. The SO group had significantly higher intraperitoneal fat levels compared to the CON group (P<0.05), and a significantly lower lean body mass (P<0.05). The glycemic response of the SO group and SR group showed significantly higher improvements compared to the CON group and RE group (P<0.05). The expression of myokines related to immune senescence was significantly lower in the SO group (P<0.05). Conclusion Fermented soy beans helped improve glucose tolerance when it was applied with and without resistance exercise, with a significant reduction in the expression of inflammatory factors related to immune senescence in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kijin Kim
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Nayoung Ahn
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Suryun Jung
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Youngsik Ju
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Gyuho Lee
- Department of Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | | | - Yongjin Jeong
- KMF Co., Ltd., Daegu, Korea.,Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Natural Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
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14
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The role of epigenetics in cardiovascular health and ageing: A focus on physical activity and nutrition. Mech Ageing Dev 2018; 174:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Liu B, Xu L, Yu X, Li W, Sun X, Xiao S, Guo M, Wang H. Protective effect of KLF15 on vascular endothelial dysfunction induced by TNF‑α. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1987-1994. [PMID: 29956764 PMCID: PMC6072176 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a cardiovascular disease with a relatively high incidence rate. Krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) has a role in numerous pathological processes, including nephropathy, abnormal glucose metabolism and myocardial injury. The aim of the present study was to investigate the function of KLF15 in vascular endothelial dysfunction. MTT analyses, nitric oxide (NO) detection and cell adhesion detection kits were used to investigate the viability and adhesion of, and quantity of NO released by Eahy926 cells induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, respectively. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses were performed to determine the expression levels of KLF15, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), phosphorylated (p-)transcription factor p65 (p65) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The results of the present study demonstrated that TNF-α was able to induce vascular endothelial dysfunction in Eahy926 cells at an optimum concentration of 10 ng/ml. Overexpression of KLF15 markedly enhanced cell viability in addition to the quantity of released NO of TNF-α-induced Eahy926 cells, and increased the expression levels of eNOS and Nrf2. Furthermore, overexpression of KLF15 markedly suppressed the rate of cellular adhesion, and downregulated levels of MCP-1, ICAM-1, TGF-β1 and p-p65 in TNF-α induced Eahy926 cells. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that overexpression of KLF15 in Eahy926 cells exhibited a protective effect against TNF-α induced dysfunction via activation of Nrf2 signaling and inhibition of nuclear factor κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Lili Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xinming Yu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shandong 256100, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Shun Xiao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Mingjin Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Haofu Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
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16
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Cafestol Inhibits Cyclic-Strain-Induced Interleukin-8, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Production in Vascular Endothelial Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:7861518. [PMID: 29854096 PMCID: PMC5952558 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7861518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Moderate coffee consumption is inversely associated with cardiovascular disease mortality; however, mechanisms underlying this causal effect remain unclear. Cafestol, a diterpene found in coffee, has various properties, including an anti-inflammatory property. This study investigated the effect of cafestol on cyclic-strain-induced inflammatory molecule secretion in vascular endothelial cells. Cells were cultured under static or cyclic strain conditions, and the secretion of inflammatory molecules was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effects of cafestol on mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) signaling pathways were examined using Western blotting and specific inhibitors. Cafestol attenuated cyclic-strain-stimulated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein- (MCP-) 1, and interleukin- (IL-) 8 secretion. Cafestol inhibited the cyclic-strain-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 MAPK. By contrast, cafestol upregulated cyclic-strain-induced HO-1 and Sirt1 expression. The addition of zinc protoporphyrin IX, sirtinol, or Sirt1 silencing (transfected with Sirt1 siRNA) significantly attenuated cafestol-mediated modulatory effects on cyclic-strain-stimulated ICAM-1, MCP-1, and IL-8 secretion. This is the first study to report that cafestol inhibited cyclic-strain-induced inflammatory molecule secretion, possibly through the activation of HO-1 and Sirt1 in endothelial cells. The results provide valuable insights into molecular pathways that may contribute to the effects of cafestol.
