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Mishra J, Chakraborty S, Nandi P, Manna S, Baral T, Niharika, Roy A, Mishra P, Patra SK. Epigenetic regulation of androgen dependent and independent prostate cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2024; 161:223-320. [PMID: 39032951 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies among men worldwide. Besides genetic alterations, epigenetic modulations including DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNA mediated alteration of gene expression are the key driving forces for the prostate tumor development and cancer progression. Aberrant expression and/or the activity of the epigenetic modifiers/enzymes, results in aberrant expression of genes involved in DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, cell adhesion, apoptosis, autophagy, tumor suppression and hormone response and thereby disease progression. Altered epigenome is associated with prostate cancer recurrence, progression, aggressiveness and transition from androgen-dependent to androgen-independent phenotype. These epigenetic modifications are reversible and various compounds/drugs targeting the epigenetic enzymes have been developed that are effective in cancer treatment. This chapter focuses on the epigenetic alterations in prostate cancer initiation and progression, listing different epigenetic biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of the disease and their potential as therapeutic targets. This chapter also summarizes different epigenetic drugs approved for prostate cancer therapy and the drugs available for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdish Mishra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Subhajit Chakraborty
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Piyasa Nandi
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Soumen Manna
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Tirthankar Baral
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Niharika
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Ankan Roy
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Prahallad Mishra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Samir Kumar Patra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India.
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Ashrafizadeh M, Dai J, Torabian P, Nabavi N, Aref AR, Aljabali AAA, Tambuwala M, Zhu M. Circular RNAs in EMT-driven metastasis regulation: modulation of cancer cell plasticity, tumorigenesis and therapy resistance. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:214. [PMID: 38733529 PMCID: PMC11088560 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05236-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The non-coding RNAs comprise a large part of human genome lack of capacity in encoding functional proteins. Among various members of non-coding RNAs, the circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been of importance in the pathogenesis of human diseases, especially cancer. The circRNAs have a unique closed loop structure and due to their stability, they are potential diagnostic and prognostic factors in cancer. The increasing evidences have highlighted the role of circRNAs in the modulation of proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells. On the other hand, metastasis has been responsible for up to 90% of cancer-related deaths in patients, requiring more investigation regarding the underlying mechanisms modulating this mechanism. EMT enhances metastasis and invasion of tumor cells, and can trigger resistance to therapy. The cells demonstrate dynamic changes during EMT including transformation from epithelial phenotype into mesenchymal phenotype and increase in N-cadherin and vimentin levels. The process of EMT is reversible and its reprogramming can disrupt the progression of tumor cells. The aim of current review is to understanding the interaction of circRNAs and EMT in human cancers and such interaction is beyond the regulation of cancer metastasis and can affect the response of tumor cells to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The onco-suppressor circRNAs inhibit EMT, while the tumor-promoting circRNAs mediate EMT for acceleration of carcinogenesis. Moreover, the EMT-inducing transcription factors can be controlled by circRNAs in different human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
- Department of General Surgery and Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingyuan Dai
- School of computer science and information systems, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO, 64468, USA.
| | - Pedram Torabian
- Cumming School of Medicine, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc. Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Murtaza Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
- College of Pharmacy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Minglin Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Minimally Invasive Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.
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Liang Y, Li C, Hou X, Lin Y, Cheng J. MicroRNA-875-5p inhibits the growth and metastasis of cervical cancer cells by promoting autophagy and apoptosis and inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1361721. [PMID: 38800376 PMCID: PMC11116804 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1361721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction MicroRNA-875-5p (miR-875-5p) is a cancer-related microRNA. It has been demonstrated that miR-875-5p participates in the development of various types of cancer such as hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, prostate and bladder cancer. Previous research suggested that miR-875 is implicated in the development of cervical cancer cells. However, the exact role and function of miR-875-5p in cervical cancer remain unexplored. It is important to examine the role and function of miR-875-5p and the associated signaling pathway, as the findings may have diagnostic and therapeutic significance. Thus, in this study, we investigated the effect of miR-875-5p on the growth and metastasis of cervical cancer cells and the possible underlying mechanisms. Methods Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression of miR-875-5p in cervical cancer cells and normal cervical epithelium. After overexpression or co-expression of miR-875-5p in cells, the changes in cell function were analyzed. Western blot was used to detect the expression changes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) -related proteins and autophagy-related proteins. Results Functional studies demonstrated that miR-875-5p overexpression significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT, and promotes apoptosis and autophagy of cervical cancer cells., while miR-875-5p knockdown promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT, and inhibited apoptosis and autophagy cervical cancer cells. Furthermore, Western blot results showed that overexpression of miR-875-5p downregulated the expressions of N-cadherin, Snail, Vimentin and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B I (LC3B I). Conversely, miR-875-5p upregulated the expression of E-cadherin. Conclusion In conclusion, our findings suggest that miR-875-5p functions as a tumor inhibitor suppressing the growth and metastasis of cervical cancer. Overexpression of miR-875-5p inhibits malignant behavior and promotes autophagy and apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. These findings advance our understanding of the role and function of miR-875-5p in cervical cancer and could facilitate the development of early genetic markers or biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxiu Liang
- Reproductive Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Hou
- Reproductive Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiguang Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Research & Development Division, Guangzhou Anjie Biomedical Technology Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Reproductive Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Hong GL, Kim KH, Kim YJ, Lee HJ, Cho SP, Han SY, Yang SW, Lee JS, Kang SK, Lim JS, Jung JY. Novel role of LLGL2 silencing in autophagy: reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer. Biol Res 2024; 57:25. [PMID: 38720397 PMCID: PMC11077766 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00499-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major urological disease that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in men. LLGL2 is the mammalian homolog of Lgl. It acts as a tumor suppressor in breast and hepatic cancer. However, the role of LLGL2 and the underlying mechanisms in PCa have not yet been elucidated. Here, we investigate the role of LLGL2 in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in PCa through autophagy in vitro and in vivo. METHODS PC3 cells were transfected with siLLGL2 or plasmid LLGL2 and autophagy was examined. Invasion, migration, and wound healing were assessed in PC3 cells under autophagy regulation. Tumor growth was evaluated using a shLLGL2 xenograft mouse model. RESULTS In patients with PCa, LLGL2 levels were higher with defective autophagy and increased EMT. Our results showed that the knockdown of LLGL2 induced autophagy flux by upregulating Vps34 and ATG14L. LLGL2 knockdown inhibits EMT by upregulating E-cadherin and downregulating fibronectin and α-SMA. The pharmacological activation of autophagy by rapamycin suppressed EMT, and these effects were reversed by 3-methyladenine treatment. Interestingly, in a shLLGL2 xenograft mouse model, tumor size and EMT were decreased, which were improved by autophagy induction and worsened by autophagy inhibition. CONCLUSION Defective expression of LLGL2 leads to attenuation of EMT due to the upregulation of autophagy flux in PCa. Our results suggest that LLGL2 is a novel target for alleviating PCa via the regulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum-Lan Hong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yae-Ji Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Ju Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Pil Cho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yun Han
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Woo Yang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Kwang Kang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Jung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Yang T, Liu T, Lei T, Li T, Liu N, Zhang M. Unveiling the potential of SLURP1 protein as a biomarker for prostate cancer screening. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1365615. [PMID: 38686195 PMCID: PMC11057230 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1365615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) develops slowly and lacks obvious symptoms in the early stage, which makes early screening and diagnosis difficult. Urine collection is simple and is an ideal source of biomarkers. In this study, we performed urinary proteomic studies in PCa patients to screen proteins and apply them to the non-invasive early diagnosis of PCa. Method Urine samples from PCa patients, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients and normal control group were collected. Mass spectrometry was used for proteomic analysis and screening target proteins. Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to verify the results. Correlations with clinical indicators were explored, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn to evaluate the value of target proteins in PCa. Result A total of 1065 proteins were identified. Urinary SLURP1 protein was significantly elevated in patients with PCa compared with normal controls and patients with BPH patients. Western blot and ELISA further verified the expression changes of SLURP1. The immunohistochemical staining results revealed a substantial increase in positive SLURP1 expression within PCa tumor tissue. Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between the expression level of urine SLURP1 protein and serum PSA. ROC curve analysis of the SLURP1 protein in the urine of both normal individuals and PCa patients is determined to be 0.853 (95% CI=0.754 to 0.954). Conclusion The concentration of SLURP1 protein in urine of PCa patients is increased, which can serve as a biomarker for screening PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyin Yang
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China
| | - Tianci Liu
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China
| | - Na Liu
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Laboratory Technology Innovation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Xu W, Wu Y, Zhang G. NEAT1 promotes the progression of prostate cancer by targeting the miR-582-5p/EZH2 regulatory axis. Cytotechnology 2024; 76:231-246. [PMID: 38495291 PMCID: PMC10940559 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-023-00612-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In several forms of malignant tumors, nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1), a lncRNA, has been identified to play an important role. NEAT1's regulation patterns in prostate cancer (PCa) are, however, mainly unknown. This study was aimed to evaluate and study the roles and regulatory mechanisms of NEAT1 in PCa. NEAT1, miR-582-5p, and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) expression were detected by qRT-PCR. The PCa cells' invasive, migrative, and proliferative activities in vitro were assessed using transwell migration and invasion, wound-healing, cloning creation, and CCK-8 assays. In the present study, impaired proliferative, migrative, and invasive capacities were observed in the NEAT1-deficient PCa (PC3 and LNCaP) cells. Further mechanistic studies found that NEAT1 performs its function through sponging miR-582-5p. Furthermore, EZH2 was confirmed to be the downstream target gene of miRNA-582-5p. The impaired progression caused by NEAT1 deficiency in PCa cells was significantly restored by the inhibition of miR-582-5p, while these effects were largely abolished by the deletion of EZH2. Finally, the xenograft nude mouse model showed that knocking down the expression of NEAT1 suppressed the growth of PCa. In conclusion, NEAT1 promotes the progression of PCa by controlling the miR-582-5p and miR-582-5p-mediated EZH2. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-023-00612-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Xu
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, No.199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215000 Suzhou, Jiangsu Province China
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, No. 633 Longhua Road, Huaishang District, 233000 Bengbu, Anhui Province China
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, No. 633 Longhua Road, Huaishang District, 233000 Bengbu, Anhui Province China
| | - Guoxi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, No. 23 Qingnian Road, Zhanggong District, 341000 Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province China
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Alqualo NO, Campos-Fernandez E, Picolo BU, Ferreira EL, Henriques LM, Lorenti S, Moreira DC, Simião MPS, Oliveira LBT, Alonso-Goulart V. Molecular biomarkers in prostate cancer tumorigenesis and clinical relevance. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 194:104232. [PMID: 38101717 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequent type of cancer in men and assessing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) by liquid biopsy is a promising tool to help in cancer early detection, staging, risk of recurrence evaluation, treatment prediction and monitoring. Blood-based liquid biopsy approaches enable the enrichment, detection and characterization of CTCs by biomarker analysis. Hence, comprehending the molecular markers, their role on each stage of cancer development and progression is essential to provide information that can help in future implementation of these biomarkers in clinical assistance. In this review, we studied the molecular markers most associated with PCa CTCs to better understand their function on tumorigenesis and metastatic cascade, the methodologies utilized to analyze these biomarkers and their clinical significance, in order to summarize the available information to guide researchers in their investigations, new hypothesis formulation and target choice for the development of new diagnostic and treatment tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Oliveira Alqualo
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlandia, MG 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Esther Campos-Fernandez
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlandia, MG 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Bianca Uliana Picolo
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlandia, MG 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Emanuelle Lorrayne Ferreira
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlandia, MG 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Laila Machado Henriques
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlandia, MG 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Lorenti
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlandia, MG 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Danilo Caixeta Moreira
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlandia, MG 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Silva Simião
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlandia, MG 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Luciana Beatriz Tiago Oliveira
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlandia, MG 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Vivian Alonso-Goulart
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlandia, MG 38400-902, Brazil.
