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Rojas-Solé C, Pinilla-González V, Lillo-Moya J, González-Fernández T, Saso L, Rodrigo R. Integrated approach to reducing polypharmacy in older people: exploring the role of oxidative stress and antioxidant potential therapy. Redox Rep 2024; 29:2289740. [PMID: 38108325 PMCID: PMC10732214 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2023.2289740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased life expectancy, attributed to improved access to healthcare and drug development, has led to an increase in multimorbidity, a key contributor to polypharmacy. Polypharmacy is characterised by its association with a variety of adverse events in the older persons. The mechanisms involved in the development of age-related chronic diseases are largely unknown; however, altered redox homeostasis due to ageing is one of the main theories. In this context, the present review explores the development and interaction between different age-related diseases, mainly linked by oxidative stress. In addition, drug interactions in the treatment of various diseases are described, emphasising that the holistic management of older people and their pathologies should prevail over the individual treatment of each condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Rojas-Solé
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Pinilla-González
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Lillo-Moya
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tommy González-Fernández
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ramón Rodrigo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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2
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Smith T, White T, Chen Z, Stewart LV. The KDM5 inhibitor PBIT reduces proliferation of castration-resistant prostate cancer cells via cell cycle arrest and the induction of senescence. Exp Cell Res 2024; 437:113991. [PMID: 38462208 PMCID: PMC11091958 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.113991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The compound 2-4(4-methylphenyl)-1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one (PBIT) is an inhibitor of the KDM5 family of lysine-specific histone demethylases that has been suggested as a lead compound for cancer therapy. The goal of this study was to explore the effects of PBIT within human prostate cancers. Micromolar concentrations of PBIT altered proliferation of castration-sensitive LNCaP and castration-resistant C4-2B, LNCaP-MDV3100 and PC-3 human prostate cancer cell lines. We then characterized the mechanism underlying the anti-proliferative effects of PBIT within the C4-2B and PC-3 cell lines. Data from Cell Death ELISAs suggest that PBIT does not induce apoptosis within C4-2B or PC-3 cells. However, PBIT did increase the amount of senescence associated beta-galactosidase. PBIT also altered cell cycle progression and increased protein levels of the cell cycle protein p21. PC-3 and C4-2B cells express varying amounts of KDM5A, KDM5B, and KDM5C, the therapeutic targets of PBIT. siRNA-mediated knockdown studies suggest that inhibition of multiple KDM5 isoforms contribute to the anti-proliferative effect of PBIT. Furthermore, combination treatments involving PBIT and the PPARγ agonist 15-deoxy-Δ-12, 14 -prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ₂) also reduced PC-3 cell proliferation. Together, these data strongly suggest that PBIT significantly reduces the proliferation of prostate cancers via a mechanism that involves cell cycle arrest and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunde Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Tytianna White
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Zhenbang Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - LaMonica V Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA.
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3
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Khan A, Khan A, Khan MA, Malik Z, Massey S, Parveen R, Mustafa S, Shamsi A, Husain SA. Phytocompounds targeting epigenetic modulations: an assessment in cancer. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1273993. [PMID: 38596245 PMCID: PMC11002180 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1273993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
For centuries, plants have been serving as sources of potential therapeutic agents. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in investigating the effects of plant-derived compounds on epigenetic processes, a novel and captivating Frontier in the field of epigenetics research. Epigenetic changes encompass modifications to DNA, histones, and microRNAs that can influence gene expression. Aberrant epigenetic changes can perturb key cellular processes, including cell cycle control, intercellular communication, DNA repair, inflammation, stress response, and apoptosis. Such disruptions can contribute to cancer development by altering the expression of genes involved in tumorigenesis. However, these modifications are reversible, offering a unique avenue for therapeutic intervention. Plant secondary compounds, including terpenes, phenolics, terpenoids, and sulfur-containing compounds are widely found in grains, vegetables, spices, fruits, and medicinal plants. Numerous plant-derived compounds have demonstrated the potential to target these abnormal epigenetic modifications, including apigenin (histone acetylation), berberine (DNA methylation), curcumin (histone acetylation and epi-miRs), genistein (histone acetylation and DNA methylation), lycopene (epi-miRs), quercetin (DNA methylation and epi-miRs), etc. This comprehensive review highlights these abnormal epigenetic alterations and discusses the promising efficacy of plant-derived compounds in mitigating these deleterious epigenetic signatures in human cancer. Furthermore, it addresses ongoing clinical investigations to evaluate the therapeutic potential of these phytocompounds in cancer treatment, along with their limitations and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqsa Khan
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Asifa Khan
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Aasif Khan
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Zoya Malik
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Sheersh Massey
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Rabea Parveen
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Saad Mustafa
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Syed A. Husain
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
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Negri A, Marozzi M, Trisciuoglio D, Rotili D, Mai A, Rizzi F. Simultaneous administration of EZH2 and BET inhibitors inhibits proliferation and clonogenic ability of metastatic prostate cancer cells. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2163242. [PMID: 36629431 PMCID: PMC9848337 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2163242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a common treatment for recurrent prostate cancer (PC). However, after a certain period of responsiveness, ADT resistance occurs virtually in all patients and the disease progresses to lethal metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Aberrant expression and function of the epigenetic modifiers EZH2 and BET over activates c-myc, an oncogenic transcription factor critically contributing to mCRPC. In the present work, we tested, for the first time, the combination of an EZH2 inhibitor with a BET inhibitor in metastatic PC cells. The combination outperformed single drugs in inhibiting cell viability, cell proliferation and clonogenic ability, and concomitantly reduced both c-myc and NF-kB expression. Although these promising results will warrant further in vivo validation, they represent the first step to establishing the rationale that the proposed combination might be suitable for mCRPC treatment, by exploiting molecular targets different from androgen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aide Negri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marina Marozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniela Trisciuoglio