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17
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Estevinho LM. Editorial-Special Issue "Nutraceuticals in Human Health and Disease". Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041213. [PMID: 29673136 PMCID: PMC5979606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia M Estevinho
- CIMO-Mountain Research Centre, Agricultural College of Bragança, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, E-5301-855 Bragança, Portugal.
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18
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Liu Y, Huang Y, Xu Y, Qu P, Wang M. Memantine protects against ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain endothelial permeability. IUBMB Life 2018. [PMID: 29542225 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Department of neurology; The fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Daqian Heilongjiang China
| | - Yudiao Huang
- Department of neurology; The fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Daqian Heilongjiang China
| | - Yueyue Xu
- Department of Nursing; The fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Daqian Heilongjiang China
| | - Peng Qu
- Department of neurology; The fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Daqian Heilongjiang China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of neurology; The fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Daqian Heilongjiang China
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19
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Matloub AA, AbouSamra MM, Salama AH, Rizk MZ, Aly HF, Fouad GI. Cubic liquid crystalline nanoparticles containing a polysaccharide from Ulva fasciata with potent antihyperlipidaemic activity. Saudi Pharm J 2017; 26:224-231. [PMID: 30166920 PMCID: PMC6111190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study involves the preparation of cubic liquid crystalline nanoparticles (cubsomes) for liver targeting to assess the potential of a formulated bioactive polysaccharide isolated from the hot aqueous extract of Ulva fasciata as an alternative natural agent with anti-hyperlipidaemic activity. Cubosomal nanoparticles were prepared by disrupting the cubic gel phase of the polysaccharide and water in the presence of a surfactant. Different lipid matrices and stabilizers were tested. All the formulations were in the nanosize range and showed sufficient negative charge to inhibit the aggregation of the cubosomes. Drug entrapment efficiencies (EEs%) were determined and in vitro release studies were performed. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning calorimetry were used to analyze the loaded cubosomal nanoparticles containing glyceryl monostearate (GMO 2.25 g), poloxamer 407 (0.25 g) and 50 mg of the polysaccharide. A preclinical study comparing the cubic liquid crystalline nanoparticles containing polysaccharide to fluvastatin as a reference drug in hyperlipidaemic rats was conducted. The rats treated with the polysaccharide- loaded cubosomes showed significant decreases in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and total lipid (TL) compared to the untreated HL rats. In addition, oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarkers were measured in the HL rats. Compared to the untreated HL rats, the cubosome treated rats showed a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA), whereas insignificant changes were detected in nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH) levels and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Further, vascular and intercellular adhesion molecules (VCAM, ICAM), and myeloperoxidase were demonstrated. A histopathological examination was conducted to study the alterations in histopathological lesions and to document the biochemical results. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the superiority of using a natural lipid regulator such as polysaccharide loaded cubosomes instead of fluvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza A Matloub
- Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona M AbouSamra
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa H Salama
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Z Rizk
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan F Aly
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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20
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Cui S, Li W, Lv X, Wang P, Gao Y, Huang G. Folic Acid Supplementation Delays Atherosclerotic Lesion Development by Modulating MCP1 and VEGF DNA Methylation Levels In Vivo and In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050990. [PMID: 28475147 PMCID: PMC5454903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has been partly acknowledged to result from aberrant epigenetic mechanisms. Accordingly, low folate levels are considered to be a contributing factor to promoting vascular disease because of deregulation of DNA methylation. We hypothesized that increasing the levels of folic acid may act via an epigenetic gene silencing mechanism to ameliorate atherosclerosis. Here, we investigated the atheroprotective effects of folic acid and the resultant methylation status in high-fat diet-fed ApoE knockout mice and in oxidized low-density lipoprotein-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We analyzed atherosclerotic lesion histology, folate concentration, homocysteine concentration, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), and DNA methyltransferase activity, as well as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and promoter methylation. Folic acid reduced atherosclerotic lesion size in ApoE knockout mice. The underlying folic acid protective mechanism appears to operate through regulating the normal homocysteine state, upregulating the SAM: SAH ratio, elevating DNA methyltransferase activity and expression, altering MCP1 and VEGF promoter methylation, and inhibiting MCP1 and VEGF expression. We conclude that folic acid supplementation effectively prevented atherosclerosis by modifying DNA methylation through the methionine cycle, improving DNA methyltransferase activity and expression, and thus changing the expression of atherosclerosis-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Cui
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Pengyan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Yuxia Gao
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Guowei Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China.