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Garcia-Fossa F, de Jesus MB. Cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) complexed with plasmid DNA enhance prostate cancer cells (PC-3) migration. Nanotoxicology 2024; 18:36-54. [PMID: 38300021 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2024.2307616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Nanotechnology applications in biomedicine have increased in recent decades, primarily as therapeutic agents, drugs, and gene delivery systems. Among the nanoparticles used in medicine, we highlight cationic solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). Given their nontoxic properties, much research has focused on the beneficial effects of SLN for drug or gene delivery system. However, little attention has been paid to the adverse impacts of SLN on the cellular environment, particularly their influence on intracellular signaling pathways. In this work, we investigate the effects triggered by cationic SLN on human prostate non-tumor cells (PNT1A) and tumor cells (PC-3). Our results demonstrate that cationic SLN enhances the migration of PC-3 prostate cancer cells but not PNT1A non-tumor prostate cells, an unexpected and unprecedented development. Furthermore, we observed that the enhanced cell migration velocity is a concentration-dependent and nanoparticle-dependent effect, and not related to any individual nanoparticle component. Moreover, cationic SLN increased vimentin expression (p < 0.05) but SLN did not affect Smad2 nuclear translocation. Meanwhile, EMT-related (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition) proteins, such as ZEB1, underwent nuclear translocation when treated with cationic SLN, thereby affecting PC-3 cell motility through ZEB1 and vimentin modulation. From a therapeutic perspective, cationic SLN could potentially worsen a patient's condition if these results were reproduced in vivo. Understanding the in vitro molecular mechanisms triggered by nanomaterials and their implications for cell function is crucial for defining their safe and effective use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Garcia-Fossa
- Nano-cell Interactions Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry & Tissue Biology, Biology Institute, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bispo de Jesus
- Nano-cell Interactions Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry & Tissue Biology, Biology Institute, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Mallepogu V, Sankaran KR, Pasala C, Bandi LR, Maram R, Amineni UM, Meriga B. Ursolic acid regulates key EMT transcription factors, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells, an in-vitro and in silico studies. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:1900-1918. [PMID: 37992132 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a vital process in tumorigenesis and metastasis of breast cancer. In our quest to explore effective anticancer alternatives, ursolic acid (UA) was purified from Capparis zeylanica and investigated for its anticancer activity against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The apparent anticancer activity of UA on MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells was evident from IC50 values of 14.98 and 15.99 μg/mL, respectively, in MTT assay and also through enhanced generation of ROS. When MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were treated with 20 μg/mL UA, an absolute decrease in cell viability of 47.6% and 48.6%, enhancement of 1.35% and 1.10% in early apoptosis, and 21.90% and 21.35% in late apoptosis, respectively and G0 /G1 phase, S phase, G2 /M phase cell cycle arrest was noticed. The gene expression studies revealed that UA could significantly (p < 0.001) downregulate the expression of EMT markers such as snail, slug, and fibronectin at molecular level. Further, the obtained in vitro results of snail, slug, and fibronectin were subjected to quantum-polarized-ligand (QM/MM) docking, which predicted that the in silico binding affinities of these three markers are in good correlation with strong hydrogen and van der Waal interactions to UA with -53.865, -48.971 and -40.617 MMGBSA (ΔGbind ) scores, respectively. The long-range molecular dynamics (50 ns) simulations have showed more consistency by UA. These findings conclude that UA inhibits breast cancer cells growth and proliferation through regulating the expression of key EMT marker genes, and thus UA is suggested as a potential anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkataswamy Mallepogu
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Chiranjeevi Pasala
- Department of Bioinformatics, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Lokesh Reddy Bandi
- Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rajasekhar Maram
- Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Amineni
- Department of Bioinformatics, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Balaji Meriga
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Yang Q, Yang B, Chen M. Partner of NOB1 homolog transcriptionally activated by E2F transcription factor 1 promotes the malignant progression and inhibits ferroptosis of pancreatic cancer. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2023; 66:388-399. [PMID: 37929351 DOI: 10.4103/cjop.cjop-d-23-00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the deadliest malignancies. Partner of NOB1 homolog (PNO1) has been reported to be involved in tumorigenesis. However, the role of PNO1 in PC remains to be elucidated. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of PNO1 on the progression of PC and the possible mechanism related to E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1), a transcription factor predicted by the JASPAR database to bind to the PNO1 promoter region and promoted the proliferation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. First, PNO1 expression in PC tissues and its association with survival rate were analyzed by the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis database. Western blot and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to evaluate PNO1 expression in several PC cell lines. After PNO1 silencing, cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were measured by colony formation assay, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine staining, wound healing, and transwell assays. Then, the lipid reactive oxygen species in PANC-1 cells was estimated by using C11-BODIPY581/591 probe. The levels of glutathione, malondialdehyde, and iron were measured. The binding between PNO1 and E2F1 was confirmed by luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. Subsequently, E2F1 was overexpressed in PANC-1 cells with PNO1 knockdown to perform the rescue experiments. Results revealed that PNO1 was highly expressed in PC tissues and PNO1 expression was positively correlated with overall survival rate and disease-free survival rate. Significantly elevated PNO1 expression was also observed in PC cell lines. PNO1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PANC-1 cells. Moreover, ferroptosis was promoted in PNO1-silenced PANC-1 cells. Results of luciferase and ChIP assays indicated that E2F1 could bind to PNO1 promoter region. Rescue experiments suggested that E2F1 overexpression reversed the impacts of PNO1 depletion on the malignant behaviors and ferroptosis in PANC-1 cells. Summing up, PNO1 transcriptionally activated by E2F1 promotes the malignant progression and inhibits the ferroptosis of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Central Theatre Command, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Central Theatre Command, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Central Theatre Command, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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11
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Castaneda M, Rodriguez L, Oh J, Cagle-White B, Suh H, Abdel Aziz MH, Lee J. A FOXC2 inhibitor, MC-1-F2, as a therapeutic candidate for targeting EMT in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 91:129369. [PMID: 37290495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the major treatment option for advanced prostate cancer. However, prostate cancer can develop into androgen-independent castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) which is resistant to ADT. An alternative treatment strategy for CRPC can be targeting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is governed by a series of transcription factors of which forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2) is a central mediator. Our previous research into the inhibition of FOXC2 in breast cancer cells lead to the discovery of MC-1-F2, the first direct inhibitor of FOXC2. In current study on CRPC, MC-1-F2 has shown a decrease in mesenchymal markers, inhibition of cancer stem cell (CSC) properties and decrease in invasive capabilities of CRPC cell lines. We have also demonstrated a synergistic effect between MC-1-F2 and docetaxel treatments, leading to a decrease in docetaxel dosage, suggesting the possible combination therapy of MC-1-F2 and docetaxel for the effective treatment of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Castaneda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Liandra Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Jihyun Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | | | - Hanna Suh
- Sonora High School, La Habra, CA, USA
| | - May H Abdel Aziz
- Fisch College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Jiyong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA.