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IMBP), National Research Council (CNR) c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin,” Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dante Rotili
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Rizzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy,National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, Italy,CONTACT Federica Rizzi Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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5
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New approaches to targeting epigenetic regulation in prostate cancer. Curr Opin Urol 2022; 32:472-480. [DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000001027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Legoff L, D'Cruz SC, Lebosq M, Gely-Pernot A, Bouchekhchoukha K, Monfort C, Kernanec PY, Tevosian S, Multigner L, Smagulova F. Developmental exposure to chlordecone induces transgenerational effects in somatic prostate tissue which are associated with epigenetic histone trimethylation changes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 152:106472. [PMID: 33711761 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlordecone (CD), also known as Kepone, is an organochlorine insecticide that has been used in banana crops in the French West Indies. Due to long-term contamination of soils and water, the population is still exposed to CD. Exposure to CD in adulthood is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (PCa). OBJECTIVES We examined the transgenerational effects of CD on murine prostate tissue. METHODS We exposed pregnant Swiss mice to CD. The prostates from directly exposed (F1) and non-exposed (F3) male progeny were analyzed. We used immunofluorescence, RNA-seq and ChIP-seq techniques for the comprehensive analyses of chromatin states in prostate. RESULTS We observed an increased prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia phenotype (PIN) in both F1 and F3 generations. Transcriptomic analysis in CD-derived F1 and F3 prostate using RNA-seq revealed that 970 genes in F1 and 218 in F3 genes were differentially expressed. The differentially expressed genes in both datasets could be clustered accordingly to common biological processes, "cell differentiation", "developmental process", "regulating of signaling", suggesting that in both generations similar processes were perturbed. We detected that in both datasets several Hox genes were upregulated; in F1, the expression was detected mainly in Hoxb and Hoxd, and in F3, in Hoxa family genes. Using a larger number of biological replicates and RT-qPCR we showed that genes implicated in testosterone synthesis (Akr1b3, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, Srd5a1) were dramatically upregulated in PIN samples; Cyp19a1, converting testosterone to estradiol was elevated as well. We found a dramatic increase in Esr2 expression both in F1 and F3 prostates containing PIN. The PIN-containing samples have a strong increase in expression of self-renewal-related genes (Nanog, Tbx3, Sox2, Sox3, Rb1). We observed changes in liver, F1 CD-exposed males have an increased expression of genes related to DNA repair, matrix collagen and inflammation related pathways in F1 but not in F3 adult CD-derived liver. The changes in RNA transcription were associated with epigenetic changes. Specifically, we found a global increase in H3K4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and a decrease in H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in prostate of F1 mice. ChIP-seq analysis showed that 129 regions in F1 and 240 in F3 acquired altered H3K4me3 occupancy in CD-derived prostate, including highest increase at several promoters of Hoxa family genes in both datasets. The alteration in H3K4me3 in both generations overlap 73 genes including genes involved in proliferation regulation, Tbx2, Stat3, Stat5a, Pou2f3 and homeobox genes Hoxa13, Hoxa9. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that developmental exposure to CD leads to epigenetic changes in prostate tissue. The PIN containing samples showed evidence of implication in hormonal pathway and self-renewal gene expression that have the capacity to promote neoplasia in CD-exposed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Legoff
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Shereen Cynthia D'Cruz
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Morgane Lebosq
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Aurore Gely-Pernot
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Katia Bouchekhchoukha
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Christine Monfort
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Pierre-Yves Kernanec
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Sergei Tevosian
- University of Florida, Department of Physiological Sciences, Box 100144, 1333 Center Drive, 32610 Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Luc Multigner
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Fatima Smagulova
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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Pacheco MB, Camilo V, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. Epigenetic Editing in Prostate Cancer: Challenges and Opportunities. Epigenetics 2021; 17:564-588. [PMID: 34130596 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.1939477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenome editing consists of fusing a predesigned DNA recognition unit to the catalytic domain of a chromatin modifying enzyme leading to the introduction or removal of an epigenetic mark at a specific locus. These platforms enabled the study of the mechanisms and roles of epigenetic changes in several research domains such as those addressing pathogenesis and progression of cancer. Despite the continued efforts required to overcome some limitations, which include specificity, off-target effects, efficacy, and longevity, these tools have been rapidly progressing and improving.Since prostate cancer is characterized by multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations that affect different signalling pathways, epigenetic editing constitutes a promising strategy to hamper cancer progression. Therefore, by modulating chromatin structure through epigenome editing, its conformation might be better understood and events that drive prostate carcinogenesis might be further unveiled.This review describes the different epigenome engineering tools, their mechanisms concerning gene's expression and regulation, highlighting the challenges and opportunities concerning prostate cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Brütt Pacheco
