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Amer KM, Bridges TN, Choudhry A, Jones CM. Posterior Interosseous Neuropathy Related to a Loose Distal Biceps Cortical Button: A Case Series. Arch Bone Jt Surg 2024; 12:139-143. [PMID: 38420519 PMCID: PMC10898800 DOI: 10.22038/abjs.2023.75292.3483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) injury is an uncommon yet debilitating complication following distal bicep tendon repair. There are case reports of acute intraoperative PIN injury related to retractor placement, drill trajectory, and nerve incarceration. We report three cases of delayed PIN neuropathy in the setting of a loose cortical button. All patients had resolution of their pain with removal of the cortical button and decompression of the radial tunnel. The purpose of this case series is to: 1) highlight the possibility of a loose cortical bicep button as the cause of proximal forearm pain and PIN neuropathy in the early or late postoperative timeframe; and 2) emphasize the importance of proper surgical technique and use of intraoperative fluoroscopy to assure the cortical button is well-fixed and flush with the radial shaft. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil M. Amer
- Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tiffany N. Bridges
- Jefferson Health New Jersey, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stratford, New Jersey, USA
| | - Arsalaan Choudhry
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher M. Jones
- Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Song X, Yu Y, Zhu J, Li C. BRIP1 and BRIP2 maintain root meristem by affecting auxin-mediated regulation. Planta 2023; 259:8. [PMID: 38019301 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This study reveals that mutations in BRIP1/2 subunits of the BAS complex disrupt root meristem development by decreasing PIN genes expression, affecting auxin transport, and downregulating essential root genes PLT. Switch defective/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complexes play vital roles in plant development. BRAHMA-interacting proteins1 (BRIP1) and BRIP2 are subunits of BRAHMA (BRM)-associated SWI/SNF complex (BAS) in plants; however, their role and underlying regulatory mechanism in root development are still unknown. Here, we show that brip1 brip2 double mutants have a significantly shortened root meristem and an irregular arrangement in a portion of the root stem cell niche. The mutations in BRIP1 and BRIP2 cause decreased expression of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) genes, which in turn reduces the transport of auxin at the root tip, leading to the disruption of the accurate establishment of normal auxin concentration gradients in the stem cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments indicated that BRIP1 and BRIP2 directly bind to the PINs. Furthermore, we found a significant down-regulation in the expression of key root development genes, PLETHORA (PLT), in brip1 brip2. The brip1 brip2 plt1 plt2 quadruple mutations do not show further exacerbation in the short-root phenotype compared to plt1 plt2 double mutants. Using a dexamethasone (DEX)-inducible PLT2 transgenic line, we showed that acute overexpression of PLT2 partially rescues root meristem defects of brip1 brip2, suggesting that BRIP1 and BRIP2 act in part through the PLT1/2 pathway. Taken together, our results identify the critical role and the underlying mechanism of BRIP1/2 in maintaining the development of root meristem through the regulation of auxin output and expression of PLTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yaoguang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jiameng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chenlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Huang X, Lu Z, Zhai L, Li N, Yan H. The Small Auxin-Up RNA SAUR10 Is Involved in the Promotion of Seedling Growth in Rice. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3880. [PMID: 38005777 PMCID: PMC10675480 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Small auxin-up-regulated RNAs (SAURs) are genes rapidly activated in response to auxin hormones, significantly affecting plant growth and development. However, there is limited information available about the specific functions of SAURs in rice due to the presence of extensive redundant genes. In this study, we found that OsSAUR10 contains a conserved downstream element in its 3' untranslated region that causes its transcripts to be unstable, ultimately leading to the immediate degradation of the mRNA in rice. In our investigation, we discovered that OsSAUR10 is located in the plasma membrane, and its expression is regulated in a tissue-specific, developmental, and hormone-dependent manner. Additionally, we created ossaur10 mutants using the CRISPR/Cas9 method, which resulted in various developmental defects such as dwarfism, narrow internodes, reduced tillers, and lower yield. Moreover, histological observation comparing wild-type and two ossaur10 mutants revealed that OsSAUR10 was responsible for cell elongation. However, overexpression of OsSAUR10 resulted in similar phenotypes to the wild-type. Our research also indicated that OsSAUR10 plays a role in regulating the expression of two groups of genes involved in auxin biosynthesis (OsYUCCAs) and auxin polar transport (OsPINs) in rice. Thus, our findings suggest that OsSAUR10 acts as a positive plant growth regulator by contributing to auxin biosynthesis and polar transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.H.); (L.Z.); (N.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
- Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Mountainous Karst Area of Southwestern China, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Zhanhua Lu
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Lisheng Zhai
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.H.); (L.Z.); (N.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
- Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Mountainous Karst Area of Southwestern China, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.H.); (L.Z.); (N.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
- Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Mountainous Karst Area of Southwestern China, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Huiqing Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.H.); (L.Z.); (N.L.)
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Xia J, Kong M, Yang Z, Sun L, Peng Y, Mao Y, Wei H, Ying W, Gao Y, Friml J, Weng J, Liu X, Sun L, Tan S. Chemical inhibition of Arabidopsis PIN-FORMED auxin transporters by the anti-inflammatory drug naproxen. Plant Commun 2023; 4:100632. [PMID: 37254481 PMCID: PMC10721474 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin plays central roles in many growth and developmental processes in plants. Development of chemical tools targeting the auxin pathway is useful for both plant biology and agriculture. Here we reveal that naproxen, a synthetic compound with anti-inflammatory activity in humans, acts as an auxin transport inhibitor targeting PIN-FORMED (PIN) transporters in plants. Physiological experiments indicate that exogenous naproxen treatment affects pleiotropic auxin-regulated developmental processes. Additional cellular and biochemical evidence indicates that naproxen suppresses auxin transport, specifically PIN-mediated auxin efflux. Moreover, biochemical and structural analyses confirm that naproxen binds directly to PIN1 protein via the same binding cavity as the indole-3-acetic acid substrate. Thus, by combining cellular, biochemical, and structural approaches, this study clearly establishes that naproxen is a PIN inhibitor and elucidates the underlying mechanisms. Further use of this compound may advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PIN-mediated auxin transport and expand our toolkit in auxin biology and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Mengjuan Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zhisen Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Lianghanxiao Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yakun Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yanbo Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Hong Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Wei Ying
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jianping Weng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Linfeng Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Shutang Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
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Khoso MA, Zhang H, Khoso MH, Poudel TR, Wagan S, Papiashvili T, Saha S, Ali A, Murtaza G, Manghwar H, Liu F. Synergism of vesicle trafficking and cytoskeleton during regulation of plant growth and development: A mechanistic outlook. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21976. [PMID: 38034654 PMCID: PMC10682163 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a fundamental component found in all eukaryotic organisms, serving as a critical factor in various essential cyto-biological mechanisms, particularly in the locomotion and morphological transformations of plant cells. The cytoskeleton is comprised of three main components: microtubules (MT), microfilaments (MF), and intermediate filaments (IF). The cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in the process of cell wall formation and remodeling throughout the growth and development of cells. It is a highly organized and regulated network composed of filamentous components. In the basic processes of intracellular transport, such as mitosis, cytokinesis, and cell polarity, the plant cytoskeleton plays a crucial role according to recent studies. The major flaws in the organization of the cytoskeletal framework are at the root of the aberrant organogenesis currently observed in plant mutants. The regulation of protein compartmentalization and abundance within cells is predominantly governed by the process of vesicle/membrane transport, which plays a crucial role in several signaling cascades.The regulation of membrane transport in eukaryotic cells is governed by a diverse array of proteins. Recent developments in genomics have provided new tools to study the evolutionary relationships between membrane proteins in different plant species. It is known that members of the GTPases, COP, SNAREs, Rabs, tethering factors, and PIN families play essential roles in vesicle transport between plant, animal, and microbial species. This Review presents the latest research on the plant cytoskeleton, focusing on recent developments related to the cytoskeleton and summarizing the role of various proteins in vesicle transport. In addition, the report predicts future research direction of plant cytoskeleton and vesicle trafficking, potential research priorities, and provides researchers with specific pointers to further investigate the significant link between cytoskeleton and vesicle trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneer Ahmed Khoso
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332000, China
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Department of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Department of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Mir Hassan Khoso
- Department of Biochemistry, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana, Pakistan
| | - Tika Ram Poudel
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Sindho Wagan
- Laboratory of Pest Physiology Biochemistry and Molecular Toxicology Department of Forest Protection Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040, China
| | - Tamar Papiashvili
- School of Economics and Management Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Sudipta Saha
- School of Forestry, Department of Silviculture, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Abid Ali
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Department of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Harbin Medical University China, China
| | - Hakim Manghwar
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332000, China
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6
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Monroy-González Z, Uc-Chuc MA, Quintana-Escobar AO, Duarte-Aké F, Loyola-Vargas VM. Characterization of the PIN Auxin Efflux Carrier Gene Family and Its Expression during Zygotic Embryogenesis in Persea americana. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2280. [PMID: 37375905 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Auxins are responsible for a large part of the plant development process. To exert their action, they must move throughout the plant and from cell to cell, which is why plants have developed complex transport systems for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). These transporters involve proteins that transport IAA into cells, transporters that move IAA to or from different organelles, mainly the endoplasmic reticulum, and transporters that move IAA out of the cell. This research determined that Persea americana has 12 PIN transporters in its genome. The twelve transporters are expressed during different stages of development in P. americana zygotic embryos. Using different bioinformatics tools, we determined the type of transporter of each of the P. americana PIN proteins and their structure and possible location in the cell. We also predict the potential phosphorylation sites for each of the twelve-PIN proteins. The data show the presence of highly conserved sites for phosphorylation and those sites involved in the interaction with the IAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurisadai Monroy-González