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12
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Janta S, Pranweerapaiboon K, Vivithanaporn P, Plubrukarn A, Chairoungdua A, Prasertsuksri P, Apisawetakan S, Chaithirayanon K. Holothurin A Inhibits RUNX1-Enhanced EMT in Metastasis Prostate Cancer via the Akt/JNK and P38 MAPK Signaling Pathway. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:345. [PMID: 37367670 DOI: 10.3390/md21060345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the challenge of prostate cancer (PCa) management, there has been a surge in efforts to identify more safe and effective compounds that can modulate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) for driving metastasis. Holothurin A (HA), a triterpenoid saponin isolated from Holothuria scabra, has now been characterized for its diverse biological activities. However, the mechanisms of HA in EMT-driven metastasis of human PCa cell lines has not yet been investigated. Moreover, runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) acts as an oncogene in prostate cancer, but little is known about its role in the EMT. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine how RUNX1 influences EMT-mediated metastasis, as well as the potential effect of HA on EMT-mediated metastasis in endogenous and exogenous RUNX1 expressions of PCa cell lines. The results demonstrated that RUNX1 overexpression could promote the EMT phenotype with increased EMT markers, consequently driving metastatic migration and invasion in PC3 cell line through the activation of Akt/MAPK signaling pathways. Intriguingly, HA treatment could antagonize the EMT program in endogenous and exogenous RUNX1-expressing PCa cell lines. A decreasing metastasis of both HA-treated cell lines was evidenced through a downregulation of MMP2 and MMP9 via the Akt/P38/JNK-MAPK signaling pathway. Overall, our approach first demonstrated that RUNX1 enhanced EMT-driven prostate cancer metastasis and that HA was capable of inhibiting the EMT and metastatic processes and should probably be considered as a candidate for metastasis PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirorat Janta
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kanta Pranweerapaiboon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pornpun Vivithanaporn
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10540, Thailand
| | - Anuchit Plubrukarn
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 09112, Thailand
| | - Arthit Chairoungdua
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Somjai Apisawetakan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
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13
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Sutera P, Deek MP, Van der Eecken K, Shetty AC, Chang JH, Hodges T, Song Y, Verbeke S, Van Dorpe J, Fonteyne V, De Laere B, Mishra M, Rana Z, Molitoris J, Ferris M, Ross A, Schaeffer E, Roberts N, Song DY, DeWeese T, Pienta KJ, Antonarakis ES, Ost P, Tran PT. WNT Pathway Mutations in Metachronous Oligometastatic Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 115:1095-1101. [PMID: 36708787 PMCID: PMC10443895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE WNT signaling is a cellular pathway that has been implicated in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Oligometastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (omCSPC) represents a unique state of disease in which metastasis-directed therapy (MDT) has demonstrated improvement in progression-free survival. Herein, we investigate the clinical implications of genomic alterations in the WNT signaling cascade in men with omCSPC. METHODS AND MATERIALS We performed an international multi-institutional retrospective study of 277 men with metachronous omCSPC who underwent targeted DNA sequencing of their primary/metastatic tumor. Patients were classified by presence or absence of pathogenic WNT pathway mutations (in the genes APC, RNF43, and CTNNB1). Pearson χ2 and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine differences in clinical factors between genomic strata. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated for radiographic progression-free survival and overall survival, stratified according to WNT pathway mutation status. RESULTS A pathogenic WNT pathway mutation was detected in 11.2% of patients. Patients with WNT pathway mutations were more likely to have visceral metastases (22.6% vs 2.8%; P < .01) and less likely to have regional lymph node metastases (29.0% vs 50.4%; P = .02). At time of oligometastasis, these patients were treated with MDT alone (33.9%), MDT + limited course of systemic therapy (20.6%), systemic therapy alone (22.4%), or observation (defined as no treatment for ≥6 months after metastatic diagnosis). Multivariable cox regression demonstrated WNT pathway mutations associated with significantly worse overall survival (hazard ratio, 3.87; 95% confidence interval, 1.25-12.00). CONCLUSIONS Somatic WNT pathway alterations are present in approximately 11% of patients with omCSPC and are associated with an increased likelihood of visceral metastases. Although these patients have a worse natural history, they may benefit from MDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Sutera
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew P Deek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Kim Van der Eecken
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amol C Shetty
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jin Hee Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Theresa Hodges
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yang Song
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sofie Verbeke
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Dorpe
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valérie Fonteyne
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bram De Laere
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Mishra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zaker Rana
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jason Molitoris
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew Ferris
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ashley Ross
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Edward Schaeffer
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nicholas Roberts
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel Y Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Theodore DeWeese
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kenneth J Pienta
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Piet Ost
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Radiation Oncology, Iridium Network, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Phuoc T Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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14
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Ang HL, Mohan CD, Shanmugam MK, Leong HC, Makvandi P, Rangappa KS, Bishayee A, Kumar AP, Sethi G. Mechanism of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer and its regulation by natural compounds. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36929669 DOI: 10.1002/med.21948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex process with a primordial role in cellular transformation whereby an epithelial cell transforms and acquires a mesenchymal phenotype. This transformation plays a pivotal role in tumor progression and self-renewal, and exacerbates resistance to apoptosis and chemotherapy. EMT can be initiated and promoted by deregulated oncogenic signaling pathways, hypoxia, and cells in the tumor microenvironment, resulting in a loss-of-epithelial cell polarity, cell-cell adhesion, and enhanced invasive/migratory properties. Numerous transcriptional regulators, such as Snail, Slug, Twist, and ZEB1/ZEB2 induce EMT through the downregulation of epithelial markers and gain-of-expression of the mesenchymal markers. Additionally, signaling cascades such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Sonic hedgehog, nuclear factor kappa B, receptor tyrosine kinases, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Hippo, and transforming growth factor-β pathways regulate EMT whereas they are often deregulated in cancers leading to aberrant EMT. Furthermore, noncoding RNAs, tumor-derived exosomes, and epigenetic alterations are also involved in the modulation of EMT. Therefore, the regulation of EMT is a vital strategy to control the aggressive metastatic characteristics of tumor cells. Despite the vast amount of preclinical data on EMT in cancer progression, there is a lack of clinical translation at the therapeutic level. In this review, we have discussed thoroughly the role of the aforementioned transcription factors, noncoding RNAs (microRNAs, long noncoding RNA, circular RNA), signaling pathways, epigenetic modifications, and tumor-derived exosomes in the regulation of EMT in cancers. We have also emphasized the contribution of EMT to drug resistance and possible therapeutic interventions using plant-derived natural products, their semi-synthetic derivatives, and nano-formulations that are described as promising EMT blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li Ang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Muthu K Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hin Chong Leong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Centre for Materials Interface, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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15
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The Effect of Hydroxytyrosol in Type II Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Human Skin Wound Healing. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062652. [PMID: 36985625 PMCID: PMC10058891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin wound healing is a multiphase physiological process that involves the activation of numerous types of cells and is characterized by four phases, namely haemostasis, inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling. However, on some occasions this healing becomes pathological, resulting in fibrosis. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important process in which epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal fibroblast-like characteristics. Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a phenolic compound extracted from olive oil and has been proven to have several health benefits. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of HT in type II EMT in human skin wound healing via cell viability, proliferation, migration, and proteins expression. Human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) isolated from skin samples were cultured in different concentrations of HT and EMT model, induced by adding 5 ng/mL of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) to the cells. HT concentrations were determined via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cells’ migrations were evaluated using scratch and transwell migration assay. Protein expressions were evaluated via immunocytochemistry. The result showed that HT at 0.2% and 0.4% significantly increased the proliferation rate of HDF (p < 0.05) compared to control. Scratch assay after 24 h showed increased cell migration in cells treated with 0.4% HT (p < 0.05) compared to the other groups. After 48 h, both concentrations of HT showed increased cell migration (p < 0.05) compared to the TGF-β group. Transwell migration revealed that HT enhanced the migration capacity of cells significantly (p < 0.05) as compared to TGF-β and the control group. In addition, HT supplemented cells upregulate the expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin while downregulating the expression of mesenchymal marker vimentin in comparison to TGF-β group and control group. This study showed that HT has the ability to inhibit EMT, which has potential in the inhibition of fibrosis and persistent inflammation related to skin wound healing.
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Razali RA, Yazid MD, Saim A, Idrus RBH, Lokanathan Y. Approaches in Hydroxytyrosol Supplementation on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in TGFβ1-Induced Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043974. [PMID: 36835384 PMCID: PMC9967984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is an olive polyphenol with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of HT treatment on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in primary human respiratory epithelial cells (RECs) isolated from human nasal turbinate. HT dose-response study and growth kinetic study on RECs was performed. Several approaches on HT treatment and TGFβ1 induction with varying durations and methods was studied. RECs morphology and migration ability were evaluated. Vimentin and E-cadherin immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting [E-cadherin, vimentin, SNAIL/SLUG, AKT, phosphorylated (p)AKT, SMAD2/3 and pSMAD2/3] were performed after 72-h treatment. In silico analysis (molecular docking) of HT was performed to evaluate the potential of HT to bind with the TGFβ receptor. The viability of the HT-treated RECs was concentration-dependent, where the median effective concentration (EC50) was 19.04 μg/mL. Testing of the effects of 1 and 10 µg/mL HT revealed that HT suppressed expression of the protein markers vimentin and SNAIL/SLUG while preserving E-cadherin protein expression. Supplementation with HT protected against SMAD and AKT pathway activation in the TGFβ1-induced RECs. Furthermore, HT demonstrated the potential to bind with ALK5 (a TGFβ receptor component) in comparison to oleuropein. TGFβ1-induced EMT in RECs and HT exerted a positive effect in modulating the effects of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabiatul Adawiyah Razali
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Dain Yazid
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Aminuddin Saim
- Graduate School of Medicine, KPJ Healthcare University College, Kota Seriemas, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Ruszymah Bt Hj Idrus
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Yogeswaran Lokanathan
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-9145-9590; Fax: +60-3-9145-7678
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17
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Upregulation of miR-22-3p contributes to plumbagin-mediated inhibition of Wnt signaling in human colorectal cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 368:110224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Hashemi M, Arani HZ, Orouei S, Fallah S, Ghorbani A, Khaledabadi M, Kakavand A, Tavakolpournegari A, Saebfar H, Heidari H, Salimimoghadam S, Entezari M, Taheriazam A, Hushmandi K. EMT mechanism in breast cancer metastasis and drug resistance: Revisiting molecular interactions and biological functions. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113774. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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19
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Fatemeh S, Katayoun DA. Efficacy of green tea extract on PC3 prostate cancer cells through upregulation of miR-195 expression and suppression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2022; 42:681-686. [PMID: 36083473 PMCID: PMC9924716 DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate anticancer efficacy of green tea extract (GTE) on PC3 prostate cancer cells. METHODS By using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot methods, the expression of miR-195 and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers such as E-cadherin and vimentin was analyzed. RESULTS Based on the results of 2D and 3D cell culture models, the inhibition of EMT and up regulation of miR-195 expression were detected. CONCLUSIONS Our findings will be helpful to design anti-tumor regimens with natural product original, and more studies will be required to identify the related mechanisms involving anticancer activities of green tea miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safari Fatemeh
- 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht 4193833697, Iran
- Fatemeh Safari, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht 4193833697, ; Telephone: +98 1333333647
| | - Dadeh Amirfard Katayoun
- 2 Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1651153511, Iran
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20
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Poddar NK, Agarwal D, Agrawal Y, Wijayasinghe YS, Mukherjee A, Khan S. Deciphering the enigmatic crosstalk between prostate cancer and Alzheimer's disease: A current update on molecular mechanisms and combination therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166524. [PMID: 35985445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and prostate cancer (PCa) are considered the leading causes of death in elderly people worldwide. Although both these diseases have striking differences in their pathologies, a few underlying mechanisms are similar when cell survival is considered. In the current study, we employed an in-silico approach to decipher the possible role of bacterial proteins in the initiation and progression of AD and PCa. We further analyzed the molecular connections between these two life-threatening diseases. The androgen deprivation therapy used against PCa has been shown to promote castrate resistant PCa as well as AD. In addition, cell signaling pathways, such as Akt, IGF, and Wnt contribute to the progression of both AD and PCa. Besides, various proteins and genes are also common in disease progression. One such similarity is mTOR signaling. mTOR is the common downstream target for many signaling pathways and plays a vital role in both PCa and AD. Targeting mTOR can be a favorable line of treatment for both AD and PCa. However, drug resistance is one of the challenges in effective drug therapy. A few drugs that target mTOR have now become ineffective due to the development of resistance. In that regard, phytochemicals can be a rich source of novel drug candidates as they can act via multiple mechanisms. This review also presents mTOR targeting phytochemicals with promising anti-PCa, anti-AD activities, and approaches to overcome the issues associated with phytochemical-based therapies in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Kumar Poddar
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Dehmi Kalan, Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India.