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center (GEBC CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) & Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vânia Camilo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center (GEBC CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) & Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center (GEBC CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) & Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. DR. António Bernardino De Almeida, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center (GEBC CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) & Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
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Alsamri H, Hasasna HE, Baby B, Alneyadi A, Dhaheri YA, Ayoub MA, Eid AH, Vijayan R, Iratni R. Carnosol Is a Novel Inhibitor of p300 Acetyltransferase in Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:664403. [PMID: 34055630 PMCID: PMC8155611 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.664403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosol, a natural polyphenol abundant in edible plants such as sage, rosemary, and oregano, has shown promising anticancer activity against various types of cancers. Nonetheless, very little is known about its molecular mechanism of action or its downstream target(s). We have previously shown that carnosol inhibits cellular proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis as well as triggers autophagy and apoptosis in the highly invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Here, we report that carnosol induces histone hypoacetylation in MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T breast cancer cells. We show that, while carnosol does not affect HDACs, it promotes a ROS-dependent proteasome degradation of p300 and PCAF histone acetyl transferases (HATs) without affecting other HATs such as GCN5 and hMOF. Carnosol-induced histone hypoacetylation remains persistent even when p300 and PCAF protein levels were rescued from degradation by (i) the inhibition of the proteasome activity by the proteasome inhibitors MG-132 and bortezomib, and (ii) the inhibition of ROS accumulation by the ROS scavenger, N-acetylcysteine. In addition, we report that, in a cell-free system, carnosol efficiently inhibits histone acetyltransferase activity of recombinant p300 but not that of PCAF or GCN5. Molecular docking studies reveal that carnosol inhibits p300 HAT activity by blocking the entry of the acetyl-CoA binding pocket of the catalytic domain. The superimposition of the docked conformation of the p300 HAT domain in complex with carnosol shows a similar orientation as the p300 structure with acetyl-CoA. Carnosol occupies the region where the pantetheine arm of the acetyl-CoA is bound. This study further confirms carnosol as a promising anti-breast cancer therapeutic compound and identifies it as a novel natural p300 inhibitor that could be added to the existing panel of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halima Alsamri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hussain El Hasasna
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bincy Baby
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aysha Alneyadi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yusra Al Dhaheri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ranjit Vijayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rabah Iratni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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9
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Zhu A, Hopkins KM, Friedman RA, Bernstock JD, Broustas CG, Lieberman HB. DNMT1 and DNMT3B regulate tumorigenicity of human prostate cancer cells by controlling RAD9 expression through targeted methylation. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:220-231. [PMID: 32780107 PMCID: PMC7905840 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. RAD9 stabilizes the genome, but prostate cancer cells and tumors often have high quantities of the protein. Reduction of RAD9 level within prostate cancer cells decreases tumorigenicity of nude mouse xenographs and metastasis phenotypes in culture, indicating that RAD9 overproduction is essential for the disease. In prostate cancer DU145 cells, CpG hypermethylation in a transcription suppressor site of RAD9 intron 2 causes high-level gene expression. Herein, we demonstrate that DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 and DNMT3B are highly abundant in prostate cancer cells DU145, CWR22, LNCaP and PC-3; yet, these DNMTs bind primarily to the transcription suppressor in DU145, the only cells where methylation is critical for RAD9 regulation. For DU145 cells, DNMT1 or DNMT3B shRNA reduced RAD9 level and tumorigenicity, and RAD9 ectopic expression restored this latter activity in the DNMT knockdown cells. High levels of RAD9, DNMT1, DNMT3B and RAD9 transcription suppressor hypermethylation were significantly correlated in prostate tumors, and not in normal prostate tissues. Based on these results, we propose a novel model where RAD9 is regulated epigenetically by DNMT1 and DNMT3B, via targeted hypermethylation, and that consequent RAD9 overproduction promotes prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Zhu
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin M Hopkins
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard A Friedman
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua D Bernstock
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Constantinos G Broustas
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Howard B Lieberman
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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Pandareesh MD, Kameshwar VH, Byrappa K. Prostate Carcinogenesis: Insights in Relation to Epigenetics and Inflammation. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:253-267. [PMID: 32682386 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200719020709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a multifactorial disease that mainly occurs due to the accumulation of somatic, genetic, and epigenetic changes, resulting in the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes. Mutations in genes, specifically those that control cell growth and division or the repair of damaged DNA, make the cells grow and divide uncontrollably to form a tumor. The risk of developing prostate cancer depends upon the gene that has undergone the mutation. Identifying such genetic risk factors for prostate cancer poses a challenge for the researchers. Besides genetic mutations, many epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation, histone modifications (methylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation, and phosphorylation) nucleosomal remodeling, and chromosomal looping, have significantly contributed to the onset of prostate cancer as well as the prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of prostate cancer. Chronic inflammation also plays a major role in the onset and progression of human cancer, via modifications in the tumor microenvironment by initiating epithelialmesenchymal transition and remodeling the extracellular matrix. In this article, the authors present a brief history of the mechanisms and potential links between the genetic aberrations, epigenetic changes, inflammation, and inflammasomes that are known to contribute to the prognosis of prostate cancer. Furthermore, the authors examine and discuss the clinical potential of prostate carcinogenesis in relation to epigenetics and inflammation for its diagnosis and treatment..