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Merida CP 97205, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Uc-Chuc
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Avenida Itzáes, No. 490 x Calle 59, Col. Centro, Merida CP 97000, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Ana O Quintana-Escobar
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Merida CP 97205, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Fátima Duarte-Aké
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Merida CP 97205, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Víctor M Loyola-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Merida CP 97205, Yucatan, Mexico
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7
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Kumar N, Caldwell C, Iyer-Pascuzzi AS. The NIN-LIKE PROTEIN 7 transcription factor modulates auxin pathways to regulate root cap development in Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 2023; 74:3047-3059. [PMID: 36787214 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The root cap is a small tissue located at the tip of the root with critical functions for root growth. Present in nearly all vascular plants, the root cap protects the root meristem, influences soil penetration, and perceives and transmits environmental signals that are critical for root branching patterns. To perform these functions, the root cap must remain relatively stable in size and must integrate endogenous developmental pathways with environmental signals, yet the mechanism is not clear. We previously showed that low pH conditions altered root cap development, and these changes are mediated by the NIN LIKE PROTEIN 7 (NLP7) transcription factor, a master regulator of nitrate signaling. Here we show that in Arabidopsis NLP7 integrates nitrate signaling with auxin pathways to regulate root cap development. We found that low nitrate conditions promote aberrant release of root cap cells. Nitrate deficiency impacts auxin pathways in the last layer of the root cap, and this is mediated in part by NLP7. Mutations in NLP7 abolish the auxin minimum in the last layer of the root cap and alter root cap expression of the auxin carriers PIN-LIKES 3 (PILS3) and PIN-FORMED 7 (PIN7) as well as transcription factors that regulate PIN expression. Together, our data reveal NLP7 as a link between endogenous auxin pathways and nitrate signaling in the root cap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narender Kumar
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chloe Caldwell
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Anjali S Iyer-Pascuzzi
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Jourquin J, Fernandez AI, Wang Q, Xu K, Chen J, Šimura J, Ljung K, Vanneste S, Beeckman T. GOLVEN peptides regulate lateral root spacing as part of a negative feedback loop on the establishment of auxin maxima. J Exp Bot 2023:erad123. [PMID: 37004244 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root initiation requires the accumulation of auxin in lateral root founder cells, yielding a local auxin maximum. The positioning of auxin maxima along the primary root determines the density and spacing of lateral roots. The GOLVEN6 (GLV6) and GLV10 signaling peptides and their receptors have been established as regulators of lateral root spacing via their inhibitory effect on lateral root initiation in Arabidopsis. However, it remained unclear how these GLV peptides interfere with auxin signaling or homeostasis. Here, we show that GLV6/10 signaling regulates the expression of a subset of auxin response genes, downstream of the canonical auxin signaling pathway, while simultaneously inhibiting the establishment of auxin maxima within xylem-pole pericycle cells that neighbor lateral root initiation sites. We present genetic evidence that this inhibitory effect relies on the activity of the PIN3 and PIN7 auxin export proteins. Furthermore, GLV6/10 peptide signaling was found to enhance PIN7 abundance in the plasma membranes of xylem-pole pericycle cells, which likely stimulates auxin efflux from these cells. Based on these findings, we propose a model in which the GLV6/10 signaling pathway serves as a negative feedback mechanism that contributes to the robust patterning of auxin maxima along the primary root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Jourquin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Ana Ibis Fernandez
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Jan Šimura
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Ghent 9052, Belgium
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9
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Cepoi CO, Dragotă V, Trifan R, Iordache A. Probability of informed trading during the COVID-19 pandemic: the case of the Romanian stock market. Financ Innov 2023; 9:34. [PMID: 36687793 PMCID: PMC9840563 DOI: 10.1186/s40854-022-00415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Using data from the Bucharest Stock Exchange, we examine the factors influencing the probability of informed trading (PIN) during February-October 2020, a COVID-19 pandemic period. Based on an unconditional quantile regression approach, we show that PIN exhibit asymmetric dependency with liquidity and trading costs. Furthermore, building a customized database that contains all insider transactions on the Bucharest Stock Exchange, we reveal that these types of orders monotonically increase the information asymmetry from the 50th to the 90th quantile throughout the PIN distribution. Finally, we bring strong empirical evidence associating the level of information asymmetry to the level of fake news related to the COVID-19 pandemic. This novel result suggests that during episodes when the level of PIN is medium to high (between 15 and 50%), any COVID-19 related news classified as misinformation released during the lockdown period, is discouraging informed traders to place buy or sell orders conditioned by their private information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin Octavian Cepoi
- Department of Money and Banking and CEFIMO, Faculty of Finance and Banking, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Victor Dragotă
- Department of Finance and CEFIMO, Faculty of Finance and Banking, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Trifan
- Doctoral School of Finance, Faculty of Finance and Banking, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Iordache
- Doctoral School of Finance, Faculty of Finance and Banking, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
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Wang R, Himschoot E, Chen J, Boudsocq M, Geelen D, Friml J, Beeckman T, Vanneste S. Corrigendum: Constitutive active CPK30 interferes with root growth and endomembrane trafficking in Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1100792. [PMID: 36531395 PMCID: PMC9752130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.862398.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Wang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ellie Himschoot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie Boudsocq
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - Danny Geelen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
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11
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Numata T, Sugita K, Ahamed Rahman A, Rahman A. Actin isovariant ACT7 controls root meristem development in Arabidopsis through modulating auxin and ethylene responses. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:6255-6271. [PMID: 35749807 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The meristem is the most functionally dynamic part in a plant. The shaping of the meristem requires constant cell division and elongation, which are influenced by hormones and the cytoskeletal component, actin. Although the roles of hormones in modulating meristem development have been extensively studied, the role of actin in this process is still elusive. Using the single and double mutants of the vegetative class actin, we demonstrate that actin isovariant ACT7 plays an important role in root meristem development. In the absence of ACT7, but not ACT8 and ACT2, depolymerization of actin was observed. Consistently, the act7 mutant showed reduced cell division, cell elongation, and meristem length. Intracellular distribution and trafficking of auxin transport proteins in the actin mutants revealed that ACT7 specifically functions in the root meristem to facilitate the trafficking of auxin efflux carriers PIN1 and PIN2, and consequently the transport of auxin. Compared with act7, the act7act8 double mutant exhibited slightly enhanced phenotypic response and altered intracellular trafficking. The altered distribution of auxin in act7 and act7act8 affects the response of the roots to ethylene, but not to cytokinin. Collectively, our results suggest that ACT7-dependent auxin-ethylene response plays a key role in controlling Arabidopsis root meristem development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Numata
- Department of Plant Bio Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugita
- Department of Plant Bio Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Arifa Ahamed Rahman
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Abidur Rahman
- Department of Plant Bio Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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12
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Shen T, Jia N, Wei S, Xu W, Lv T, Bai J, Li B. Mitochondrial HSC70-1 Regulates Polar Auxin Transport through ROS Homeostasis in Arabidopsis Roots. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2035. [PMID: 36290758 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis mitochondrial-localized heat shock protein 70-1 (mtHSC70-1) modulates vegetative growth by assisting mitochondrial complex IV assembly and maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. In addition, mtHSC70-1 affects embryo development, and this effect is mediated by auxin. However, whether mtHSC70-1 regulates vegetative growth through auxin and knowledge of the link between ROS homeostasis and auxin distribution remain unclear. Here, we found that mtHSC70-1 knockout seedlings (mthsc70-1a) displayed shortened roots, decreased fresh root weight and lateral root number, increased root width and abnormal root morphology. The introduction of the mtHSC70-1 gene into mthsc70-1a restored the growth and development of roots to the level of the wild type. However, sugar and auxin supplementation could not help the mutant roots restore to normal. Moreover, mthsc70-1a seedlings showed a decrease in meristem length and activity, auxin transport carrier (PINs and AUX1) and auxin abundances in root tips. The application of exogenous reducing agents upregulated the levels of PINs in the mutant roots. The introduction of antioxidant enzyme genes (MSD1 or CAT1) into the mthsc70-1a mutant rescued the PIN and local auxin abundances and root growth and development. Taken together, our data suggest that mtHSC70-1 regulates polar auxin transport through ROS homeostasis in Arabidopsis roots.
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Gruenberger E, Dunaway K, Husted G, Jardon S, Ponce B, Melton W. Estimating the location of the posterior interosseus nerve during an extensor digitorum communis-splitting approach: a comparison of methods using the transepicondylar distance. JSES Int 2022; 7:171-177. [PMID: 36820435 PMCID: PMC9937808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The posterior interosseus nerve (PIN) may be encountered when using the extensile extensor digitorum communis (EDC)-splitting approach to the elbow. An accurate means of estimating its location remains elusive. The purpose of this investigation is to identify whether the methods described in previous studies can be improved upon to more accurately estimate the PIN's location using the transepicondylar distance (TED). Methods Forty-five fresh-frozen cadavers were dissected using the EDC-splitting approach. Method A (N = 39) used an electronic caliper measuring along the midlateral border of the radius from the lateral epicondyle (LE) and radiocapitellar joint in supination, neutral position, and pronation. Method B (N = 16) used a sterile tape measure, measuring from the LE in pronation only along an axis from the LE to Lister's tubercle passing through the center capitellum. Results In method A, the mean TED was 63.4 ± 6.1 mm. Of the 6 measurements, the TED was most correlated to the actual distance to the PIN from the LE in pronation (68.3 ± 7.3 mm; R2 = 0.266). The median difference between the estimated and actual distances was -5.6 mm (-19.3 mm to 7.6 mm). In method B, the mean TED was 68.4 ± 8.7 mm, and the mean measured distance from the LE in pronation was 68.7 ± 9.4 mm. The TED closely correlated with the measured distance to the PIN (R2 = 0.95, P < .001). The mean difference between the estimated and actual distances was ±2.0 mm (range -4.0 mm to 2.0 mm), significantly more precise than method A (P = .007). Conclusion Using a tape measure, the TED predicted the PIN's location within a mean ±2 mm in pronation along an axis from the LE to Lister's tubercle, using an EDC-splitting approach. This technique is simple and comparatively more accurate than those used previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gruenberger
- Research Fellow, Orthopedic surgery, The Hughston Clinic and Foundation, Columbus, GA, USA,Corresponding author: Eric Gruenberger, MD, The Hughston Clinic and Foundation, 6262 Veterans Pkwy, Columbus, GA 31908, USA.