| | - Disha Agarwal
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Dehmi Kalan, Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India
| | - Yamini Agrawal
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Dehmi Kalan, Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India
| | | | - Arunima Mukherjee
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Dehmi Kalan, Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, NSW, Australia; Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, PO Box 2457, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Lab Technology, Indian Institute of health and Technology (IIHT), Deoband, 247554 Saharanpur, UP, India.
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21
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Developing New Treatment Options for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Recurrent Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081872. [PMID: 36009418 PMCID: PMC9405166 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major diagnosed cancer among men globally, and about 20% of patients develop metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) in the initial diagnosis. PCa is a typical androgen-dependent disease; thus, hormonal therapy is commonly used as a standard care for mPCa by inhibiting androgen receptor (AR) activities, or androgen metabolism. Inevitably, almost all PCa will acquire resistance and become castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) that is associated with AR gene mutations or amplification, the presence of AR variants, loss of AR expression toward neuroendocrine phenotype, or other hormonal receptors. Treating CRPC poses a great challenge to clinicians. Research efforts in the last decade have come up with several new anti-androgen agents to prolong overall survival of CRPC patients. In addition, many potential targeting agents have been at the stage of being able to translate many preclinical discoveries into clinical practices. At this juncture, it is important to highlight the emerging strategies including small-molecule inhibitors to AR variants, DNA repair enzymes, cell survival pathway, neuroendocrine differentiation pathway, radiotherapy, CRPC-specific theranostics and immune therapy that are underway or have recently been completed.
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22
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Advances in the Current Understanding of the Mechanisms Governing the Acquisition of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153744. [PMID: 35954408 PMCID: PMC9367587 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite aggressive treatment and androgen-deprivation therapy, most prostate cancer patients ultimately develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is associated with high mortality rates. However, the mechanisms governing the development of CRPC are poorly understood, and androgen receptor (AR) signaling has been shown to be important in CRPC through AR gene mutations, gene overexpression, co-regulatory factors, AR shear variants, and androgen resynthesis. A growing number of non-AR pathways have also been shown to influence the CRPC progression, including the Wnt and Hh pathways. Moreover, non-coding RNAs have been identified as important regulators of the CRPC pathogenesis. The present review provides an overview of the relevant literature pertaining to the mechanisms governing the molecular acquisition of castration resistance in prostate cancer, providing a foundation for future, targeted therapeutic efforts.
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23
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Zhao Y, Hu X, Yu H, Liu X, Sun H, Shao C. Alternations of gene expression in PI3K and AR pathways and DNA methylation features contribute to metastasis of prostate cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:436. [PMID: 35864178 PMCID: PMC11072339 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The molecular heterogeneity of prostate cancer (PCa) gives rise to distinct tumor subclasses based on epigenetic modification and gene expression signatures. Identification of clinically actionable molecular subtypes of PCa is key to improving patient outcome, and the balance between specific pathways may influence PCa outcome. It is also urgent to identify progression-related markers through cytosine-guanine (CpG) methylation in predicting metastasis for patients with PCa. METHODS We performed bioinformatics analysis of transcriptomic, and clinical data in an integrated cohort of 551 prostate samples. The datasets included retrospective The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohorts. Two algorithms, Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selector Operation and Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination, were used to select significant CpGs. RESULTS We found that PCa progression is more likely to occur after the third year through conditional survival (CS) analysis, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was a better predictor of Progression-free survival (PFS) than Gleason score (GS). Our study first demonstrated that PCa tumors have distinct expression profiles based on the expression of genes involved in androgen receptor (AR) and PI3K-AKT, which influence disease outcome. Our results also indicated that there are multiple phenotypes relevant to the AR-PI3K axis in PCa, where tumors with mixed phenotype may be more aggressive or have worse outcome than quiescent phenotype. In terms of epigenetics, we obtained CpG sites and their corresponding genes which have a good predictive value of PFS. However, various evidences showed that the predictive value of CpGs corresponding genes was much lower than GpG sites in Overall survival (OS) and PFS. CONCLUSIONS PCa classification specific to AR and PI3K pathways provides novel biological insight into previously established PCa subtypes and may help develop personalized therapies. Our results support the potential clinical utility of DNA methylation signatures to distinguish tumor metastasis and to predict prognosis and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Xin Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China.
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24
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Shen D, Peng H, Xia C, Deng Z, Tong X, Wang G, Qian K. The Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Related Signaling Pathways in Prostate Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:939070. [PMID: 35923466 PMCID: PMC9339612 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.939070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common male malignancies with frequent remote invasion and metastasis, leading to high mortality. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process in embryonic development and plays a key role in tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Numerous long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) could regulate the occurrence and development of EMT through various complex molecular mechanisms involving multiple signaling pathways in PCa. Given the importance of EMT and lncRNAs in the progression of tumor metastasis, we recapitulate the research progress of EMT-related signaling pathways regulated by lncRNAs in PCa, including AR signaling, STAT3 signaling, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling, TGF-β/Smad and NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, we summarize four modes of how lncRNAs participate in the EMT process of PCa via regulating relevant signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Shen
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongwei Peng
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Caixia Xia
- President’s Office, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Deng
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Tong
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Human Genetic Resource Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Wang, ; Kaiyu Qian,
| | - Kaiyu Qian
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Human Genetic Resource Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Wang, ; Kaiyu Qian,
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25
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Han Z, Feng Y, Deng Y, Tang Z, Cai S, Zhuo Y, Liang Y, Ye J, Cai Z, Yang S, Liang Y, Hon CT, Chen J, Zhong W. Integrated analysis reveals prognostic value and progression-related role of AMIGO2 in prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol 2022; 11:914-928. [PMID: 35958903 PMCID: PMC9360515 DOI: 10.21037/tau-21-1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even though emerging studies supplied evidence that Adhesion Molecule with Ig Like Domain family 2 (AMIGO2) plays a critical role in numerous cancers, comprehensive analysis of the prognostic value and significant role of AMIGO2 in prostate cancer (PCa) have not been described. Methods Differentially expressed analysis, survival analysis and univariate cox regression analysis were first performed to explore the diagnostic and prognostic role of AMIGO2 in various cancers, especially in PCa. Tissue microarray were used to examined the association between AMGIO2 and clinical features. Multivariate cox regression analysis, concordance index, nomogram construction, the receiver operator characteristic curve and calibration curves were further used to discover the effects of AMIGO2 on recurrence-free survival (RFS) and clinicopathological characteristics, including age, Gleason score (GS) and tumor stage. Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations analysis were further conducted to explore the potential effect of AMIGO2 in PCa and examined by biological function analysis and in vitro experiments. Results AMIGO2 was associated with poor RFS (P<0.05) and differentially expressed (P<0.05) in multiple cancer type, especially in PCa. Besides, decreasing the expression of AMIGO2 inhibited PCa cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro. In addition, AMIGO2 was a reliable prognostic marker providing additional information (C-index: 0.7) that supplement the currently used prognosis evaluation system, e.g., T stage (C-index: 0.62) and GS (C-index: 0.65). A novel nomogram was established based on AMIGO2, tumor stage and GS with accuracies (areas under curve) of 0.70, 0.78 and 0.82 for predicting 3-, 5- and 7-year RFS, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis and in vitro examination also suggested that AMIGO2 might involve in the progression of PCa tumors inducing epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Conclusions We identified AMIGO2 as a pan-cancer gene that could not only be a prognostic biomarker in various cancers, especially in PCa, but may functionally promoting PCa progression via EMT and mediating docetaxel resistance, suggesting AMIGO2 as a potential target for future treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaodong Han
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanfa Feng
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Urology Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Urology Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenfeng Tang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Urology Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanghua Cai
- Urology Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangjia Zhuo
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingke Liang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianheng Ye
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhouda Cai
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yuxiang Liang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chi Tin Hon
- Macau Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Macau, China
| | - Jiahong Chen
- Department of Urology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Weide Zhong
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Urology Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Macau Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Macau, China
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26
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Alidoust Saharkhiz Lahiji M, Safari F. Potential therapeutic effects of hAMSCs secretome on Panc1 pancreatic cancer cells through downregulation of SgK269, E-cadherin, vimentin, and snail expression. Biologicals 2022; 76:24-30. [PMID: 35216916 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of death from cancer worldwide. The current treatment options for pancreatic cancer are unsuccessful and thereby, finding novel and more effective therapeutic strategies is urgently required. Stem cells-based therapies are currently believed to be a potential promising option in cancer therapy. Herein, we are interested in evaluating the therapeutic effects of human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSCs) secretome on tumor growth suppression and EMT inhibition in Panc1 pancreatic cancer cells using 2D and 3D cell culture models. For this purpose, we employed a co-culture system using 6-well Transwell plates with a pore diameter of 0.4 μm. After 72 h treatment of Panc1 cancer cells with hAMSCs, the expression of c-Src, EGFR, SgK269, E-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail transcriptional factor, Bax, Bcl2, and caspase 3 was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot methods. Our results showed significant reduction in tumor cell growth and motility through downregulation of c-Src, EGFR, SgK269, E-cadherin, Vimentin, and Snail transcriptional factor expression in Panc1 pancreatic cancer cells. The induction of cellular apoptosis was also found. Our finding supports the idea that the secretome from hAMSCS has therapeutic effects on cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