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirazkar D Pandareesh
- Center for Research and Innovation, BGSIT Campus, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagara, Mandya District, Karnataka 571448, India
| | - Vivek H Kameshwar
- Center for Research and Innovation, BGSIT Campus, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagara, Mandya District, Karnataka 571448, India
| | - Kullaiah Byrappa
- Center for Research and Innovation, BGSIT Campus, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagara, Mandya District, Karnataka 571448, India
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11
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Hansen E, Read AF. Modifying Adaptive Therapy to Enhance Competitive Suppression. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3556. [PMID: 33260773 PMCID: PMC7761372 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive therapy is a promising new approach to cancer treatment. It is designed to leverage competition between drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cells in order to suppress resistance and maintain tumor control for longer. Prompted by encouraging results from a recent pilot clinical trial, we evaluate the design of this initial test of adaptive therapy and identify three simple modifications that should improve performance. These modifications are designed to increase competition and are easy to implement. Using the mathematical model that supported the recent adaptive therapy trial, we show that the suggested modifications further delay time to tumor progression and also increase the range of patients who can benefit from adaptive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Hansen
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Andrew F. Read
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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12
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Super-enhancer in prostate cancer: transcriptional disorders and therapeutic targets. NPJ Precis Oncol 2020; 4:31. [PMID: 33299103 PMCID: PMC7677538 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-020-00137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal activity of oncogenic and tumor-suppressor signaling pathways contributes to cancer and cancer risk in humans. Transcriptional dysregulation of these pathways is commonly associated with tumorigenesis and the development of cancer. Genetic and epigenetic alterations may mediate dysregulated transcriptional activity. One of the most important epigenetic alternations is the non-coding regulatory element, which includes both enhancers and super-enhancers (SEs). SEs, characterized as large clusters of enhancers with aberrant high levels of transcription factor binding, have been considered as key drivers of gene expression in controlling and maintaining cancer cell identity. In cancer cells, oncogenes acquire SEs and the cancer phenotype relies on these abnormal transcription programs driven by SEs, which leads to cancer cells often becoming addicted to the SEs-related transcription programs, including prostate cancer. Here, we summarize recent findings of SEs and SEs-related gene regulation in prostate cancer and review the potential pharmacological inhibitors in basic research and clinical trials.
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13
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Histone Demethylase KDM7A Regulates Androgen Receptor Activity, and Its Chemical Inhibitor TC-E 5002 Overcomes Cisplatin-Resistance in Bladder Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165658. [PMID: 32781788 PMCID: PMC7460860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone demethylase KDM7A regulates many biological processes, including differentiation, development, and the growth of several cancer cells. Here, we have focused on the role of KDM7A in bladder cancer cells, especially under drug-resistant conditions. When the KDM7A gene was knocked down, bladder cancer cell lines showed impaired cell growth, increased cell death, and reduced rates of cell migration. Biochemical studies revealed that KDM7A knockdown in the bladder cancer cells repressed the activity of androgen receptor (AR) through epigenetic regulation. When we developed a cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cell line, we found that AR expression was highly elevated. Upon treatment with TC-E 5002, a chemical inhibitor of KDM7A, the cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells, showed decreased cell proliferation. In the mouse xenograft model, KDM7A knockdown or treatment with its inhibitor reduced the growth of the bladder tumor. We also observed the upregulation of KDM7A expression in patients with bladder cancer. The findings suggest that histone demethylase KDM7A mediates the growth of bladder cancer. Moreover, our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of the KMD7A inhibitor, TC-E 5002, in patients with cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer.