| | - Kelcey Dunaway
- Resident, Orthopedic surgery, Jack Hughston Memorial Hospital, Phenix City, AL, USA,The Hughston Clinic and Foundation, Columbus, GA, USA
| | - Gavin Husted
- Medical Student, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Sophia Jardon
- Medical Student, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Brent Ponce
- Chair of Research, Department of Orthopedics, The Hughston Clinic and Foundation, Columbus, GA, USA
| | - William Melton
- Surgeon, Department of Orthopedics, The Hughston Clinic and Foundation, Columbus, GA, USA,The Hughston Clinic, Nashville, TN, USA
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14
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Yang Y, Mei J, Chen J, Yang Y, Gu Y, Tang X, Lu H, Yang K, Sharma A, Wang X, Yan D, Wu R, Zheng B, Yuan H. Expression analysis of PIN family genes in Chinese hickory reveals their potential roles during grafting and salt stress. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:999990. [PMID: 36247577 PMCID: PMC9557188 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.999990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is an effective way to improve Chinese hickory while salt stress has caused great damage to the Chinese hickory industry. Grafting and salt stress have been regarded as the main abiotic stress types for Chinese hickory. However, how Chinese hickory responds to grafting and salt stress is less studied. Auxin has been proved to play an essential role in the stress response through its re-distribution regulation mediated by polar auxin transporters, including PIN-formed (PIN) proteins. In this study, the PIN gene family in Chinese hickory (CcPINs) was identified and structurally characterized for the first time. The expression profiles of the genes in response to grafting and salt stress were determined. A total of 11 CcPINs with the open reading frames (ORFs) of 1,026-1,983 bp were identified. Transient transformation in tobacco leaves demonstrated that CcPIN1a, CcPIN3, and CcPIN4 were localized in the plasma membrane. There were varying phylogenetic relationships between CcPINs and homologous genes in different species, but the closest relationships were with those in Carya illinoinensis and Juglans regia. Conserved N- and C-terminal transmembrane regions as well as sites controlling the functions of CcPINs were detected in CcPINs. Five types of cis-acting elements, including hormone- and stress-responsive elements, were detected on the promoters of CcPINs. CcPINs exhibited different expression profiles in different tissues, indicating their varied roles during growth and development. The 11 CcPINs responded differently to grafting and salt stress treatment. CcPIN1a might be involved in the regulation of the grafting process, while CcPIN1a and CcPIN8a were related to the regulation of salt stress in Chinese hickory. Our results will lay the foundation for understanding the potential regulatory functions of CcPIN genes during grafting and under salt stress treatment in Chinese hickory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juanjuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangbiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daoliang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingsong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Zhai L, Yang L, Xiao X, Jiang J, Guan Z, Fang W, Chen F, Chen S. PIN and PILS family genes analyses in Chrysanthemum seticuspe reveal their potential functions in flower bud development and drought stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:67-78. [PMID: 35970365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Auxin affects almost all plant growth and developmental processes. The PIN-FORMED (PIN) and PIN-LIKES (PILS) family genes determine the direction and distribution gradient of auxin flow by polar localization on the cell membrane. However, there are no systematic studies on PIN and PILS family genes in chrysanthemum. Here, 18 PIN and 13 PILS genes were identified in Chrysanthemum seticuspe. The evolutionary relationships, physicochemical properties, conserved motifs, cis-acting elements, chromosome localization, collinearity, and expression characteristics of these genes were analyzed. CsPIN10a, CsPIN10b, and CsPIN10c are unique PIN genes in C. seticuspe. Expression pattern analysis showed that these genes had different tissue specificities, and the expression levels of CsPIN8, CsPINS1, CsPILS6, and CsPILS10 were linearly related to the developmental period of the flower buds. In situ hybridization assay showed that CsPIN1a, CsPIN1b, and CsPILS8 were expressed in floret primordia and petal tips, and CsPIN1a was specifically expressed in the middle of the bract primordia, which might regulate lateral expansion of the bracts. CsPIN and CsPILS family genes are also involved in drought stress responses. This study provides theoretical support for the cultivation of new varieties with attractive flower forms and high drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liuhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiangyu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhiyong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weimin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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16
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Wang R, Himschoot E, Chen J, Boudsocq M, Geelen D, Friml J, Beeckman T, Vanneste S. Constitutive Active CPK30 Interferes With Root Growth and Endomembrane Trafficking in Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:862398. [PMID: 35783951 PMCID: PMC9245594 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.862398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPK) are key components of a wide array of signaling pathways, translating stress and nutrient signaling into the modulation of cellular processes such as ion transport and transcription. However, not much is known about CPKs in endomembrane trafficking. Here, we screened for CPKs that impact on root growth and gravitropism, by overexpressing constitutively active forms of CPKs under the control of an inducible promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that inducible overexpression of an constitutive active CPK30 (CA-CPK30) resulted in a loss of root gravitropism and ectopic auxin accumulation in the root tip. Immunolocalization revealed that CA-CPK30 roots have reduced PIN protein levels, PIN1 polarity defects and impaired Brefeldin A (BFA)-sensitive trafficking. Moreover, FM4-64 uptake was reduced, indicative of a defect in endocytosis. The effects on BFA-sensitive trafficking were not specific to PINs, as BFA could not induce aggregation of ARF1- and CHC-labeled endosomes in CA-CPK30. Interestingly, the interference with BFA-body formation, could be reverted by increasing the extracellular pH, indicating a pH-dependence of this CA-CPK30 effect. Altogether, our data reveal an important role for CPK30 in root growth regulation and endomembrane trafficking in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Wang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ellie Himschoot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie Boudsocq
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - Danny Geelen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
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17
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Ye Y, Wang Y, Yang X. Bank loan information and information asymmetry in the stock market: evidence from China. Financ Innov 2022; 8:62. [PMID: 35646515 PMCID: PMC9127823 DOI: 10.1186/s40854-022-00367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we use bank loan information to construct proxies for corporate transparency and examine whether these measures reflect information asymmetry in the stock market. Our analysis is based on a novel dataset of stock transactions and bank loans of all publicly listed firms on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, covering January 2008 to June 2013. We find that firms with outstanding loans have a lower level of information asymmetry in the stock market, whereas firms with defaulted loans have a higher level of asymmetry. Further evidence demonstrates that the effect of loan default on information asymmetry in the stock market is more pronounced when these loans are borrowed from joint-equity commercial banks or multiple banks and when the default occurs under inactive market conditions. Our results remain robust to a series of endogeneity and sensitivity tests and provide suggestive evidence of a close connection between the credit loan and stock markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyi Ye
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Banking and Finance, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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18
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Villaécija-Aguilar JA, Körösy C, Maisch L, Hamon-Josse M, Petrich A, Magosch S, Chapman P, Bennett T, Gutjahr C. KAI2 promotes Arabidopsis root hair elongation at low external phosphate by controlling local accumulation of AUX1 and PIN2. Curr Biol 2021; 32:228-236.e3. [PMID: 34758285 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Root hair (RH) growth to increase the absorptive root surface area is a key adaptation of plants to limiting phosphate availability in soils. Despite the importance of this trait, especially for seedling survival, little is known about the molecular events connecting phosphate starvation sensing and RH growth regulation. KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2), an α/β-hydrolase receptor of a yet-unknown plant hormone ("KAI2-ligand" [KL]), is required for RH elongation.1 KAI2 interacts with the F-box protein MORE AXILLIARY BRANCHING2 (MAX2) to target regulatory proteins of the SUPPRESSOR of MAX2 1 (SMAX1) family for degradation.2 Here, we demonstrate that Pi starvation increases KL signaling in Arabidopsis roots through transcriptional activation of KAI2 and MAX2. Both genes are required for RH elongation under these conditions, while smax1 smxl2 mutants have constitutively long RHs, even at high Pi availability. Attenuated RH elongation in kai2 mutants is explained by reduced shootward auxin transport from the root tip resulting in reduced auxin signaling in the RH zone, caused by an inability to increase localized accumulation of the auxin importer AUXIN TRANSPORTER PROTEIN1 (AUX1) and the auxin exporter PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2) upon Pi starvation. Consistent with AUX1 and PIN2 accumulation being mediated via ethylene signaling,3 expression of 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLATE SYNTHASE 7 (ACS7) is increased at low Pi in a KAI2-dependent manner, and treatment with an ethylene precursor restores RH elongation of acs7, but not of aux1 and pin2. Thus, KAI2 signaling is increased by phosphate starvation to trigger an ethylene- AUX1/PIN2-auxin cascade required for RH elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Villaécija-Aguilar
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Caroline Körösy
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Lukas Maisch
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Maxime Hamon-Josse
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrea Petrich
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Sonja Magosch
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Philipp Chapman
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Tom Bennett
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Yang L, You J, Li J, Wang Y, Chan Z. Melatonin promotes Arabidopsis primary root growth in an IAA-dependent manner. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:5599-5611. [PMID: 34009365 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin has been characterized as a growth regulator in plants. Melatonin shares tryptophan as the precursor with the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), but the interplay between melatonin and IAA remains controversial. In this study, we aimed to dissect the relationship between melatonin and IAA in regulating Arabidopsis primary root growth. We observed that melatonin concentrations ranging from 10-9 to 10-6 M functioned as IAA mimics to promote primary root growth in Arabidopsis wild type, as well as in pin-formed (pin) single and double mutants. Transcriptome analysis showed that changes in gene expression after melatonin and IAA treatment were moderately correlated. Most of the IAA-regulated genes were co-regulated by melatonin, indicating that melatonin and IAA regulated a similar subset of genes. Melatonin partially rescued primary root growth defects in pin single and double mutant plants. However, melatonin treatment had little effect on primary root growth in the presence of high concentrations of auxin biosynthesis inhibitors, or polar transport inhibitor, and could not rescue the root length defect of the IAA biosynthesis quintuple mutant yucQ. Therefore, we propose that melatonin promotes primary root growth in an IAA-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jun You
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Jinzhu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A& F University, Yangling Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhulong Chan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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20
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Saini S, Kaur N, Marothia D, Singh B, Singh V, Gantet P, Pati PK. Morphological Analysis, Protein Profiling and Expression Analysis of Auxin Homeostasis Genes of Roots of Two Contrasting Cultivars of Rice Provide Inputs on Mechanisms Involved in Rice Adaptation towards Salinity Stress. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10081544. [PMID: 34451587 PMCID: PMC8399380 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plants remodel their root architecture in response to a salinity stress stimulus. This process is regulated by an array of factors including phytohormones, particularly auxin. In the present study, in order to better understand the mechanisms involved in salinity stress adaptation in rice, we compared two contrasting rice cultivars—Luna Suvarna, a salt tolerant, and IR64, a salt sensitive cultivar. Phenotypic investigations suggested that Luna Suvarna in comparison with IR64 presented stress adaptive root traits which correlated with a higher accumulation of auxin in its roots. The expression level investigation of auxin signaling pathway genes revealed an increase in several auxin homeostasis genes transcript levels in Luna Suvarna compared with IR64 under salinity stress. Furthermore, protein profiling showed 18 proteins that were differentially regulated between the roots of two cultivars, and some of them were salinity stress responsive proteins found exclusively in the proteome of Luna Suvarna roots, revealing the critical role of these proteins in imparting salinity stress tolerance. This included proteins related to the salt overly sensitive pathway, root growth, the reactive oxygen species scavenging system, and abscisic acid activation. Taken together, our results highlight that Luna Suvarna involves a combination of morphological and molecular traits of the root system that could prime the plant to better tolerate salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India; (S.S.); (N.K.); (D.M.); (B.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Navdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India; (S.S.); (N.K.); (D.M.); (B.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Deeksha Marothia
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India; (S.S.); (N.K.); (D.M.); (B.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Baldev Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India; (S.S.); (N.K.); (D.M.); (B.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Varinder Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India; (S.S.); (N.K.); (D.M.); (B.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Pascal Gantet
- Université de Montpellier, UMR DIADE, Centre de Recherche de l’IRD, Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, CEDEX 5, 34394 Montpellier, France
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Molecular Biology, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (P.G.); (P.K.P.)
| | - Pratap Kumar Pati
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India; (S.S.); (N.K.); (D.M.); (B.S.); (V.S.)