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27
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Sutton AA, Molter CW, Amini A, Idicula J, Furman M, Tirgar P, Tao Y, Ghagre A, Koushki N, Khavari A, Ehrlicher AJ. Cell monolayer deformation microscopy reveals mechanical fragility of cell monolayers following EMT. Biophys J 2022; 121:629-643. [PMID: 34999131 PMCID: PMC8873957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue and cell mechanics are crucial factors in maintaining homeostasis and in development, with aberrant mechanics contributing to many diseases. During the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a highly conserved cellular program in organismal development and cancer metastasis, cells gain the ability to detach from their original location and autonomously migrate. While a great deal of biochemical and biophysical changes at the single-cell level have been revealed, how the physical properties of multicellular assemblies change during EMT, and how this may affect disease progression, is unknown. Here we introduce cell monolayer deformation microscopy (CMDM), a new methodology to measure the planar mechanical properties of cell monolayers by locally applying strain and measuring their resistance to deformation. We employ this new method to characterize epithelial multicellular mechanics at early and late stages of EMT, finding the epithelial monolayers to be relatively compliant, ductile, and mechanically homogeneous. By comparison, the transformed mesenchymal monolayers, while much stiffer, were also more brittle, mechanically heterogeneous, displayed more viscoelastic creep, and showed sharp yield points at significantly lower strains. Here, CMDM measurements identify specific biophysical functional states of EMT and offer insight into how cell aggregates fragment under mechanical stress. This mechanical fingerprinting of multicellular assemblies using new quantitative metrics may also offer new diagnostic applications in healthcare to characterize multicellular mechanical changes in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A. Sutton
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clayton W. Molter
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ali Amini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Johanan Idicula
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Max Furman
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pouria Tirgar
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Tao
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ajinkya Ghagre
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Newsha Koushki
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adele Khavari
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Allen J. Ehrlicher
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Corresponding author
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28
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Natani S, Sruthi KK, Asha SM, Khilar P, Lakshmi PSV, Ummanni R. Activation of TGF-β - SMAD2 signaling by IL-6 drives neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer through p38MAPK. Cell Signal 2022; 91:110240. [PMID: 34986386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an aggressive, androgen independent PCa and it is detected in patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine elevated in PCa patients promotes neuroendocrine differentiation (NED). In this study, PCa cells were differentiated with IL-6 in in-vitro to identify novel targets or signaling pathways associated with emergence of NEPC on deprivation of androgens. From the results, we observed an activation of TGF-β signaling pathway is altered through multiple proteins in differentiated LNCaP cells. Hence, we investigated the role of TGF-β axis in PCa cells differentiation. LNCaP cells treated with IL-6 in androgens deprived media release excess TGF-β ligand and this as conditioned media added to cells stimulated NED of PCa cells. TGF-β released by IL-6 stimulated cells activate p38MAPK through SMAD2 thereby promote NED. Inhibition of TGF-βRI and TGF-βRII signaling activation in LNCaP cells treated with IL-6 did not reversed the NED of cells, possibly due to the reason that the inhibition of TGF-β axis is further activating p38MAPK through SMAD independent manner in PCa cells. However, siRNA mediated knock down or inhibition p38MAPK inactivated TGF-β - SMAD axis in differentiating cells and attenuated NED of LNCaP cells. This result suggests that p38MAPK is the central node for receiving IL-6 signals and promotes NED of LNCaP cells in androgens free media. Remarkably, downregulation or inhibition of p38MAPK in NCI-H660 reversed NED characteristics as well as markers along with inactivation of SMAD2 whereas no effect observed in WPMY-1 normal prostate cells. Taken together these findings unveil that p38MAPK and its upstream regulators are potential targets to overcome the progression of NED of PCa and develop novel therapeutic measures along ADT for effective treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirisha Natani
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - K K Sruthi
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sakkarai Mohamed Asha
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Priyanka Khilar
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Pampana Sandhya Venkata Lakshmi
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ramesh Ummanni
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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29
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Zhao Y, Sun H, Zheng J, Shao C. Analysis of RNA m 6A methylation regulators and tumour immune cell infiltration characterization in prostate cancer. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 49:407-435. [PMID: 33905280 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2021.1912759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Potential roles of RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in tumour microenvironment (TME) cell infiltration has been demonstrated in recent studies. Nonetheless, the mechanism of its regulation remains unknown and immunotherapy has been marginal in prostate cancer. We demonstrated the expression of different m6A regulators within prostate cancer related to genetic variation, alternative splicing (AS), tumour mutational burden (TMB) and TME. Unsupervised clustering and risk prediction model constructed by 24 m6A regulators could predict scores of TME and prostate cancer patients prognosis. T cells CD8 was the intersection of immune cells which are related to multiple biological processes, and the fraction of T cells CD8 strongly correlates with immune associated gene sets. m6A methylation modification and immune cells infiltration played a nonnegligible role in prostate cancer. Our study represents a step towards personalized immunotherapy for prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianzhong Zheng
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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30
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Kim SS, Kim KS, Han IH, Kim Y, Bang SS, Kim JH, Kim YS, Choi SY, Ryu JS. Proliferation of Mouse Prostate Cancer Cells Inflamed by Trichomonas vaginalis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:547-556. [PMID: 34974661 PMCID: PMC8721307 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate whether inflammatory microenvironment induced by Trichomonas vaginalis infection can stimulate proliferation of prostate cancer (PCa) cells in vitro and in vivo mouse experiments. The production of CXCL1 and CCL2 increased when cells of the mouse PCa cells (TRAMP-C2 cell line) were infected with live T. vaginalis. T. vaginalis-conditioned medium (TCM) prepared from co-culture of PCa cells and T. vaginalis increased PCa cells migration, proliferation and invasion. The cytokine receptors (CXCR2, CCR2, gp130) were expressed higher on the PCa cells treated with TCM. Pretreatment of PCa cells with antibodies to these cytokine receptors significantly reduced the proliferation, mobility and invasiveness of PCa cells, indicating that TCM has its effect through cytokine-cytokine receptor signaling. In C57BL/6 mice, the prostates injected with T. vaginalis mixed PCa cells were larger than those injected with PCa cells alone after 4 weeks. Expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers and cyclin D1 in the prostate tissue injected with T. vaginalis mixed PCa cells increased than those of PCa cells alone. Collectively, it was suggested that inflammatory reactions by T. vaginalis-stimulated PCa cells increase the proliferation and invasion of PCa cells through cytokine-cytokine receptor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Su Kim
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763,
Korea
| | - Kyu-Shik Kim
- Department of Urology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri 11923,
Korea
| | - Ik-Hwan Han
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763,
Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763,
Korea
| | - Seong Sik Bang
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763,
Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763,
Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763,
Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Choi
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763,
Korea
| | - Jae-Sook Ryu
- Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763,
Korea
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31
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Mirzaei A, Akbari MR, Tamehri Zadeh SS, Khatami F, Mashhadi R, Aghamir SMK. Novel combination therapy of prostate cancer cells with arsenic trioxide and flutamide: An in-vitro study. Tissue Cell 2021; 74:101684. [PMID: 34800879 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study objective was to assess the therapeutic potential of Arsenic Trioxide (ATO) and Flutamide combination for metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) treatment. MATERIAL AND METHOD LNCaP and PC3 cell lines were treated with different concentrations of ATO and PCa conventional drug Flutamide alone and/or in combination to find effective doses and IC50 values. Percentages of apoptotic cells were evaluated by Annexin/PI staining and the proliferative inhibitory effect was assessed by Micro Culture Tetrazolium Test (MTT). Expression of SNAIL, KLK2, E-cadherin, and angiogenesis genes (VEGFA and VEGFC), and apoptosis genes (Bcl2, and P53) were examined by real-time PCR. RESULTS The combination of Flutamide and ATO significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells and inhibited PCa cells proliferation compared with each drug alone in LNCaP and PC3 cell lines. Generally, both cell lines treated with the combination of Flutamide and ATO showed a decrease in expression of KLK2, angiogenesis genes (VEGFA and VEGFC), and apoptosis gene (Bcl2), and an increase in expression of E-cadherin and P53 genes; however, contradictory findings were found regarding SNAIL expression in LNCaP and PC3 cells. CONCLUSION The combination therapy with ATO and flutamide has augmented the anti-tumor effect on LNCaP and PC3 cells, which probably originates from their potential to induce apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of PCa cells simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Mirzaei
- Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Akbari
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Fatemeh Khatami
- Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahil Mashhadi
- Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mancini M, Grasso M, Muccillo L, Babbio F, Precazzini F, Castiglioni I, Zanetti V, Rizzo F, Pistore C, De Marino MG, Zocchi M, Del Vescovo V, Licursi V, Giurato G, Weisz A, Chiarugi P, Sabatino L, Denti MA, Bonapace IM. DNMT3A epigenetically regulates key microRNAs involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:1449-1460. [PMID: 34687205 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is involved in prostate cancer metastatic progression, and its plasticity suggests epigenetic implications. Deregulation of DNMTs and several miRNAs plays a relevant role in EMT, but their interplay has not been clarified yet. In this study we provide evidence that DNMT3A interaction with several miRNAs has a central role in an ex-vivo EMT prostate cancer model obtained via exposure of PC3 cells to conditioned media from cancer-associated fibroblasts (CM-CAFs). The analysis of the alterations of the miRNA profile shows that miR-200 family (miR-200a/200b/429, miR-200c/141), miR-205, and miR-203, known to modulate key EMT factors, are downregulated and hyper-methylated at their promoters. DNMT3A (mainly isoform a) is recruited onto these miRNA promoters, coupled with the increase of H3K27me3/H3K9me3 and/or the decrease of H3K4me3/H3K36me3. Most interestingly, our results reveal the differential expression of two DNMT3A isoforms (a and b) during ex-vivo EMT and a regulatory feedback loop between miR-429 and DNMT3A that can promote and sustain the transition toward a more mesenchymal phenotype. We demonstrate the ability of miR-429 to target DNMT3A 3'UTR and modulate the expression of EMT factors, in particular ZEB1. Survey of the PRAD-TCGA data set shows that patients expressing an EMT-like signature are indeed characterized by down-regulation of the same miRNAs with a diffused hyper-methylation at miR-200c/141 and miR-200a/200b/429 promoters. Finally, we show that miR-1260a also targets DNMT3A, although it does not seem involved in EMT in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mancini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