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14
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Panda PK, Saraf S, Tiwari A, Verma A, Raikwar S, Jain A, Jain SK. Novel Strategies for Targeting Prostate Cancer. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 16:712-727. [PMID: 31433757 DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666190821143805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a worldwide issue, with a rapid increase in its occurrence and mortality. Over the years, various strategies have been implemented to overcome the hurdles that exist in the treatment of PCa. Consistently, there is a change in opinion about the methodologies in clinical trial that have engrossed towards the treatment of PCa. Currently, there is a need to resolve these newly recognized challenges by developing newer rational targeting systems. The ongoing clinical protocol for the therapy using different targeting systems is undertaken followed by local targeting to cancer site. A number of new drug targeting systems like liposomes, nanoemulsions, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), solid lipid nanoparticles, drug-peptide conjugate systems, drug-antibody conjugate systems, epigenetic and gene therapy approaches, and therapeutic aptamers are being developed to suit this protocol. Recent advancements in the treatment of PCa with various nanocarriers have been reported with respect to newly identified biological barriers and intended to solve the contexts. This review encompasses the input of nanotechnology in particular targeting of PCa which might escape the lifethreatening side effects and potentially contribute to bring fruitful clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritish Kumar Panda
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar (M.P.), 470 003, India
| | - Shivani Saraf
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar (M.P.), 470 003, India
| | - Ankita Tiwari
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar (M.P.), 470 003, India
| | - Amit Verma
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar (M.P.), 470 003, India
| | - Sarjana Raikwar
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar (M.P.), 470 003, India
| | - Ankit Jain
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road, Mathura (U.P.), 281 406, India
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar (M.P.), 470 003, India
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15
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Abstract
MYC is a master transcriptional regulator that controls almost all cellular processes. Over the last several decades, researchers have strived to define the context-dependent transcriptional gene programs that are controlled by MYC, as well as the mechanisms that regulate MYC function, in an effort to better understand the contribution of this oncoprotein to cancer progression. There are a wealth of data indicating that deregulation of MYC activity occurs in a large number of cancers and significantly contributes to disease progression, metastatic potential, and therapeutic resistance. Although the therapeutic targeting of MYC in cancer is highly desirable, there remain substantial structural and functional challenges that have impeded direct MYC-targeted drug development and efficacy. While efforts to drug the ‘undruggable’ may seem futile given these challenges and considering the broad reach of MYC, significant strides have been made to identify points of regulation that can be exploited for therapeutic purposes. These include targeting the deregulation of MYC transcription in cancer through small-molecule inhibitors that induce epigenetic silencing or that regulate the G-quadruplex structures within the MYC promoter. Alternatively, compounds that disrupt the DNA-binding activities of MYC have been the long-standing focus of many research groups, since this method would prevent downstream MYC oncogenic activities regardless of upstream alterations. Finally, proteins involved in the post-translational regulation of MYC have been identified as important surrogate targets to reduce MYC activity downstream of aberrant cell stimulatory signals. Given the complex regulation of the MYC signaling pathway, a combination of these approaches may provide the most durable response, but this has yet to be shown. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different therapeutic strategies being employed to target oncogenic MYC function, with a focus on post-translational mechanisms.
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16
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Lobo J, Jerónimo C, Henrique R. Targeting the Immune system and Epigenetic Landscape of Urological Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030829. [PMID: 32012885 PMCID: PMC7037817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, we have witnessed remarkable advances in targeted therapies for cancer patients. There is a growing effort to either replace or reduce the dose of unspecific, systemic (chemo)therapies, given the associated short- and long-term side effects, by introducing more specific targeted therapies as single or combination agents. Due to the well-known implications of the immune system and epigenetic landscape in modulating cancer development, both have been explored as potential targets in several malignancies, including those affecting the genitourinary tract. As the immune system function is also epigenetically regulated, there is rationale for combining both strategies. However, this is still rather underexplored, namely in urological tumors. We aim to briefly review the use of immune therapies in prostate, kidney, bladder, and testicular cancer, and further describe studies providing supporting evidence on their combination with epigenetic-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Lobo
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP) and Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP) and Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP) and Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (R.H.)
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17
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Badal S, Aiken W, Morrison B, Valentine H, Bryan S, Gachi A, Ragin C. Disparities in prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates: Solvable or not? Prostate 2020; 80:3-16. [PMID: 31702061 PMCID: PMC8378246 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is recognized as a disease possessing not only great variation in its geographic and racial distribution but also tremendous variation in its potential to cause morbidity and death and it, therefore, ought not to be considered a homogenous disease entity. Morbidity and death from PCa are disproportionately higher in men of African ancestry (MAA) who are generally observed to have more aggressive disease and worse outcomes following treatment compared to men of European ancestry (MEA). The higher rates of PCa among MAA relative to MEA appear to be multifactorial and related to inherent differences in biological aggressiveness; a continued lack of awareness of the disease and methods of prevention; a lower prevalence of screen-detected PCa; comparatively lower access to quality healthcare as well as systemic and institutionalized disparities in the administration of optimal care to MAA in developed countries such as the United States of America where high-quality care is available. Even when access to quality healthcare is assured in equal access settings, it appears that MAA still have worse outcomes after PCa treatment stage-for-stage and grade-for-grade compared to MEA, suggesting that, inherent racial, ethnic and biological differences are paramount in predicting poor outcomes. This review has explored the different contributing factors to the current disparities in PCa incidence and mortality rates with emphasis on the incongruence in how research has been conducted in understanding the disease towards developing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Badal
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - William Aiken
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Belinda Morrison
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Henkel Valentine
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Sophia Bryan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Andrew Gachi
- Department of pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, 3 Avenue, Parklands, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Camille Ragin
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- African Caribbean Cancer Consortium
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18
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Dysregulated Transcriptional Control in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122883. [PMID: 31200487 PMCID: PMC6627928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing of prostate cancer at different stages indicate that a large number of mutations found in tumors are present in non-protein coding regions of the genome and lead to dysregulated gene expression. Single nucleotide variations and small mutations affecting the recruitment of transcription factor complexes to DNA regulatory elements are observed in an increasing number of cases. Genomic rearrangements may position coding regions under the novel control of regulatory elements, as exemplified by the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion and the amplified enhancer identified upstream of the androgen receptor (AR) gene. Super-enhancers are increasingly found to play important roles in aberrant oncogenic transcription. Several players involved in these processes are currently being evaluated as drug targets and may represent new vulnerabilities that can be exploited for prostate cancer treatment. They include factors involved in enhancer and super-enhancer function such as bromodomain proteins and cyclin-dependent kinases. In addition, non-coding RNAs with an important gene regulatory role are being explored. The rapid progress made in understanding the influence of the non-coding part of the genome and of transcription dysregulation in prostate cancer could pave the way for the identification of novel treatment paradigms for the benefit of patients.