- Correspondence: (P.G.); (P.K.P.)
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Kumar M, Kherawat BS, Dey P, Saha D, Singh A, Bhatia SK, Ghodake GS, Kadam AA, Kim HU, Manorama, Chung SM, Kesawat MS. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of PIN-FORMED (PIN) Gene Family Reveals Role in Developmental and Various Stress Conditions in Triticum aestivum L. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7396. [PMID: 34299014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PIN-FORMED (PIN) genes play a crucial role in regulating polar auxin distribution in diverse developmental processes, including tropic responses, embryogenesis, tissue differentiation, and organogenesis. However, the role of PIN-mediated auxin transport in various plant species is poorly understood. Currently, no information is available about this gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In the present investigation, we identified the PIN gene family in wheat to understand the evolution of PIN-mediated auxin transport and its role in various developmental processes and under different biotic and abiotic stress conditions. In this study, we performed genome-wide analysis of the PIN gene family in common wheat and identified 44 TaPIN genes through a homology search, further characterizing them to understand their structure, function, and distribution across various tissues. Phylogenetic analyses led to the classification of TaPIN genes into seven different groups, providing evidence of an evolutionary relationship with Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. A gene exon/intron structure analysis showed a distinct evolutionary path and predicted the possible gene duplication events. Further, the physical and biochemical properties, conserved motifs, chromosomal, subcellular localization, transmembrane domains, and three-dimensional (3D) structure were also examined using various computational approaches. Cis-elements analysis of TaPIN genes showed that TaPIN promoters consist of phytohormone, plant growth and development, and stress-related cis-elements. In addition, expression profile analysis also revealed that the expression patterns of the TaPIN genes were different in different tissues and developmental stages. Several members of the TaPIN family were induced during biotic and abiotic stress. Moreover, the expression patterns of TaPIN genes were verified by qRT-PCR. The qRT-PCR results also show a similar expression with slight variation. Therefore, the outcome of this study provides basic genomic information on the expression of the TaPIN gene family and will pave the way for dissecting the precise role of TaPINs in plant developmental processes and different stress conditions.
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22
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Legoff L, D'Cruz SC, Lebosq M, Gely-Pernot A, Bouchekhchoukha K, Monfort C, Kernanec PY, Tevosian S, Multigner L, Smagulova F. Developmental exposure to chlordecone induces transgenerational effects in somatic prostate tissue which are associated with epigenetic histone trimethylation changes. Environ Int 2021; 152:106472. [PMID: 33711761 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlordecone (CD), also known as Kepone, is an organochlorine insecticide that has been used in banana crops in the French West Indies. Due to long-term contamination of soils and water, the population is still exposed to CD. Exposure to CD in adulthood is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (PCa). OBJECTIVES We examined the transgenerational effects of CD on murine prostate tissue. METHODS We exposed pregnant Swiss mice to CD. The prostates from directly exposed (F1) and non-exposed (F3) male progeny were analyzed. We used immunofluorescence, RNA-seq and ChIP-seq techniques for the comprehensive analyses of chromatin states in prostate. RESULTS We observed an increased prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia phenotype (PIN) in both F1 and F3 generations. Transcriptomic analysis in CD-derived F1 and F3 prostate using RNA-seq revealed that 970 genes in F1 and 218 in F3 genes were differentially expressed. The differentially expressed genes in both datasets could be clustered accordingly to common biological processes, "cell differentiation", "developmental process", "regulating of signaling", suggesting that in both generations similar processes were perturbed. We detected that in both datasets several Hox genes were upregulated; in F1, the expression was detected mainly in Hoxb and Hoxd, and in F3, in Hoxa family genes. Using a larger number of biological replicates and RT-qPCR we showed that genes implicated in testosterone synthesis (Akr1b3, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, Srd5a1) were dramatically upregulated in PIN samples; Cyp19a1, converting testosterone to estradiol was elevated as well. We found a dramatic increase in Esr2 expression both in F1 and F3 prostates containing PIN. The PIN-containing samples have a strong increase in expression of self-renewal-related genes (Nanog, Tbx3, Sox2, Sox3, Rb1). We observed changes in liver, F1 CD-exposed males have an increased expression of genes related to DNA repair, matrix collagen and inflammation related pathways in F1 but not in F3 adult CD-derived liver. The changes in RNA transcription were associated with epigenetic changes. Specifically, we found a global increase in H3K4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and a decrease in H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in prostate of F1 mice. ChIP-seq analysis showed that 129 regions in F1 and 240 in F3 acquired altered H3K4me3 occupancy in CD-derived prostate, including highest increase at several promoters of Hoxa family genes in both datasets. The alteration in H3K4me3 in both generations overlap 73 genes including genes involved in proliferation regulation, Tbx2, Stat3, Stat5a, Pou2f3 and homeobox genes Hoxa13, Hoxa9. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that developmental exposure to CD leads to epigenetic changes in prostate tissue. The PIN containing samples showed evidence of implication in hormonal pathway and self-renewal gene expression that have the capacity to promote neoplasia in CD-exposed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Legoff
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Shereen Cynthia D'Cruz
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Morgane Lebosq
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Aurore Gely-Pernot
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Katia Bouchekhchoukha
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Christine Monfort
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Pierre-Yves Kernanec
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Sergei Tevosian
- University of Florida, Department of Physiological Sciences, Box 100144, 1333 Center Drive, 32610 Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Luc Multigner
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Fatima Smagulova
- Univ. Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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Hartmann FP, Rathgeber CBK, Badel É, Fournier M, Moulia B. Modelling the spatial crosstalk between two biochemical signals explains wood formation dynamics and tree-ring structure. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:1727-1737. [PMID: 33247732 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In conifers, xylogenesis during a growing season produces a very characteristic tree-ring structure: large, thin-walled earlywood cells followed by narrow, thick-walled latewood cells. Although many factors influence the dynamics of differentiation and the final dimensions of xylem cells, the associated patterns of variation remain very stable from one year to the next. While radial growth is characterized by an S-shaped curve, the widths of xylem differentiation zones exhibit characteristic skewed bell-shaped curves. These elements suggest a strong internal control of xylogenesis. It has long been hypothesized that much of this regulation relies on a morphogenetic gradient of auxin. However, recent modelling studies have shown that while this hypothesis could account for the dynamics of stem radial growth and the zonation of the developing xylem, it failed to reproduce the characteristic tree-ring structure. Here, we investigated the hypothesis of regulation by a crosstalk between auxin and a second biochemical signal, by using computational morphodynamics. We found that, in conifers, such a crosstalk is sufficient to simulate the characteristic features of wood formation dynamics, as well as the resulting tree-ring structure. In this model, auxin controls cell enlargement rates while another signal (e.g. cytokinin, tracheary element differentiation inhibitory factor) drives cell division and auxin polar transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix P Hartmann
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Éric Badel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Meriem Fournier
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Moulia
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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24
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Yang C, Wang D, Zhang C, Ye M, Kong N, Ma H, Chen Q. Comprehensive Analysis and Expression Profiling of PIN, AUX/LAX, and ABCB Auxin Transporter Gene Families in Solanum tuberosum under Phytohormone Stimuli and Abiotic Stresses. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:127. [PMID: 33562678 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, we provide comprehensive information on auxin transporter gene families in potato, including basic parameters, chromosomal distribution, phylogeny, co-expression network analysis, gene structure, tissue-specific expression patterns, subcellular localization, transcription analysis under exogenous hormone stimuli and abiotic stresses, and cis-regulatory element prediction. The responsiveness of auxin transporter family genes to auxin and polar auxin transport inhibitors implied their possible roles in auxin homoeostasis and redistribution. Additionally, the differential expression levels of auxin transporter family genes in response to abscisic acid and abiotic stresses suggested their specific adaptive mechanisms on tolerance to various environmental stimuli. Promoter cis-regulatory element description analyses indicated that a number of cis-regulatory elements within the promoters of auxin transporter genes in potato were targeted by relevant transcription factors to respond to diverse stresses. We are confident that our results provide a foundation for a better understanding of auxin transporters in potato, as we have demonstrated the biological significance of this family of genes in hormone signaling and adaption to environmental stresses. Abstract Auxin is the only plant hormone that exhibits transport polarity mediated by three families: auxin resistant (AUX) 1/like AUX1 (LAX) influx carriers, pin-formed (PIN) efflux carriers, and ATP-binding cassette B (ABCB) influx/efflux carriers. Extensive studies about the biological functions of auxin transporter genes have been reported in model plants. Information regarding these genes in potato remains scarce. Here, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of auxin transporter gene families in potato to examine genomic distributions, phylogeny, co-expression analysis, gene structure and subcellular localization, and expression profiling using bioinformatics tools and qRT-PCR analysis. From these analyses, 5 StLAXs, 10 StPINs, and 22 StABCBs were identified in the potato genome and distributed in 10 of 18 gene modules correlating to the development of various tissues. Transient expression experiments indicated that three representative auxin transporters showed plasma membrane localizations. The responsiveness to auxin and auxin transport inhibitors implied their possible roles in mediating intercellular auxin homoeostasis and redistribution. The differential expression under abscisic acid and abiotic stresses indicated their specific adaptive mechanisms regulating tolerance to environmental stimuli. A large number of auxin-responsive and stress-related cis-elements within their promoters could account for their responsiveness to diverse stresses. Our study aimed to understand the biological significance of potato auxin transporters in hormone signaling and tolerance to environmental stresses.