| | - Margherita Grasso
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Povo (TN), Italy
| | - Livio Muccillo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Federica Babbio
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
| | - Francesca Precazzini
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Povo (TN), Italy
| | - Ilaria Castiglioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
| | - Valentina Zanetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy.,Genome Research Center for Health, c/o University of Salerno Campus of Medicine, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Christian Pistore
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna De Marino
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
| | - Michele Zocchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
| | - Valerio Del Vescovo
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Povo (TN), Italy
| | - Valerio Licursi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giurato
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy.,Genome Research Center for Health, c/o University of Salerno Campus of Medicine, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Alessandro Weisz
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy.,Genome Research Center for Health, c/o University of Salerno Campus of Medicine, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Paola Chiarugi
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lina Sabatino
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Michela Alessandra Denti
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Povo (TN), Italy
| | - Ian Marc Bonapace
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
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Alizadeh J, Lorzadeh S, Ghavami S. Autophagy and cancer metastasis: a Trojan horse. J Investig Med 2021; 69:1145-1147. [PMID: 34230170 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2021-002016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shahrokh Lorzadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada .,Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Abstract
Oligometastatic disease was originally defined by Hellman and Weichselbaum as an intermediate-state existing between locally confined and widely disseminated malignancy, whose natural history could be positively impacted with systemic and importantly local therapies such as radiation. Currently oligometastatic prostate cancer (OPCa) is defined clinically by lesion enumeration and several subgroups exist: de novo (synchronous) oligometastatic disease present at initial diagnosis, oligorecurrent (metachronous) disease arising after definitive therapy to the prostate, and oligoprogressive disease where isolated lesions progress in a background of otherwise stable disease. In this review we highlight current knowledge and the potential future of local therapies, such as radiation to the primary prostate and metastasis-directed therapy (MDT), in the disease management of OPCa for all 3 subgroups. In addition, we examine more recent studies classifying the patterns of failure and natural history of OPCa following treatment with local therapies. Finally, while current clinical definitions of OPCa dominate, we introduce studies attempting to elucidate a more biological definition of OPCa to allow for improved selection of patients to treat with local therapies and to better inform precision combination approaches with systemic therapy.
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35
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Safari F, Shakery T, Sayadamin N. Evaluating the effect of secretome of human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells on apoptosis induction and epithelial-mesenchymal transition inhibition in LNCaP prostate cancer cells based on 2D and 3D cell culture models. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 39:813-820. [PMID: 34128234 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most prevalent cancer in men worldwide. Most cases of death from PCa are due to metastasis. Early stages of metastasis are mediated by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process through which cancer cells acquire motility and invasive characteristics. Thus, more potent and novel therapeutic strategies must be designed based on the inhibition of EMT or metastasis. Herein, we employ a co-culture system to evaluate the anti-EMT effects of human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSCs) on LNCaP PCa cells. The RNA of treated (sample) and untreated cancer cells (control) and whole-cell lysates of related cells were prepared and analysed through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot, respectively. Based on the results, the expression of vimentin, Snail and Zeb1 in LNCaP cells decreased and the expression of E-cadherin increased after treatment with hAMSCs. Furthermore, induction of the cellular apoptosis in LNCaP cells was detected. The anti-cancer activity of conditioned medium from hAMSCs was shown using hanging drop technique (a 3D cell culture model). Our findings support the idea that stem cells can be considered as a novel therapeutic approach to inhibit prostate cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: The anti-tumour activity of hAMSCs on LNCaP prostate cancer cells using 2D and 3D cell culture models via induction of apoptosis, suppression of EMT process and down-regulation of EGFR was shown. The results of the present study support this idea that hAMSCs may be a potent therapeutic tool to suppress tumour growth in LNCaP prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Safari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Termeh Shakery
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Nadiya Sayadamin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
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36
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Papanikolaou S, Vourda A, Syggelos S, Gyftopoulos K. Cell Plasticity and Prostate Cancer: The Role of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Tumor Progression, Invasion, Metastasis and Cancer Therapy Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112795. [PMID: 34199763 PMCID: PMC8199975 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a well-known cellular process involved during normal embryogenesis and wound healing, it also has a dark side; it is a complex process that provides tumor cells with a more aggressive phenotype, facilitating tumor metastasis and even resistance to therapy. This review focuses on the key pathways of EMT in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and the development of metastases and evasion of currently available treatments. Abstract Prostate cancer, the second most common malignancy in men, is characterized by high heterogeneity that poses several therapeutic challenges. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic, reversible cellular process which is essential in normal embryonic morphogenesis and wound healing. However, the cellular changes that are induced by EMT suggest that it may also play a central role in tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to current therapeutic options. These changes include enhanced motility and loss of cell–cell adhesion that form a more aggressive cellular phenotype. Moreover, the reverse process (MET) is a necessary element of the metastatic tumor process. It is highly probable that this cell plasticity reflects a hybrid state between epithelial and mesenchymal status. In this review, we describe the underlying key mechanisms of the EMT-induced phenotype modulation that contribute to prostate tumor aggressiveness and cancer therapy resistance, in an effort to provide a framework of this complex cellular process.
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37
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Arrighetti N, Beretta GL. miRNAs as Therapeutic Tools and Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:380. [PMID: 33805590 PMCID: PMC7999286 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the fifth cause of tumor-related deaths in man worldwide. Despite the considerable improvement in the clinical management of PCa, several limitations emerged both in the screening for early diagnosis and in the medical treatment. The use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening resulted in patients' overtreatment and the standard therapy of patients suffering from locally advanced/metastatic tumors (e.g., radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, and androgen deprivation therapy) showed time-limited efficacy with patients undergoing progression toward the lethal metastatic castration-resistant PCa (mCRPC). Although valuable alternative therapeutic options have been recently proposed (e.g., docetaxel, cabazitaxel, abiraterone, enzalutamide, and sipuleucel-T), mCRPC remains incurable. Based on this background, there is an urgent need to identify new and more accurate prostate-specific biomarkers for PCa diagnosis and prognosis and to develop innovative medical approaches to counteract mCRPC. In this context, microRNA (miRNAs) emerged as potential biomarkers in prostate tissues and biological fluids and appeared to be promising therapeutic targets/tools for cancer therapy. Here we overview the recent literature and summarize the achievements of using miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets/tools for fighting PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Luca Beretta
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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38
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The Mutational Landscape of Metastatic Castration-sensitive Prostate Cancer: The Spectrum Theory Revisited. Eur Urol 2021; 80:632-640. [PMID: 33419682 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging data suggest that metastasis is a spectrum of disease burden rather than a binary state, and local therapies, such as radiation, might improve outcomes in oligometastasis. However, current definitions of oligometastasis are solely numerical. OBJECTIVE To characterize the somatic mutational landscape across the disease spectrum of metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC) to elucidate a biological definition of oligometastatic CSPC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This was a retrospective study of men with mCSPC who underwent clinical-grade sequencing of their tumors (269 primary tumor, 25 metastatic sites). Patients were classified as having biochemically recurrent (ie, micrometastatic), metachronous oligometastatic (≤5 lesions), metachronous polymetastatic (>5 lesions), or de novo metastatic (metastasis at diagnosis) disease. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS We measured the frequency of driver mutations across metastatic classifications and the genomic associations with radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS) and time to castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS The frequency of driver mutations in TP53 (p = 0.01), WNT (p = 0.08), and cell cycle (p = 0.04) genes increased across the mCSPC spectrum. TP53 mutation was associated with shorter rPFS (26.7 vs 48.6 mo; p = 0.002), and time to CRPC (95.6 vs 155.8 mo; p = 0.02) in men with oligometastasis, and identified men with polymetastasis with better rPFS (TP53 wild-type, 42.7 mo; TP53 mutated, 18.5 mo; p = 0.01). Mutations in TP53 (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.45; p = 0.004) and DNA double-strand break repair (IRR 1.61; p < 0.001) were associated with a higher number of metastases. Mutations in TP53 were also independently associated with shorter rPFS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.59; p = 0.03) and the development of CRPC (HR 1.71; p = 0.01) on multivariable analysis. This study was limited by its retrospective nature, sample size, and the use of commercially available sequencing platforms, resulting in a limited predefined set of genes examined. CONCLUSIONS Somatic mutational profiles reveal a spectrum of metastatic biology that helps in redefining oligometastasis beyond a simple binary state of lesion enumeration. PATIENT SUMMARY Oligometastatic prostate cancer is typically defined as less than three to five metastatic lesions and evidence suggests that using radiation or surgery to treat these sites improves clinical outcomes. As of now, treatment decisions for oligometastasis are solely defined according to the number of lesions. However, this study suggests that tumor mutational profiles can provide a biological definition of oligometastasis and complement currently used numerical definitions.