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19
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Qadi SA, Hassan MA, Sheikh RA, Baothman OA, Zamzami MA, Choudhry H, Al-Malki AL, Albukhari A, Alhosin M. Thymoquinone-Induced Reactivation of Tumor Suppressor Genes in Cancer Cells Involves Epigenetic Mechanisms. Epigenet Insights 2019; 12:2516865719839011. [PMID: 31058255 PMCID: PMC6452588 DOI: 10.1177/2516865719839011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) is a common finding in several solid and hematological tumors involving various epigenetic readers and writers leading to enhanced cell proliferation and defective apoptosis. Thymoquinone (TQ), the major biologically active compound of black seed oil, has demonstrated anticancer activities in various tumors by targeting several pathways. However, its effects on the epigenetic code of cancer cells are largely unknown. In the present study, we performed RNA sequencing to investigate the anticancer mechanisms of TQ-treated T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line (Jurkat cells) and examined gene expression using different tools. We found that many key epigenetic players, including ubiquitin-like containing plant homeodomain (PHD) and really interesting new gene (RING) finger domains 1 (UHRF1), DNMT1,3A,3B, G9A, HDAC1,4,9, KDM1B, and KMT2A,B,C,D,E, were downregulated in TQ-treated Jurkat cells. Interestingly, several TSGs, such as DLC1, PPARG, ST7, FOXO6, TET2, CYP1B1, SALL4, and DDIT3, known to be epigenetically silenced in various tumors, including acute leukemia, were upregulated, along with the upregulation of several downstream pro-apoptotic genes, such as RASL11B, RASD1, GNG3, BAD, and BIK. Data obtained from RNA sequencing were confirmed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in Jurkat cells, as well as in a human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-468 cells). We found that the decrease in cell proliferation and in the expression of UHRF1, DNMT1, G9a, and HDAC1 genes in both cancer cell (Jurkat cells and MDA-MB-468 cells) lines depends on the TQ dose. Our results indicate that the use of TQ as an epigenetic drug represents a promising strategy for epigenetic therapy for both solid and blood tumors by targeting both DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahad A Qadi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Hassan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hadhramout University, Mukalla, Yemen
| | - Ryan A Sheikh
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Othman As Baothman
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazin A Zamzami
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ashwag Albukhari
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Alhosin
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Braadland PR, Urbanucci A. Chromatin reprogramming as an adaptation mechanism in advanced prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R211-R235. [PMID: 30844748 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor evolution is based on the ability to constantly mutate and activate different pathways under the selective pressure of targeted therapies. Epigenetic alterations including those of the chromatin structure are associated with tumor initiation, progression and drug resistance. Many cancers, including prostate cancer, present enlarged nuclei, and chromatin appears altered and irregular. These phenotypic changes are likely to result from epigenetic dysregulation. High-throughput sequencing applied to bulk samples and now to single cells has made it possible to study these processes in unprecedented detail. It is therefore timely to review the impact of chromatin relaxation and increased DNA accessibility on prostate cancer growth and drug resistance, and their effects on gene expression. In particular, we focus on the contribution of chromatin-associated proteins such as the bromodomain-containing proteins to chromatin relaxation. We discuss the consequence of this for androgen receptor transcriptional activity and briefly summarize wider gain-of-function effects on other oncogenic transcription factors and implications for more effective prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Rustøen Braadland
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alfonso Urbanucci
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership, Forskningsparken, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Sugawara T, Baumgart SJ, Nevedomskaya E, Reichert K, Steuber H, Lejeune P, Mumberg D, Haendler B. Darolutamide is a potent androgen receptor antagonist with strong efficacy in prostate cancer models. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:1382-1394. [PMID: 30828788 PMCID: PMC6766977 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Darolutamide is a novel androgen receptor (AR) antagonist with a distinct chemical structure compared to other AR antagonists and currently in clinical Phase 3 trials for prostate cancer. Using cell‐based transactivation assays, we demonstrate that darolutamide, its diastereomers and its main metabolite keto‐darolutamide are strong, competitive antagonists for AR wild type, and also for several mutants identified in prostate cancer patients for which other AR antagonists show reduced antagonism or even agonism. Darolutamide, its two diastereomers and main metabolite are also strong antagonists in assays measuring AR N/C interaction and homodimerization. Molecular modeling suggests that the flexibility of darolutamide allows accommodation in the W742C/L mutated AR ligand‐binding pocket while for enzalutamide the loss of the important hydrophobic interaction with W742 leads to reduced AR interaction. This correlates with an antagonistic pattern profile of coregulator recruitment for darolutamide. In vitro efficacy studies performed with androgen‐dependent prostate cancer cell lines show that darolutamide strongly reduces cell viability and potently inhibits spheroid formation. Also, a marked down‐regulation of androgen target genes paralleled by decreased AR binding to gene regulatory regions is seen. In vivo studies reveal that oral dosing of darolutamide markedly reduces growth of the LAPC‐4 cell line‐derived xenograft and of the KuCaP‐1 patient‐derived xenograft. Altogether, these results substantiate a unique antagonistic profile of darolutamide and support further development as a prostate cancer drug. What's new? Comparison of genomic landscapes from primary prostate cancer and metastatic tumor shows that resistance mechanisms are centered on androgen signaling and increased synthesis. Here, the novel androgen receptor (AR) antagonist darolutamide shows strong in vitro and in vivo efficacy in different prostate cancer models. Darolutamide retains its antagonistic properties at elevated androgen levels and for several AR mutants identified in therapy‐resistant patients. A unique binding profile inside the AR ligand‐binding domain linked to the flexibility of darolutamide is proposed. Altogether, these results substantiate a unique antagonistic profile of darolutamide and support further development as a prostate cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Sugawara