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Abstract
Adapting to the omnipresent gravitational field was a fundamental basis driving the flourishing of terrestrial plants on the Earth. Plants have evolved a remarkable capability that not only allows them to live and develop within the Earth's gravity field, but it also enables them to use the gravity vector to guide the growth of roots and shoots, in a process known as gravitropism. Triggered by gravistimulation, plant gravitropism is a highly complex, multistep process that requires many organelles and players to function in an intricate coordinated way. Although this process has been studied for several 100 years, much remains unclear, particularly the early events that trigger the relocation of the auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins, which presumably leads to the asymmetrical redistribution of auxin. In the past decade, the LAZY gene family has been identified as a crucial player that ensures the proper redistribution of auxin and a normal tropic response for both roots and shoots upon gravistimulation. LAZY proteins appear to be participating in the early steps of gravity signaling, as the mutation of LAZY genes consistently leads to altered auxin redistribution in multiple plant species. The identification and characterization of the LAZY gene family have significantly advanced our understanding of plant gravitropism, and opened new frontiers of investigation into the novel molecular details of the early events of gravitropism. Here we review current knowledge of the LAZY gene family and the mechanism modulated by LAZY proteins for controlling both roots and shoots gravitropism. We also discuss the evolutionary significance and conservation of the LAZY gene family in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jiao
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Du
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangfa Ge
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Guangdong Subcenter of the National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Abas L, Kolb M, Stadlmann J, Janacek DP, Lukic K, Schwechheimer C, Sazanov LA, Mach L, Friml J, Hammes UZ. Naphthylphthalamic acid associates with and inhibits PIN auxin transporters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020857118. [PMID: 33443187 PMCID: PMC7817115 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020857118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) is a key inhibitor of directional (polar) transport of the hormone auxin in plants. For decades, it has been a pivotal tool in elucidating the unique polar auxin transport-based processes underlying plant growth and development. Its exact mode of action has long been sought after and is still being debated, with prevailing mechanistic schemes describing only indirect connections between NPA and the main transporters responsible for directional transport, namely PIN auxin exporters. Here we present data supporting a model in which NPA associates with PINs in a more direct manner than hitherto postulated. We show that NPA inhibits PIN activity in a heterologous oocyte system and that expression of NPA-sensitive PINs in plant, yeast, and oocyte membranes leads to specific saturable NPA binding. We thus propose that PINs are a bona fide NPA target. This offers a straightforward molecular basis for NPA inhibition of PIN-dependent auxin transport and a logical parsimonious explanation for the known physiological effects of NPA on plant growth, as well as an alternative hypothesis to interpret past and future results. We also introduce PIN dimerization and describe an effect of NPA on this, suggesting that NPA binding could be exploited to gain insights into structural aspects of PINs related to their transport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindy Abas
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Martina Kolb
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Johannes Stadlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorina P Janacek
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Kristina Lukic
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Leonid A Sazanov
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ulrich Z Hammes
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany;
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Li H, von Wangenheim D, Zhang X, Tan S, Darwish‐Miranda N, Naramoto S, Wabnik K, De Rycke R, Kaufmann WA, Gütl D, Tejos R, Grones P, Ke M, Chen X, Dettmer J, Friml J. Cellular requirements for PIN polar cargo clustering in Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol 2021; 229:351-369. [PMID: 32810889 PMCID: PMC7984064 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell and tissue polarization is fundamental for plant growth and morphogenesis. The polar, cellular localization of Arabidopsis PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins is crucial for their function in directional auxin transport. The clustering of PIN polar cargoes within the plasma membrane has been proposed to be important for the maintenance of their polar distribution. However, the more detailed features of PIN clusters and the cellular requirements of cargo clustering remain unclear. Here, we characterized PIN clusters in detail by means of multiple advanced microscopy and quantification methods, such as 3D quantitative imaging or freeze-fracture replica labeling. The size and aggregation types of PIN clusters were determined by electron microscopy at the nanometer level at different polar domains and at different developmental stages, revealing a strong preference for clustering at the polar domains. Pharmacological and genetic studies revealed that PIN clusters depend on phosphoinositol pathways, cytoskeletal structures and specific cell-wall components as well as connections between the cell wall and the plasma membrane. This study identifies the role of different cellular processes and structures in polar cargo clustering and provides initial mechanistic insight into the maintenance of polarity in plants and other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiang Li
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
| | - Daniel von Wangenheim
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Centre for Plant Integrative BiologySchool of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)Vienna1190Austria
| | - Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | | | - Satoshi Naramoto
- Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendai980‐8577Japan
| | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhent9052Belgium
- Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy and VIB BioImaging CoreGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
| | - Walter A. Kaufmann
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - Daniel Gütl
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - Ricardo Tejos
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
- Departamento de BiologíaFacultad de CienciasCentro de Biología Molecular VegetalUniversidad de ChileSantiago7800003Chile
| | - Peter Grones
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - Meiyu Ke
- Haixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
| | - Xu Chen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
- Haixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
| | - Jan Dettmer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
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Park KR, Kim S, Cho M, Kang SW, Yun HM. Effects of PIN on Osteoblast Differentiation and Matrix Mineralization through Runt-Related Transcription Factor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9579. [PMID: 33339165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Styrax Japonica Sieb. et Zucc. has been used as traditional medicine in inflammatory diseases, and isolated compounds have shown pharmacological activities. Pinoresinol glucoside (PIN) belonging to lignins was isolated from the stem bark of S. Japonica. This study aimed to investigate the biological function and mechanisms of PIN on cell migration, osteoblast differentiation, and matrix mineralization. Herein, we investigated the effects of PIN in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts, which are widely used for studying osteoblast behavior in in vitro cell systems. At concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 μM, PIN had no cell toxicity in pre-osteoblasts. Pre-osteoblasts induced osteoblast differentiation, and the treatment of PIN (10 and 30 μM) promoted the cell migration rate in a dose-dependent manner. At concentrations of 10 and 30 μM, PIN elevated early osteoblast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner, as indicated by increases in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and activity. Subsequently, PIN also increased the formation of mineralized nodules in a dose-dependent manner, as indicated by alizarin red S (ARS) staining, demonstrating positive effects of PIN on late osteoblast differentiation. In addition, PIN induced the mRNA level of BMP2, ALP, and osteocalcin (OCN). PIN also upregulated the protein level of BMP2 and increased canonical BMP2 signaling molecules, the phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8, and the protein level of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). Furthermore, PIN activated non-canonical BMP2 signaling molecules, activated MAP kinases, and increased β-catenin signaling. The findings of this study indicate that PIN has biological roles in osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization, and suggest that PIN might have anabolic effects in bone diseases such as osteoporosis and periodontitis.
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Zhou AP, Zhong YY, Li SQ, Fei X, Gan PH, Zong D, He CZ. Genome-wide identification of polar auxin transporter gene families reveals a possible new polar auxin flow in inverted cuttings of Populus yunnanensis. Gene 2021; 772:145349. [PMID: 33338511 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inverted cuttings of Populus yunnanensis are characterized by enlarged stems and dwarfed new shoots, and phytohormones play a crucial role in the response to inversion. The polar auxin transport (PAT) system is distinct from the transport systems of other hormones and is controlled by three major transporter gene families: pin-formed (PIN), auxin-resistant/like aux (AUX/LAX) and ATP-binding cassette transporters of the B class (ABCB). Here, we identified these three families in P. trichocarpa, P. euphratica and P. yunnanensis through a genome-wide analysis. The Populus PIN, AUX/LAX and ABCB gene families comprised 15, 8 and 31 members, respectively. Most PAT genes in Populus and Arabidopsis were identified as clear sister pairs, and some had unique motifs. Transcriptome profiling revealed that the expression of most PAT genes was unrelated to cutting inversion and that only several genes showed altered expression when cuttings were inverted. The auxin content difference at positions was opposite in upright and inverted cutting bodies during rooting, which obeyed the original plant polarity. However, during plant growth, the two direction types exhibited similar auxin movements in the cutting bodies, and the opposite auxin changes were observed in new shoots. Four PAT genes with a positive response to cutting inversion, PyuPIN10, PyuPIN11, PyuLAX6 and PyuABCB27, showed diverse expression patterns between upright and inverted cuttings during rooting and plant growth. Furthermore, PAT gene expression retained its polarity, which differs from the results found for auxin flow during plant growth. The inconformity indicated that a new downward auxin flow in addition to the old upward flow might be established during the growth of inverted cuttings. Some highly polar PAT genes were involved in the maintenance of original auxin polarity, which might cause the enlarged stems of inverted cuttings. This work lays a foundation for understanding the roles of auxin transport in plant responses to inversion.
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Fakim H, Fabian MR. A Cell-Free System for Investigating Human MARF1 Endonuclease Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2209:333-45. [PMID: 33201479 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0935-4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Experiments in cell cultures have been useful for investigating a number of RNA endonucleases. However, endonuclease decay intermediates are often challenging to study in cellulo, as decay intermediates are rapidly degraded by exoribonucleases. Thus, cell-free assays have been critical for assessing endonuclease kinetics. Here, we describe such an in vitro assay to analyze endoribonuclease activity using recombinant proteins and end-radiolabeled RNA oligonucleotides. Specifically, we detail a protocol for assaying the endoribonuclease activity and kinetics of the human MARF1 protein.