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Wan J, Guo AA, King P, Guo S, Saafir T, Jiang Y, Liu M. TRPM7 Induces Tumorigenesis and Stemness Through Notch Activation in Glioma. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:590723. [PMID: 33381038 PMCID: PMC7768084 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported that transient receptor potential melastatin-related 7 (TRPM7) regulates glioma stem cells (GSC) growth and proliferation through Notch, STAT3-ALDH1, and CD133 signaling pathways. In this study, we determined the major contributor(s) to TRPM7 mediated glioma stemness by further deciphering each individual Notch signaling. We first determined whether TRPM7 is an oncotarget in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) using the Oncomine database. Next, we determined whether TRPM7 silencing by siRNA TRPM7 (siTRPM7) induces cell growth arrest or apoptosis to reduce glioma cell proliferation using cell cycle analysis and annexin V staining assay. We then examined the correlations between the expression of TRPM7 and Notch signaling activity as well as the expression of GSC markers CD133 and ALDH1 in GBM by downregulating TRPM7 through siTRPM7 or upregulating TRPM7 through overexpression of human TRPM7 (M7-wt). To distinguish the different function of channel and kinase domain of TRPM7, we further determined how the α-kinase-dead mutants of TRPM7 (α-kinase domain deleted/M7-DK and K1648R point mutation/M7-KR) affect Notch activities and CD133 and ALDH1 expression. Lastly, we determined the changes in TRPM7-mediated regulation of glioma cell growth/proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis by targeting Notch1. The Oncomine data revealed a significant increase in TRPM7 mRNA expression in anaplastic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, and GBM patients compared to that in normal brain tissues. TRPM7 silencing reduced glioma cell growth by inhibiting cell entry into S and G2/M phases and promoting cell apoptosis. TRPM7 expression in GBM cells was found to be positively correlated with Notch1 signaling activity and CD133 and ALDH1 expression; briefly, downregulation of TRPM7 by siTRPM7 decreased Notch1 signaling whereas upregulation of TRPM7 increased Notch1 signaling. Interestingly, kinase-inactive mutants (M7-DK and M7-KR) resulted in reduced activation of Notch1 signaling and decreased expression of CD133 and ALDH1 compared to that of wtTRPM7. Finally, targeting Notch1 effectively suppressed TRPM7-induced growth and proliferation of glioma cells through cell G1/S arrest and apoptotic induction. TRPM7 is responsible for sustained Notch1 signaling activation, enhanced expression of GSC markers CD133 and ALDH1, and regulation of glioma stemness, which contributes to malignant glioma cell growth and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Wan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Alyssa Aihui Guo
- University of South Carolina SOM Greenville, Greenville, SC, United States
| | - Pendelton King
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Shanchun Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Talib Saafir
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yugang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingli Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States,*Correspondence: Mingli Liu,
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Babaei G, Aziz SGG, Jaghi NZZ. EMT, cancer stem cells and autophagy; The three main axes of metastasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:110909. [PMID: 33227701 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are major factors contributing to the metastasis of cancer cells. Consequently, the signaling pathways involved in both processes are appropriate therapeutic targets in the treatment of metastasis. Autophagy is another process that has recently attracted the attention of many researchers; depending on the type of cancer and tissue and the stage of cancer, this process can play a dual role in the development of cancer cells. Studies on cancer cells have shown that different signaling pathways are involved in all three processes, namely, cancer stem cells, autophagy, and EMT. The purpose of this study was to investigate and elucidate the relationship between the effective signaling pathways in all three processes, which could play an effective role in determining appropriate therapeutic goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghader Babaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University Medical Sciences (UMSU), Urmia, Iran; Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | | | - Nasrin Zare Zavieyh Jaghi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University Medical Sciences (UMSU), Urmia, Iran
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Daouk R, Bahmad HF, Saleh E, Monzer A, Ballout F, Kadara H, Abou-Kheir W. Genome-wide gene expression analysis of a murine model of prostate cancer progression: Deciphering the roles of IL-6 and p38 MAPK as potential therapeutic targets. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237442. [PMID: 32790767 PMCID: PMC7425932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among adult males globally. The poor prognosis of PCa is largely due to late diagnosis of the disease when it has already progressed to an advanced stage marked by androgen-independence, thus necessitating new strategies for early detection and treatment. We construe that these direly needed advances are limited by our poor understanding of early events in the progression of PCa and that would thus represent ideal targets for early intervention. To begin to fill this void, we interrogated molecular "oncophenotypes" that embody the transition of PCa from an androgen-dependent (AD) to-independent (AI) state. METHODS To accomplish this aim, we used our previously established AD and AI murine PCa cell lines, PLum-AD and PLum-AI, respectively, which recapitulate primary and progressive PCa morphologically and molecularly. We statistically surveyed global gene expressions in these cell lines by microarray analysis. Differential profiles were functionally interrogated by pathways, gene set enrichment and topological gene network analyses. RESULTS Gene expression analysis of PLum-AD and PLum-AI transcriptomes (n = 3 each), revealed 723 differentially expressed genes (392 upregulated and 331 downregulated) in PLum-AI compared to PLum-AD cells. Gene set analysis demonstrated enrichment of biological functions and pathways in PLum-AI cells that are central to tumor aggressiveness including cell migration and invasion facilitated by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Further analysis demonstrated that the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was predicted to be significantly activated in the PLum-AI cells, whereas gene sets previously associated with favorable response to the p38 inhibitor SB203580 were attenuated (i.e., inversely enriched) in the PLum-AI cells, suggesting that these aggressive cells may be therapeutically vulnerable to p38 inhibition. Gene set and gene-network analysis also alluded to activation of other signaling networks particularly those associated with enhanced EMT, inflammation and immune function/response including, but not limited to Tnf, IL-6, Mmp 2, Ctgf, and Ptges. Accordingly, we chose SB203580 and IL-6 to validate their effect on PLum-AD and PLum-AI. Some of the common genes identified in the gene-network analysis were validated at the molecular and functional level. Additionally, the vulnerability to SB203580 and the effect of IL-6 were also validated on the stem/progenitor cell population using the sphere formation assay. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study highlights pathways associated with an augmented malignant phenotype in AI cells and presents new high-potential targets to constrain the aggressive malignancy seen in the castration-resistant PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Daouk
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hisham F. Bahmad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States of America
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Eman Saleh
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alissar Monzer
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Farah Ballout
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Humam Kadara
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Protein Expression Analysis of an In Vitro Murine Model of Prostate Cancer Progression: Towards Identification of High-Potential Therapeutic Targets. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030083. [PMID: 32784957 PMCID: PMC7565308 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prostate cancer (PC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among men worldwide. The poor prognosis of PC is largely due to late diagnosis of the disease when it has progressed to advanced stages marked by androgen-independence. We interrogated proteomic signatures that embody the transition of PC from an androgen-dependent (AD) to an androgen-independent (AI) state. Methods: We have previously established AD and AI murine PC cell lines, PLum-AD and PLum-AI, respectively, which recapitulate primary and progressive PC at phenotypic and subcellular levels. We statistically surveyed global protein expression profiles in these cell lines. Differential profiles were functionally interrogated by pathways and protein–protein interaction network analyses. Results: Protein expression pattern analysis revealed a total of 683 proteins, among which 99 were significantly differentially altered in PLum-AI cells as compared to PLum-AD cells (45 increased and 54 decreased). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the two different cell lines clearly separated apart, indicating a significant proteome expression difference between them. Four of the proteins (vimentin, catalase, EpCAM, and caspase 3) that were differentially expressed in PLum-AI cells compared to PLum-AD cells were subjected to biochemical validation by Western blotting. Biological process gene ontology (GO) analysis of the differentially expressed proteins demonstrated enrichment of biological functions and pathways in PLum-AI cells that are central to PI3 kinase and androgen receptor pathways. Besides, other relevant biological processes that are enriched in PLum-AI cells included cell adhesion and cell migration processes, cell and DNA damage, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation. Conclusions: Our protein expression analysis of a murine in vitro model of PC progression identified differential protein spots that denote this progression and that comprise high-potential targets for early treatment of PC with a personalized patient-specific approach. Efforts are underway to functionally assess the potential roles of these proteins as therapeutic targets for PC progression.