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21
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Hypaphorine Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Endothelial Inflammation via Regulation of TLR4 and PPAR-γ Dependent on PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signal Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040844. [PMID: 28420166 PMCID: PMC5412428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial lesion response to injurious stimuli is a necessary step for initiating inflammatory cascades in blood vessels. Hypaphorine (Hy) from different marine sources is shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. However, the potential roles and possible molecular mechanisms of Hy in endothelial inflammation have yet to be fully clarified. We showed that Hy significantly inhibited the positive effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on pro-inflammatory cytokines expressions, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), as well as induction of the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR in HMEC-1 cells. The downregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) and upregulated toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expressions in LPS-challenged endothelial cells were prevented by Hy. Inhibition of both PI3K and mTOR reversed LPS-stimulated increases in TLR4 expressions and decreases in PPAR-γ levels. Genetic silencing of TLR4 or PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone obviously abrogated the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-treated HMEC-1 cells. These results suggest that Hy may exert anti-inflammatory actions through the regulation of TLR4 and PPAR-γ dependent on PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathways. Hy may be considered as a therapeutic agent that can potentially relieve or ameliorate endothelial inflammation-associated diseases.
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22
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Jiang W, Xu X, Deng S, Luo J, Xu H, Wang C, Sun T, Lei G, Zhang F, Yang C, Zhou L, Wang F, Chen M. Methylation of kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) associates with its expression and non-small cell lung cancer progression. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:2024-2037. [PMID: 28469808 PMCID: PMC5411951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is a putative tumor suppressor gene. This study investigated its role and epigenetic mechanisms in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in ex vivo and in vitro. A total of 47 paired NSCLC and normal tissues and six cell lines were analyzed using qRT-PCR for KLF2 expression. KLF2 methylation was assessed using the methylation specific PCR (MSP) or bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP). Functional KLF2 region 4 (+567 to +906) was confirmed using the dual-luciferase reporter assay, while CCK-8 cell viability and flow cytometric assays were used to assess changes in cell viability, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis after knockdown or re-expression of KLF2. Western blot was performed to analyze the effects of KLF2 shRNA on knockdown of KLF2 expression and p15 and p21 expression in cells. We found that KLF2 expression was significantly reduced in NSCLC cells and tissues via KLF2 methylation. Reduction of KLF2 expression was associated with KLF2 region 4 hypermethylation in 27 of 47 (57.45%) NSCLC tissues. Furthermore, methylation at KLF2 region 4 was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and advanced TNM stage. Re-expression of KLF2 suppressed NSCLC cell viability, arrested cells at G0/G1 cell cycle by induction of p15 and p21 expression, and promoted apoptosis, whereas knockdown of KLF2 expression had the opposite effects on cells. Taken together, KLF2 possesses tumor suppressor functions in NSCLC and detection of KLF2 methylation should be further evaluated as a tumor or prognostic biomarker for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400042, China
| | - Xueqing Xu
- Molecular Biology Center, The State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400042, China
| | - Shaoli Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400042, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400042, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400042, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400042, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400042, China
| | - Guoqin Lei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400042, China
| | - Fengling Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400042, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400042, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400042, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400042, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400042, China
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