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Flores-Fraile MC, Padilla-Fernández BY, Valverde-Martínez S, Marquez-Sanchez M, García-Cenador MB, Lorenzo-Gómez MF, Flores-Fraile J. The Association between Prostate-Specific Antigen Velocity (PSAV), Value and Acceleration, and of the Free PSA/Total PSA Index or Ratio, with Prostate Conditions. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3400. [PMID: 33114134 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Prostate-specific antigen velocity (PSAV) is used to monitor men with clinical suspicion of prostate cancer (PCa), with a normal cut-off point of 0.3–0.5 ng/mL/year. The aim of the study is to establish the predictive capacity of PSAV (value and acceleration) and of the free PSA/total PSA index or ratio. Method: Prospective multicentre observational study in 2035 men of over 47 years of age. Inclusion criteria: men who wished to be informed on the health of their prostate. Exclusion criteria: men with a previously diagnosed prostate condition. Groups: GA: (n = 518): men with serum PSA equal to or greater than 2.01 ng/mL. GB: (n = 775): men with serum PSA greater than or equal to 0.78 ng/mL and less than 2.01 ng/mL. GC: (n = 742): men with serum PSA less than 0.78 ng/mL. Variables: prostate-specific antigen (PSA); age; body mass index (BMI); PSA velocity (PSAV) (ng/mL per year); free PSA/total PSA index (iPSA); PSAV acceleration (increasing: positive, or decreasing: negative); prostate diagnosis (benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), or infectious and non-infectious prostatitis and prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa)); de novo diagnoses of urinary tract diseases or conditions; concomitant treatments, diseases and conditions; final diagnosis of prostate health. Results: Mean age 62.35 years (SD 8.12), median 61 (47–94); age was lowest in GC. Mean BMI was 27.89 kg/m2 (SD 3.96), median 27.58 (18.56–57.13); no differences between groups. Mean PSAV was 0.69, SD 2.16, median 0.13 (0.001–34.46); PSAV was lowest in GC. Mean iPSA was 27.39 u/L (SD 14.25), median 24.29 (3.7–115); iPSA was lowest in GA. PSAV had more positive acceleration in GA and more negative acceleration in GC. There were 1600 (78.62%) cases of normal prostate or BPH, 322 (15.82%) cases of PIN or non-infectious prostatitis, and 113 (5.55%) cases of PCa. There were more cases of BPH in GC and more cases of PIN or prostatitis and cancer in GA (p = 0.00001). De novo diagnoses: 15 cases of urinary incontinence (UI), 16 discomfort/pain in LUT, 112 cases of voiding disorders, 12 urethral strictures, 19 hematuria, 51 cystitis, 3 pyelonephritis, 4 pelvic inflammatory disease; no differences were found between groups. In the multivariate analysis, PSAV and the direction of PSAV acceleration (positive or negative) were the variables which were correlated most strongly with prostate health. iPSA was associated with the presence of prostatitis, PCa, and BPH. Men in GA had more prostatitis, PCa, treatment with alpha blockers, and history of previous smoking. GB had more cases of BPH and more positive acceleration of PSAV. GC had more normal prostates, more BPH, more use of ranitidine, and more PSAV with negative acceleration. Conclusions: PSAV, direction of PSAV acceleration, and iPSA in PSA cut-off points of 0.78 ng/mL and 2.01 ng/mL in a priori healthy men over 47 predict the probability of benign or malignant pathology of the prostate.
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Tarelkina TV, Novitskaya LL, Galibina NA, Moshchenskaya YL, Nikerova KM, Nikolaeva NN, Sofronova IN, Ivanova DS, Semenova LI. Expression Analysis of Key Auxin Biosynthesis, Transport, and Metabolism Genes of Betula pendula with Special Emphasis on Figured Wood Formation in Karelian Birch. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9111406. [PMID: 33105649 PMCID: PMC7690449 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Auxin status in woody plants is believed to be a critical factor for the quantity and quality of the wood formed. It has been previously demonstrated that figured wood formation in Karelian birch (Betula pendula Roth var. carelica (Merckl.) Hämet-Ahti) is associated with a reduced auxin level and elevated sugar content in the differentiating xylem, but the molecular mechanisms of the abnormal xylogenesis remained largely unclear. We have identified genes involved in auxin biosynthesis (Yucca), polar auxin transport (PIN) and the conjugation of auxin with amino acids (GH3) and UDP-glucose (UGT84B1) in the B. pendula genome, and analysed their expression in trunk tissues of trees differing in wood structure. Almost all the investigated genes were overexpressed in Karelian birch trunks. Although Yucca genes were overexpressed, trunk tissues in areas developing figured grain had traits of an auxin-deficient phenotype. Overexpression of GH3s and UGT84B1 appears to have a greater effect on figured wood formation. Analysis of promoters of the differentially expressed genes revealed a large number of binding sites with various transcription factors associated with auxin and sugar signalling. These data agree with the hypothesis that anomalous figured wood formation in Karelian birch may be associated with the sugar induction of auxin conjugation.
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Zhang S, Tajima H, Nambara E, Blumwald E, Bassil E. Auxin Homeostasis and Distribution of the Auxin Efflux Carrier PIN2 Require Vacuolar NHX-Type Cation/H + Antiporter Activity. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1311. [PMID: 33023035 PMCID: PMC7601841 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis vacuolar Na+/H+ transporters (NHXs) are important regulators of intracellular pH, Na+ and K+ homeostasis and necessary for normal plant growth, development, and stress acclimation. Arabidopsis contains four vacuolar NHX isoforms known as AtNHX1 to AtNHX4. The quadruple knockout nhx1nhx2nhx3nhx4, lacking any vacuolar NHX-type antiporter activity, displayed auxin-related phenotypes including loss of apical dominance, reduced root growth, impaired gravitropism and less sensitivity to exogenous IAA and NAA, but not to 2,4-D. In nhx1nhx2nhx3nhx4, the abundance of the auxin efflux carrier PIN2, but not PIN1, was drastically reduced at the plasma membrane and was concomitant with an increase in PIN2 labeled intracellular vesicles. Intracellular trafficking to the vacuole was also delayed in the mutant. Measurements of free IAA content and imaging of the auxin sensor DII-Venus, suggest that auxin accumulates in root tips of nhx1nhx2nhx3nhx4. Collectively, our results indicate that vacuolar NHX dependent cation/H+ antiport activity is needed for proper auxin homeostasis, likely by affecting intracellular trafficking and distribution of the PIN2 efflux carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Hiromi Tajima
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Eiji Nambara
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada;
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Elias Bassil
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, USA
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Li H, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Zuo S, Zhang S, Sun Y, Zhao D, Zhang Z. Silicon Waveguide Integrated with Germanium Photodetector for a Photonic-Integrated FBG Interrogator. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E1683. [PMID: 32867121 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a vertically coupled germanium (Ge) waveguide detector integrated on silicon-on-insulator waveguides and an optimized device structure through the analysis of the optical field distribution and absorption efficiency of the device. The photodetector we designed is manufactured by IMEC, and the tests show that the device has good performance. This study theoretically and experimentally explains the structure of Ge PIN and the effect of the photodetector (PD) waveguide parameters on the performance of the device. Simulation and optimization of waveguide detectors with different structures are carried out. The device’s structure, quantum efficiency, spectral response, response current, changes with incident light strength, and dark current of PIN-type Ge waveguide detector are calculated. The test results show that approximately 90% of the light is absorbed by a Ge waveguide with 20 μm Ge length and 500 nm Ge thickness. The quantum efficiency of the PD can reach 90.63%. Under the reverse bias of 1 V, 2 V and 3 V, the detector’s average responsiveness in C-band reached 1.02 A/W, 1.09 A/W and 1.16 A/W and the response time is 200 ns. The dark current is only 3.7 nA at the reverse bias voltage of −1 V. The proposed silicon-based Ge PIN PD is beneficial to the integration of the detector array for photonic integrated arrayed waveguide grating (AWG)-based fiber Bragg grating (FBG) interrogators.
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Huang X, Bai X, Guo T, Xie Z, Laimer M, Du D, Gbokie T, Zhang Z, He C, Lu Y, Wu W, Yi K. Genome-Wide Analysis of the PIN Auxin Efflux Carrier Gene Family in Coffee. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9091061. [PMID: 32825074 PMCID: PMC7570243 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Coffee is one of the most popular beverages around the world, which is mainly produced from the allopolyploid Coffea arabica. The genomes of C. arabica and its two ancestors C. canephora and C. eugenioides have been released due to the development of next generation sequencing. However, few studies on C. arabica are related to the PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporter despite its importance in auxin-mediated plant growth and development. In the present study, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of the PIN gene family in the three coffee species. Totals of 17, 9 and 10 of the PIN members were characterized in C. Arabica, C. canephora and C. eugenioides, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed gene loss of PIN1 and PIN2 homologs in C. arabica, as well as gene duplication of PIN5 homologs during the fractionation process after tetraploidy. Furthermore, we conducted expression analysis of PIN genes in C. arabica by in silico and qRT-PCR. The results revealed the existence of gene expression dominance in allopolyploid coffee and illustrated several PIN candidates in regulating auxin transport and homeostasis under leaf rust fungus inoculation and the tissue-specific expression pattern of C. arabica. Together, this study provides the basis and guideline for future functional characterization of the PIN gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (X.H.); (C.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xuehui Bai
- Dehong Tropical Agriculture Research Institute of Yunnan, Ruili 678600, China; (X.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Tieying Guo
- Dehong Tropical Agriculture Research Institute of Yunnan, Ruili 678600, China; (X.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Zhouli Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Margit Laimer
- Plant Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Dengxiang Du
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Thomas Gbokie
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Zhirun Zhang
- Coffee Engineering Research Center of China, Mangshi 678400, China;
| | - Chunping He
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (X.H.); (C.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (X.H.); (C.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Weihuai Wu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (X.H.); (C.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 571101, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Kexian Yi
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (X.H.); (C.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 571101, China
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Wakatake T, Ogawa S, Yoshida S, Shirasu K. An auxin transport network underlies xylem bridge formation between the hemi-parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum and host Arabidopsis. Development 2020; 147:dev187781. [PMID: 32586973 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Parasitic plants form vascular connections with host plants for efficient material transport. The haustorium is the responsible organ for host invasion and subsequent vascular connection. After invasion of host tissues, vascular meristem-like cells emerge in the central region of the haustorium, differentiate into tracheary elements and establish a connection, known as a xylem bridge, between parasite and host xylem systems. Despite the importance of this parasitic connection, the regulatory mechanisms of xylem bridge formation are unknown. Here, we show the role of auxin and auxin transporters during the process of xylem bridge formation using an Orobanchaceae hemiparasitic plant, Phtheirospermum japonicum The auxin response marker DR5 has a similar expression pattern to tracheary element differentiation genes in haustoria. Auxin transport inhibitors alter tracheary element differentiation in haustoria, but biosynthesis inhibitors do not, demonstrating the importance of auxin transport during xylem bridge formation. The expression patterns and subcellular localization of PIN family auxin efflux carriers and AUX1/LAX influx carriers correlate with DR5 expression patterns. The cooperative action of auxin transporters is therefore responsible for controlling xylem vessel connections between parasite and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Wakatake
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Satoko Yoshida
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Division for Research Strategy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Kim U, Kim CY, Lee JM, Ryu B, Kim J, Bang J, Ahn N, Park JH. Loss of glutathione peroxidase 3 induces ROS and contributes to prostatic hyperplasia in Nkx3.1 knockout mice. Andrology 2020; 8:1486-1493. [PMID: 32450005 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione peroxidase 3 (Gpx3) protects cells from oxidative stress, and its reduced expression in human prostate cancer has been reported. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that Gpx3 might play an important role in the development of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), a pre-cancerous state of the prostate, and aimed to highlight the underlying molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The following double-knockout mice Nkx3.1-/-; Gpx3+/+, Nkx3.1-/-; Gpx3+/-, Nkx3.1-/-; Gpx3-/- were produced. Randomly divided animals were weighed, and their genitourinary tract (GUT) weights were determined after euthanasia at 4, 8, and 12 months. The mRNA expression of the genes involved in oxidative stress and Wnt signaling was analyzed in the prostate. Histopathology, ROS, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were also measured. RESULTS Loss of Gpx3 did not affect body weight and GUT weight in Nkx3.1 knockout mice. The mRNA expression of SOD3, iNOS, Hmox, and CISD2, which are associated with oxidative stress, was increased in Nkx3.1-/-; Gpx3-/- mice at 4 months but decreased at 8 and 12 months. There was no change in β-catenin and its targets associated with Wnt signaling. Increased ROS and decreased SOD activity were observed in Nkx3.1-/-; Gpx3-/- mice at 12 months of age. The histopathologic score and epithelium thickness were increased, and lumen area was decreased in Gpx3 knockout mice. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Gpx3 loss increased the hyperplasia of PIN in the pre-cancerous stage of the prostate. Loss of Gpx3 induced oxidative stress. Histopathologically, no invasive carcinoma was identified, and Gpx3 loss did not increase Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Further research on the role of GPX3 in the transition of PIN to invasive carcinoma is needed. We show, for the first time, that the antioxidant enzyme GPX3 plays a vital role in inhibiting hyperplasia in the PIN stage of the prostate gland in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ukjin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - C-Yoon Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Min Lee
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bokyeong Ryu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junpil Bang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Na Ahn
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Boutté Y, Jaillais Y. Metabolic Cellular Communications: Feedback Mechanisms between Membrane Lipid Homeostasis and Plant Development. Dev Cell 2020; 54:171-82. [PMID: 32502395 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane lipids are often viewed as passive building blocks of the endomembrane system. However, mounting evidence suggests that sphingolipids, sterols, and phospholipids are specifically targeted by developmental pathways, notably hormones, in a cell- or tissue-specific manner to regulate plant growth and development. Targeted modifications of lipid homeostasis may act as a way to execute a defined developmental program, for example, by regulating other signaling pathways or participating in cell differentiation. Furthermore, these regulations often feed back on the very signaling pathway that initiates the lipid metabolic changes. Here, we review several recent examples highlighting the intricate feedbacks between membrane lipid homeostasis and plant development. In particular, these examples illustrate how all aspects of membrane lipid metabolic pathways are targeted by these feedback regulations. We propose that the time has come to consider membrane lipids and lipid metabolism as an integral part of the developmental program needed to build a plant.