- Oncology II, Preclinical Research, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon J Baumgart
- Oncology II, Preclinical Research, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Nevedomskaya
- Oncology II, Preclinical Research, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Reichert
- Oncology II, Preclinical Research, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Steuber
- Structural Biology, Lead Discovery Berlin, Small Molecule Innovation, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascale Lejeune
- Oncology II, Preclinical Research, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Mumberg
- Oncology II, Preclinical Research, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernard Haendler
- Oncology II, Preclinical Research, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
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22
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CRISPR-Mediated Reactivation of DKK3 Expression Attenuates TGF-β Signaling in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10060165. [PMID: 29843383 PMCID: PMC6025141 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The DKK3 gene encodes a secreted protein, Dkk-3, that inhibits prostate tumor growth and metastasis. DKK3 is downregulated by promoter methylation in many types of cancer, including prostate cancer. Gene silencing studies have shown that Dkk-3 maintains normal prostate epithelial cell homeostasis by limiting TGF-β/Smad signaling. While ectopic expression of Dkk-3 leads to prostate cancer cell apoptosis, it is unclear if Dkk-3 has a physiological role in cancer cells. Here, we show that treatment of PC3 prostate cancer cells with the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor decitabine demethylates the DKK3 promoter, induces DKK3 expression, and inhibits TGF-β/Smad-dependent transcriptional activity. Direct induction of DKK3 expression using CRISPR-dCas9-VPR also inhibited TGF-β/Smad-dependent transcription and attenuated PC3 cell migration and proliferation. These effects were not observed in C4-2B cells, which do not respond to TGF-β. TGF-β signals can regulate gene expression directly via SMAD proteins and indirectly by increasing DNMT expression, leading to promoter methylation. Analysis of genes downregulated by promoter methylation and predicted to be regulated by TGF-β found that DKK3 induction increased expression of PTGS2, which encodes cyclooxygenase-2. Together, these observations provide support for using CRISPR-mediated induction of DKK3 as a potential therapeutic approach for prostate cancer and highlight complexities in Dkk-3 regulation of TGF-β signaling.
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23
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Nevedomskaya E, Baumgart SJ, Haendler B. Recent Advances in Prostate Cancer Treatment and Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051359. [PMID: 29734647 PMCID: PMC5983695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel drugs, drug sequences and combinations have improved the outcome of prostate cancer in recent years. The latest approvals include abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide and apalutamide which target androgen receptor (AR) signaling, radium-223 dichloride for reduction of bone metastases, sipuleucel-T immunotherapy and taxane-based chemotherapy. Adding abiraterone acetate to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in order to achieve complete androgen blockade has proven highly beneficial for treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer and metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). Also, ADT together with docetaxel treatment showed significant benefit in mHSPC. Ongoing clinical trials for different subgroups of prostate cancer patients include the evaluation of the second-generation AR antagonists enzalutamide, apalutamide and darolutamide, of inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, of inhibitors of DNA damage response, of targeted alpha therapy and of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeting approaches. Advanced clinical studies with immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown limited benefits in prostate cancer and more trials are needed to demonstrate efficacy. The identification of improved, personalized treatments will be much supported by the major progress recently made in the molecular characterization of early- and late-stage prostate cancer using “omics” technologies. This has already led to novel classifications of prostate tumors based on gene expression profiles and mutation status, and should greatly help in the choice of novel targeted therapies best tailored to the needs of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Nevedomskaya
- Therapeutic Research Groups, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Simon J Baumgart
- Therapeutic Research Groups, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bernard Haendler
- Therapeutic Research Groups, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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24
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Jauset T, Massó-Vallés D, Martínez-Martín S, Beaulieu ME, Foradada L, Fiorentino FP, Yokota J, Haendler B, Siegel S, Whitfield JR, Soucek L. BET inhibition is an effective approach against KRAS-driven PDAC and NSCLC. Oncotarget 2018; 9:18734-18746. [PMID: 29721157 PMCID: PMC5922351 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Effectively treating KRAS-driven tumors remains an unsolved challenge. The inhibition of downstream signaling effectors is a way of overcoming the issue of direct targeting of mutant KRAS, which has shown limited efficacy so far. Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal (BET) protein inhibition has displayed anti-tumor activity in a wide range of cancers, including KRAS-driven malignancies. Here, we preclinically evaluate the effect of BET inhibition making use of a new BET inhibitor, BAY 1238097, against Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) models harboring RAS mutations both in vivo and in vitro. Our results demonstrate that BET inhibition displays significant therapeutic impact in genetic mouse models of KRAS-driven PDAC and NSCLC, reducing both tumor area and tumor grade. The same approach also causes a significant reduction in cell number of a panel of RAS-mutated human cancer cell lines (8 PDAC and 6 NSCLC). In this context, we demonstrate that while BET inhibition by BAY 1238097 decreases MYC expression in some cell lines, at least in PDAC cells its anti-tumorigenic effect is independent of MYC regulation. Together, these studies reinforce the use of BET inhibition and prompt the optimization of more efficient and less toxic BET inhibitors for the treatment of KRAS-driven malignancies, which are in urgent therapeutic need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Jauset