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Xie W, Shui C, Fang X, Peng Y, Qin L. miR-197-3p reduces epithelial-mesenchymal transition by targeting ABCA7 in ovarian cancer cells. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:375. [PMID: 32832335 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to explore the role of microRNA-197-3p in regulating the epithelial-mesenchymal cellular transition in ovarian cancer. The results showed that miR-197 to be significantly (P < 0.05) downregulated in human ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of miR-197 significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the proliferation of OVACAR-3 cancer cells. Additionally, the colony formation of the OVACAR-3 cells was inhibited by 59% relative to control. The migration and invasion of the OVACAR-3 cells was inhibited by 64% and 72%, respectively, upon miR-197 overexpression. Western blot analysis showed miR-197 was found to upregulate the expression of E-cadherin, while the expression of N-cadherin, vimentin, and snail proteins was found to decrease significantly (P < 0.05). TargetScan analysis together with dual luciferase assay revealed that miR-197 exerts its effects by targeting ABCA7 in ovarian cancer. ABCA7 was significantly (P < 0.05) overexpressed in ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines. However, silencing of ABCA7 resulted in significant inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Nonetheless, overexpression of ABCA7 could abolish the tumor-suppressive effects of miR-197 on the OVACAR-3 cells. Taken together, miR-197 acts a tumor-suppressive in ovarian cancer and points towards its therapeutic implications in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiquan Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, 445000 Hubei China
| | - Chengyu Shui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, 445000 Hubei China
| | - Xiping Fang
- Department of Oncology, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, No. 158 Wuyang Avenue, Enshi, 445000 Hubei China
| | - Yuqiu Peng
- Department of Science and Education, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, 445000 Hubei China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, 445000 Hubei China
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Zhang D, Zhang M, Zhang Q, Zhao Z, Nie Y. Identification of Prognostic Biomarkers Associated with Cancer Stem Cell Features in Prostate Adenocarcinoma. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e924543. [PMID: 32735556 PMCID: PMC7418486 DOI: 10.12659/msm.924543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) is the second most common malignancy in males and the fifth leading cause of cancer mortality. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role in the occurrence and development of PRAD, however, the prognostic biomarkers associated with CSC features have not been identified in PRAD. Material/Methods In order to identify the prognostic stemness-related genes (SRGs) of PRAD, the RNA sequencing data of patients with PRAD were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. The mRNA expression-based stemness index (mRNAsi) and the differential expressed genes (DEGs) were evaluated and identified. The associations between the mRNAsi and tumorigenesis, overall survival (OS), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value, and Gleason score were also established by nonparametric test and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The SRGs were identified as the overlapped DEGs of PRAD-associated DEGs and the mRNAsi-associated DEGs. Based on the prognostic SRGs, the predict model was constructed. Its accuracy was tested by the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve and the risk score. Results A total of 6005 PRAD-associated DEGs and 2462 mRNAsi-associated DEGs were identified. The mRNAsi was significantly upregulated in PRAD and associated with the PSA value and Gleason score. A total of 1631 SRGs were identified, with 36 prognostic SRGs screened by the univariate Cox analysis. Based on the prognostic SRGs, the predict model was constructed with the AUC of 0.986. Moreover, the risk score of the model was proved to be an independent prognostic factor, indicating its significant applicability. Conclusions Our data demonstrate the mRNAsi as a reliable index for the tumorigenesis, PSA value, and Gleason score of PRAD. Additionally, this study provides a well-applied model for predicting the OS for patients with PRAD based on prognostic SRGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Zhang
- Department of Urology, Yiling Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Muchun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Qifu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Jilin Provincial Cancer Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiyi Zhao
- Department of Urology, Jilin Provincial Cancer Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Yong Nie
- Department of Urology, Yiling Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, Hubei, China (mainland)
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Lin SR, Mokgautsi N, Liu YN. Ras and Wnt Interaction Contribute in Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis. Molecules 2020; 25:E2380. [PMID: 32443915 PMCID: PMC7287876 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent and malignant cancer types in men, which causes more than three-hundred thousand cancer death each year. At late stage of PCa progression, bone marrow is the most often metastatic site that constitutes almost 70% of metastatic cases of the PCa population. However, the characteristic for the osteo-philic property of PCa is still puzzling. Recent studies reported that the Wnt and Ras signaling pathways are pivotal in bone metastasis and that take parts in different cytological changes, but their crosstalk is not well studied. In this review, we focused on interactions between the Wnt and Ras signaling pathways during each stage of bone metastasis and present the fate of those interactions. This review contributes insights that can guide other researchers by unveiling more details with regard to bone metastasis and might also help in finding potential therapeutic regimens for preventing PCa bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shian-Ren Lin
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Collage of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11024, Taiwan;
| | - Ntlotlang Mokgautsi
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11024, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Nien Liu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Collage of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11024, Taiwan;
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11024, Taiwan;
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Rai R, Gong Essel K, Mangiaracina Benbrook D, Garland J, Daniel Zhao Y, Chandra V. Preclinical Efficacy and Involvement of AKT, mTOR, and ERK Kinases in the Mechanism of Sulforaphane against Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1273. [PMID: 32443471 PMCID: PMC7281543 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane exerts anti-cancer activity against multiple cancer types. Our objective was to evaluate utility of sulforaphane for endometrial cancer therapy. Sulforaphane reduced viability of endometrial cancer cell lines in association with the G2/M cell cycle arrest and cell division cycle protein 2 (Cdc2) phosphorylation, and intrinsic apoptosis. Inhibition of anchorage-independent growth, invasion, and migration of the cell lines was associated with sulforaphane-induced alterations in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers of increased E-cadherin and decreased N-cadherin and vimentin expression. Proteomic analysis identified alterations in AKT, mTOR, and ERK kinases in the networks of sulforaphane effects in the Ishikawa endometrial cancer cell line. Western blots confirmed sulforaphane inhibition of AKT, mTOR, and induction of ERK with alterations in downstream signaling. AKT and mTOR inhibitors reduced endometrial cancer cell line viability and prevented further reduction by sulforaphane. Accumulation of nuclear phosphorylated ERK was associated with reduced sensitivity to the ERK inhibitor and its interference with sulforaphane activity. Sulforaphane induced apoptosis-associated growth inhibition of Ishikawa xenograft tumors to a greater extent than paclitaxel, with no evidence of toxicity. These results verify sulforaphane's potential as a non-toxic treatment candidate for endometrial cancer and identify AKT, mTOR, and ERK kinases in the mechanism of action with interference in the mechanism by nuclear phosphorylated ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Rai
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.R.); (D.M.B.); (J.G.)
| | - Kathleen Gong Essel
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Doris Mangiaracina Benbrook
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.R.); (D.M.B.); (J.G.)
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Justin Garland
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.R.); (D.M.B.); (J.G.)
| | - Yan Daniel Zhao
- Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public Health University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Vishal Chandra
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.R.); (D.M.B.); (J.G.)
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
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Jin W, Fei X, Wang X, Song Y, Chen F. Detection and Prognosis of Prostate Cancer Using Blood-Based Biomarkers. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:8730608. [PMID: 32454797 PMCID: PMC7218965 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8730608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is second only to lung cancer as a cause of death. Clinical assessment of patients and treatment efficiency therefore depend on the disease being diagnosed as early as possible. However, due to issues regarding the use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for screening purposes, PCa management is among the most contentious of healthcare matters. PSA screening is problematic primarily because of diagnosis difficulties and the high rate of false-positive biopsies. Novel PCa biomarkers, such as the Prostate Health Index (PHI) and the 4Kscore, have been proposed in recent times to improve PSA prediction accuracy and have shown higher performance by preventing redundant biopsies. The 4Kscore also shows high precision in determining the risk of developing high-grade PCa, whereas elevated PHI levels suggest that the tumor is aggressive. Some evidence also supports the effectiveness of miRNAs as biomarkers for distinguishing PCa from benign prostatic hyperplasia and for assessing the aggressiveness of the disease. A number of miRNAs that possibly act as tumor inhibitors or oncogenes are impaired in PCa. These new biomarkers are comprehensively reviewed in the present study in terms of their potential use in diagnosing and treating PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jin
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiang Fei
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Fangjie Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Cochetti G, Rossi de Vermandois JA, Maulà V, Giulietti M, Cecati M, Del Zingaro M, Cagnani R, Suvieri C, Paladini A, Mearini E. Role of miRNAs in prostate cancer: Do we really know everything? Urol Oncol 2020; 38:623-635. [PMID: 32284256 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many different genetic alterations, as well as complex epigenetic interactions, are the basis of the genesis and progression of prostate cancer (CaP). This is the reason why until now the molecular pathways related to development of this cancer were only partly known, and even less those that determine aggressive or indolent tumour behaviour. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a class of about 22 nucleotides long, small non-coding RNAs, which are involved in gene expression regulation at the post-transcriptional level. MiRNAs play a crucial role in regulating several biological functions and preserving homeostasis, as they carry out a wide modulatory activity on various molecular signalling pathways. MiRNA genes are placed in cancer-related genomic regions or in fragile sites, and they have been proven to be involved in the main steps of carcinogenesis as oncogenes or oncosuppressors in many types of cancer, including CaP. We performed a narrative review to describe the relationship between miRNAs and the crucial steps of development and progression of CaP. The aims of this study were to improve the knowledge regarding the mechanisms underlying miRNA expression and their target genes, and to contribute to understanding the relationship between miRNA expression profiles and CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cochetti
- Division of Urology Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Vincenza Maulà
- Biotechnology Laboratory in Urology, Division of Urology Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Giulietti
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Monia Cecati
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Michele Del Zingaro
- Division of Urology Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rosy Cagnani
- Biotechnology Laboratory in Urology, Division of Urology Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Suvieri
- Biotechnology Laboratory in Urology, Division of Urology Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessio Paladini
- Division of Urology Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Ettore Mearini
- Division of Urology Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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The Prospect of Identifying Resistance Mechanisms for Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer Using Circulating Tumor Cells: Is Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition a Key Player? Prostate Cancer 2020; 2020:7938280. [PMID: 32292603 PMCID: PMC7149487 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7938280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is initially driven by excessive androgen receptor (AR) signaling with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) being a major therapeutic approach to its treatment. However, the development of drug resistance is a significant limitation on the effectiveness of both first-line and more recently developed second-line ADTs. There is a need then to study AR signaling within the context of other oncogenic signaling pathways that likely mediate this resistance. This review focuses on interactions between AR signaling, the well-known phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT pathway, and an emerging mediator of these pathways, the Hippo/YAP1 axis in metastatic castrate-resistant PCa, and their involvement in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a feature of disease progression and ADT resistance. Analysis of these pathways in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may provide an opportunity to evaluate their utility as biomarkers and address their importance in the development of resistance to current ADT with potential to guide future therapies.
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50
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Labbé M, Hoey C, Ray J, Potiron V, Supiot S, Liu SK, Fradin D. microRNAs identified in prostate cancer: Correlative studies on response to ionizing radiation. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:63. [PMID: 32293453 PMCID: PMC7087366 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most frequently diagnosed non-skin cancer in men and a leading cause of cancer-related death, understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive treatment resistance in prostate cancer poses a significant clinical need. Radiotherapy is one of the most widely used treatments for prostate cancer, along with surgery, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy. However, inherent radioresistance of tumor cells can reduce local control and ultimately lead to poor patient outcomes, such as recurrence, metastasis and death. The underlying mechanisms of radioresistance have not been fully elucidated, but it has been suggested that miRNAs play a critical role. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression in every signaling pathway of the cell, with one miRNA often having multiple targets. By fine-tuning gene expression, miRNAs are important players in modulating DNA damage response, cell death, tumor aggression and the tumor microenvironment, and can ultimately affect a tumor's response to radiotherapy. Furthermore, much interest has focused on miRNAs found in biofluids and their potential utility in various clinical applications. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on miRNA deregulation after irradiation and the associated functional outcomes, with a focus on prostate cancer. In addition, we discuss the utility of circulating miRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers to diagnose, predict response to treatment, and prognosticate patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Labbé
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Christianne Hoey
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Ray
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincent Potiron
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de L'Ouest René Gauducheau, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Stéphane Supiot
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de L'Ouest René Gauducheau, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Stanley K Liu
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Delphine Fradin
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
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