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Matilla AJ. Auxin: Hormonal Signal Required for Seed Development and Dormancy. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E705. [PMID: 32492815 PMCID: PMC7356396 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The production of viable seeds is a key event in the life cycle of higher plants. Historically, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GAs) were considered the main hormones that regulate seed formation. However, auxin has recently emerged as an essential player that modulates, in conjunction with ABA, different cellular processes involved in seed development as well as the induction, regulation and maintenance of primary dormancy (PD). This review examines and discusses the key role of auxin as a signaling molecule that coordinates seed life. The cellular machinery involved in the synthesis and transport of auxin, as well as their cellular and tissue compartmentalization, is crucial for the development of the endosperm and seed-coat. Thus, auxin is an essential compound involved in integuments development, and its transport from endosperm is regulated by AGAMOUS-LIKE62 (AGL62) whose transcript is specifically expressed in the endosperm. In addition, recent biochemical and genetic evidence supports the involvement of auxins in PD. In this process, the participation of the transcriptional regulator ABA INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3) is critical, revealing a cross-talk between auxin and ABA signaling. Future experimental aimed at advancing knowledge of the role of auxins in seed development and PD are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel J Matilla
- Departamento de Biología Funcional (Área Fisiología Vegetal), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Velada I, Cardoso H, Porfirio S, Peixe A. Expression Profile of PIN-Formed Auxin Efflux Carrier Genes during IBA-Induced In Vitro Adventitious Rooting in Olea europaea L. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9020185. [PMID: 32028698 PMCID: PMC7076448 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous auxins supplementation plays a central role in the formation of adventitious roots (AR) for several plant species. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the process of adventitious rooting are still not completely understood and many plants with economic value, including several olive cultivars, exhibit a recalcitrant behavior towards cutting propagation, which limits its availability in plant nurseries. PIN-formed proteins are auxin efflux transporters that have been widely characterized in several plant species due to their involvement in many developmental processes including root formation. The present study profiled the expression of the OePIN1a-c, OePIN2b, OePIN3a-c, OePIN5a-c, OePIN6, and OePIN8 gene members during indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)-induced in vitro adventitious rooting using the olive cultivar ‘Galega vulgar’. Gene expression analysis by quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR) showed drastic downregulation of most transcripts, just a few hours after explant inoculation, in both nontreated and IBA-treated microcuttings, albeit gene downregulation was less pronounced in IBA-treated stems. In contrast, OePIN2b showed a distinct expression pattern being upregulated in both conditions, and OePIN5b was highly upregulated in IBA-induced stems. All transcripts, except OePIN8, showed different expression profiles between nontreated and IBA-treated explants throughout the rooting experiment. Additionally, high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were observed soon after explant preparation, decreasing a few hours after inoculation. Altogether, the results suggest that wounding-related ROS production, associated with explant preparation for rooting, may have an impact on auxin transport and distribution via changes in OePIN gene expression. Moreover, the application of exogenous auxin may modulate auxin homeostasis through regulation of those genes, leading to auxin redistribution throughout the stem-base tissue, which may ultimately play an important role in AR formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Velada
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
- Correspondence: (I.V.); (A.P.)
| | - Hélia Cardoso
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Sara Porfirio
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Augusto Peixe
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & Departamento de Fitotecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
- Correspondence: (I.V.); (A.P.)
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Tan S, Abas M, Verstraeten I, Glanc M, Molnár G, Hajný J, Lasák P, Petřík I, Russinova E, Petrášek J, Novák O, Pospíšil J, Friml J. Salicylic Acid Targets Protein Phosphatase 2A to Attenuate Growth in Plants. Curr Biol 2020; 30:381-395.e8. [PMID: 31956021 PMCID: PMC6997888 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants, like other multicellular organisms, survive through a delicate balance between growth and defense against pathogens. Salicylic acid (SA) is a major defense signal in plants, and the perception mechanism as well as downstream signaling activating the immune response are known. Here, we identify a parallel SA signaling that mediates growth attenuation. SA directly binds to A subunits of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), inhibiting activity of this complex. Among PP2A targets, the PIN2 auxin transporter is hyperphosphorylated in response to SA, leading to changed activity of this important growth regulator. Accordingly, auxin transport and auxin-mediated root development, including growth, gravitropic response, and lateral root organogenesis, are inhibited. This study reveals how SA, besides activating immunity, concomitantly attenuates growth through crosstalk with the auxin distribution network. Further analysis of this dual role of SA and characterization of additional SA-regulated PP2A targets will provide further insights into mechanisms maintaining a balance between growth and defense. SA modulates root development independently of NPR1-mediated canonical signaling SA attenuates growth through crosstalk with the auxin transport network SA upregulates the phosphorylation status of PIN auxin efflux carriers through PP2A SA directly targets A subunits of PP2A, inhibiting the activity of the complex
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Melinda Abas
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Inge Verstraeten
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Matouš Glanc
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Gergely Molnár
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakub Hajný
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Lasák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Petřík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pospíšil
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, tř. 17. listopadu 1192/12, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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Ge L, Chen R. Negative gravitropic response of roots directs auxin flow to control root gravitropism. Plant Cell Environ 2019; 42:2372-2383. [PMID: 30968964 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Root tip is capable of sensing and adjusting its growth direction in response to gravity, a phenomenon known as root gravitropism. Previously, we have shown that negative gravitropic response of roots (NGR) is essential for the positive gravitropic response of roots. Here, we show that NGR, a plasma membrane protein specifically expressed in root columella and lateral root cap cells, controls the positive root gravitropic response by regulating auxin efflux carrier localization in columella cells and the direction of lateral auxin flow in response to gravity. Pharmacological and genetic studies show that the negative root gravitropic response of the ngr mutants depends on polar auxin transport in the root elongation zone. Cell biology studies further demonstrate that polar localization of the auxin efflux carrier PIN3 in root columella cells and asymmetric lateral auxin flow in the root tip in response to gravistimulation is reversed in the atngr1;2;3 triple mutant. Furthermore, simultaneous mutations of three PIN genes expressed in root columella cells impaired the negative root gravitropic response of the atngr1;2;3 triple mutant. Our work revealed a critical role of NGR in root gravitropic response and provided an insight of the early events and molecular basis of the positive root gravitropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfa Ge
- Department of Grass Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Development, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, 73401, Oklahoma
| | - Rujin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Development, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, 73401, Oklahoma
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Strong BM, Voloshin I. Posterior Interosseous Nerve Proximity to Cortical Button Implant for Distal Biceps Repair With Single and 2-Incision Approaches. J Hand Surg Am 2019; 44:613.e1-613.e6. [PMID: 30301643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fixation with a cortical button is the biomechanically strongest surgical approach for distal biceps repair, and utilization of the 2-incision approach may provide a more anatomical repair and improved terminal supination strength. The risk of injury to the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) associated with this approach requires further investigation. METHODS A distal biceps repair with a cortical button was performed on 10 cadavers, 5 utilizing the single-incision approach and 5 utilizing the 2-incision approach. Contrast was injected into the radial nerve and computed tomography scans were obtained. The distance between the drilled cortical perforation and the PIN was measured. RESULTS The mean distance from the cortical perforation to the PIN was not significantly different between approaches (9.4 mm and 8.8 mm). A PIN entrapment was seen in 0 out of 5 for the single-incision approach and 1 out of 5 for the 2-incision approach. CONCLUSIONS Distal biceps repair with cortical button fixation places the PIN at risk of injury regardless of the approach used. Methods of fixation that require bicortical drilling should be especially avoided when using the 2-incision approach. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Distal biceps repair utilizing bicortical drilling for fixation through a 2-incision approach poses high risk of injury to the PIN and should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Strong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Ilya Voloshin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.