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Peptomyc S.L., Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Massó-Vallés
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Martínez-Martín
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marie-Eve Beaulieu
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Peptomyc S.L., Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Foradada
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Peptomyc S.L., Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesco Paolo Fiorentino
- Kitos Biotech srls, Porto Conte Ricerche, Alghero, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Jun Yokota
- Genomics and Epigenomics of Cancer Prediction Program, Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias I Pujol (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Jonathan R Whitfield
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Soucek
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Peptomyc S.L., Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Lin Y, Cao H, Tian Y, Yang X, Zhou C, Zhang Q. miR-24-3p stimulates migration, invasion and proliferation of prostate cancer cells by targeting suppressor of cytokine signaling 6. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:1803-1810. [PMID: 31938287 PMCID: PMC6958104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is among the most widespread malignancies affecting men in the world. Its aggressive evolution has been associated with altered expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 6 (SOCS6) but very little is known about the mechanism by which this alteration occurs. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of SOCS6 in prostate cancer cells and the involvement of its regulating microRNA (miR), miR-24-3p. Prostate cancer cell lines were used to determine the transcription level of miR-24-3p and SOCS6 by quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. Cell proliferation and cell migration assays were doneto determine the effect of miR-24-3p mimics and inhibitors on cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Luciferase reporter assay with SOCS6 3'-UTR was performed to confirm the control of SOCS6 expression by the miR. The results showed that miR-24-3p was up-regulated in prostate cancer cells whereas SOCS6 protein was downregulated. Overexpression of miR-24-3p in prostate cancer cells promoted cell proliferation, inhibited apoptosis, and increased cell migration and invasion. Luciferase reporter assays showed that SOCS6 is a direct target of its negative regulator miR-24-3p and overexpression of SOCS6 reverses the effects of miR-24-3p on the metastatic phenotype of prostate cancer cells. These results show case miR-24-3p up-regulation in prostate cancer and a mechanism for inhibition of SOCS6 expression. Thus, the miR-24-3p/SOCS6 pathway could be a relevant avenue for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lin
- Department of Urological Surgery, Jilin Province Tumor HospitalChangchun 130012, Jilin Province, China
| | - Huifang Cao
- Department of Gynecology, Jilin Province Tumor HospitalChangchun 130012, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yuxin Tian
- Department of Urological Surgery, Jilin Province Tumor HospitalChangchun 130012, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xinping Yang
- Department of Urological Surgery, Jilin Province Tumor HospitalChangchun 130012, Jilin Province, China
| | - Changdong Zhou
- Department of Urological Surgery, Jilin Province Tumor HospitalChangchun 130012, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qifu Zhang
- Department of Urological Surgery, Jilin Province Tumor HospitalChangchun 130012, Jilin Province, China
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26
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Yang J, Wu R, Li W, Gao L, Yang Y, Li P, Kong AN. The triterpenoid corosolic acid blocks transformation and epigenetically reactivates Nrf2 in TRAMP-C1 prostate cells. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:512-521. [PMID: 29247555 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Corosolic acid (CRA) is found in various plants and has been used as a health food supplement worldwide. Although it has been reported that CRA exhibits significant anticancer activity, the effect of this compound on prostate cancer remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of CRA on cellular transformation and the reactivation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) through epigenetic regulation in TRAMP-C1 prostate cells. Specifically, we found that CRA inhibited anchorage-independent growth of prostate cancer TRAMP-C1 cells but not Nrf2 knockout prostate cancer TRAMP-C1 cells. Moreover, CRA induced mRNA and protein expression of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Bisulfite genomic sequencing and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation results revealed that CRA treatment decreased the level of methylation of the first five CpG sites of the Nrf2 promoter. Histone modification was analyzed using a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, which revealed that CRA treatment increased the acetylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27ac) while decreasing the trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) in the promoter region of Nrf2. Furthermore, CRA treatment attenuated the protein expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). These findings indicate that CRA has a significant anticancer effect in TRAMP-C1 cells, which could be partly attributed to epigenetics including its ability to epigenetically restore the expression of Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Renyi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Wenji Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Linbo Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Yuqing Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ah-Ng Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
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