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45
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Lehman TA, Sanguinet KA. Auxin and Cell Wall Crosstalk as Revealed by the Arabidopsis thaliana Cellulose Synthase Mutant Radially Swollen 1. Plant Cell Physiol 2019; 60:1487-1503. [PMID: 31004494 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells sheath themselves in a complex lattice of polysaccharides, proteins and enzymes forming an integral matrix known as the cell wall. Cellulose microfibrils, the primary component of cell walls, are synthesized at the plasma membrane by CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A (CESA) proteins throughout cellular growth and are responsible for turgor-driven anisotropic expansion. Associations between hormone signaling and cell wall biosynthesis have long been suggested, but recently direct links have been found revealing hormones play key regulatory roles in cellulose biosynthesis. The radially swollen 1 (rsw1) allele of Arabidopsis thaliana CESA1 harbors a single amino acid change that renders the protein unstable at high temperatures. We used the conditional nature of rsw1 to investigate how auxin contributes to isotropic growth. We found that exogenous auxin treatment reduces isotropic swelling in rsw1 roots at the restrictive temperature of 30�C. We also discovered decreases in auxin influx between rsw1 and wild-type roots via confocal imaging of AUX1-YFP, even at the permissive temperature of 19�C. Moreover, rsw1 displayed mis-expression of auxin-responsive and CESA genes. Additionally, we found altered auxin maxima in rsw1 mutant roots at the onset of swelling using DII-VENUS and DR5:vYFP auxin reporters. Overall, we conclude disrupted cell wall biosynthesis perturbs auxin transport leading to altered auxin homeostasis impacting both anisotropic and isotropic growth that affects overall root morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiel A Lehman
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Karen A Sanguinet
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Group, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Sharma NM, Liu X, Llewellyn TL, Katsurada K, Patel KP. Exercise training augments neuronal nitric oxide synthase dimerization in the paraventricular nucleus of rats with chronic heart failure. Nitric Oxide 2019; 87:73-82. [PMID: 30878404 PMCID: PMC6527363 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training (ExT) is an established non-pharmacological therapy that improves the health and quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Exaggerated sympathetic drive characterizes CHF due to an imbalance of the autonomic nervous system. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) produce nitric oxide (NO•), which is known to regulate the sympathetic tone. Previously we have shown that during CHF, the catalytically active dimeric form of nNOS is significantly decreased with a concurrent increase in protein inhibitor of nNOS (PIN) expression, a protein that dissociates dimeric nNOS to monomers and facilitates its degradation. Dimerization of nNOS also requires (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) for stability and activity. Previously, we have shown that ExT improves NO-mediated sympathetic inhibition in the PVN; however, the molecular mechanism remains elusive. We hypothesized; ExT restores the sympathetic drive by increasing the levels and catalytically active form of nNOS by abrogating changes in the PIN in the PVN of CHF rats. CHF was induced in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by coronary artery ligation, which reliably mimics CHF in patients with myocardial infarction. After 4 weeks of surgery, Sham and CHF rats were subjected to 3 weeks of progressive treadmill exercise. ExT significantly (p < 0.05) decreased PIN expression and increased dimer/monomer ratio of nNOS in the PVN of rats with CHF. Moreover, we found decreased GTP cyclohydrolase 1(GCH1) expression: a rate-limiting enzyme for BH4 biosynthesis in the PVN of CHF rats suggesting that perhaps reduced BH4 availability may also contribute to decreased nNOS dimers. Interestingly, CHF induced decrease in GCH1 expression was increased with ExT. Our findings revealed that ExT rectified decreased PIN and GCH1 expression and increased dimer/monomer ratio of nNOS in the PVN, which may lead to increase NO• bioavailability resulting in amelioration of activated sympathetic drive during CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeru M Sharma
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA.
| | - Xuefei Liu
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA
| | - Tamra L Llewellyn
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA
| | - Kenichi Katsurada
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA
| | - Kaushik P Patel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA
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Chen YK, Qiao LS, Huo XQ, Zhang X, Han N, Zhang YL. [Pharmacological mechanism analysis of oligopeptide from Pinctada fucata based on in silico proteolysis and protein interaction network]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2019; 42:3417-3423. [PMID: 29192456 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20170731.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pinctada fucata oligopeptide is one of key pharmaceutical effective constituents of P. fucata. It is significant to analyze its pharmacological effect and mechanism. This study aims to discover the potential oligopeptides from P. fucata and analyze the mechanism of P. fucata oligopeptide based on in silico technologies and protein interaction network(PIN). First, main protein sequences of P. fucata were collected, and oligopeptides were obtained using in silico gastrointestinal tract proteolysis. Then, key potential targets of P. fucata oligopeptides were obtained through pharmacophore screening. The protein-protein interaction(PPI) of targets was achieved and implemented to construct PIN and analyze the mechanism of P. fucata oligopeptides. P. fucata oligopeptide database was constructed based on in silico technologies, including 458 oligopeptides. Twelve modules were identified from PIN by a graph theoretic clustering algorithm Molecular Complex Detection(MCODE) and analyzed by Gene ontology(GO) enrichment. The results indicated that P. fucata oligopeptides have an effect in treating neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. In silico proteolysis could be used to analyze the protein sequences of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). According to the combination of in silico proteolysis and PIN, the biological activity of oligopeptides could be interpreted rapidly based on the known TCM protein sequence. The study provides the methodology basis for rapidly and efficiently implementing the mechanism analysis of TCM oligopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Kun Chen
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Lian-Sheng Qiao
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Huo
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Na Han
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yan-Ling Zhang
- School of Chinese Material Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
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Biedroń M, Banasiak A. Auxin-mediated regulation of vascular patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Plant Cell Rep 2018; 37:1215-1229. [PMID: 29992374 PMCID: PMC6096608 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The vascular system develops in response to auxin flow as continuous strands of conducting tissues arranged in regular spatial patterns. However, a mechanism governing their regular and repetitive formation remains to be fully elucidated. A model system for studying the vascular pattern formation is the process of leaf vascularization in Arabidopsis. In this paper, we present current knowledge of important factors and their interactions in this process. Additionally, we propose the sequence of events leading to the emergence of continuous vascular strands and point to significant problems that need to be resolved in the future to gain a better understanding of the regulation of the vascular pattern development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Biedroń
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, ul. Kanonia 6/8, 50-328, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alicja Banasiak
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, ul. Kanonia 6/8, 50-328, Wrocław, Poland.
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Dubreuil C, Jin X, Grönlund A, Fischer U. A Local Auxin Gradient Regulates Root Cap Self-Renewal and Size Homeostasis. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2581-2587.e3. [PMID: 30078563 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organ size homeostasis, compensatory growth to replace lost tissue, requires constant measurement of size and adjustment of growth rates. Morphogen gradients control organ and tissue sizes by regulating stem cell activity, cell differentiation, and removal in animals [1-3]. In plants, control of tissue size is of specific importance in root caps to protect the growing root tip from mechanical damage [4]. New root cap tissue is formed by the columella and lateral root-cap-epidermal stem cells, whose activity is regulated through non-dividing niche-like cells, the quiescent center (QC) [4, 5]. Columella daughter cells in contact with the QC retain the potency to divide, while derivatives oriented toward the mature cap undergo differentiation. The outermost columella layers are sequentially separated from the root body, involving remodeling of cell walls [6]. Factors regulating the balance between cell division, elongation, and separation to keep root cap size constant are currently unknown [4]. Here, we report that stem cell proliferation induced cell separation at the periphery of the root cap, resulting in tissue size homeostasis. An auxin response gradient with a maximum in the QC and a minimum in the detaching layer was established prior to the onset of cell separation. In agreement with a mathematical model, tissue size was positively regulated by the amount of auxin released from the source. Auxin transporters localized non-polarly to plasma membranes of the inner cap, partly isolating separating layers from the auxin source. Together, these results are in support of an auxin gradient measuring and regulating tissue size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Dubreuil
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 901 83, Sweden
| | - Xu Jin
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 901 83, Sweden
| | - Andreas Grönlund
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå 907 36, Sweden
| | - Urs Fischer
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 901 83, Sweden.
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Zhang C, Dong W, Huang ZA, Cho M, Yu Q, Wu C, Yu C. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the CaLAX and Ca PIN gene families in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under various abiotic stresses and hormone treatments. Genome 2018; 61:121-130. [PMID: 29304291 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2017-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Auxin plays key roles in regulating plant growth and development as well as in response to environmental stresses. The intercellular transport of auxin is mediated by the following four gene families: ATP-binding cassette family B (ABCB), auxin resistant1/like aux1 (AUX/LAX), PIN-formed (PIN), and PIN-like (PILS). Here, the latest assembled pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genome was used to characterise and analyse the CaLAX and CaPIN gene families. Genome-wide investigations into these families, including chromosomal distributions, phytogenic relationships, and intron/exon structures, were performed. In total, 4 CaLAX and 10 CaPIN genes were mapped to 10 chromosomes. Most of these genes exhibited varied tissue-specific expression patterns assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. The expression profiles of the CaLAX and CaPIN genes under various abiotic stresses (salt, drought, and cold), exogenous phytohormones (IAA, 6-BA, ABA, SA, and MeJA), and polar auxin transport inhibitor treatments were evaluated. Most CaLAX and CaPIN genes were altered by abiotic stress at the transcriptional level in both shoots and roots, and many CaLAX and CaPIN genes were regulated by exogenous phytohormones. Our study helps to identify candidate auxin transporter genes and to further analyse their biological functions in pepper development and in its adaptation to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Zhang
- a Vegetable Research Institute, Key Labortatory of Creative Agricultrue, Ministry of Agricultrue, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Wenqi Dong
- a Vegetable Research Institute, Key Labortatory of Creative Agricultrue, Ministry of Agricultrue, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zong-An Huang
- b Institute of Vegetable Sciences, Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Key Lab of Crop breeding in South Zhejiang Wenzhou 325014, China
| | - MyeongCheoul Cho
- c Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 440-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Qingcang Yu
- d College of Faculty of Informatics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chuanyu Wu
- d College of Faculty of Informatics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chenliang Yu
- a Vegetable Research Institute, Key Labortatory of Creative Agricultrue, Ministry of Agricultrue, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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