Bioactivity of Olive Oil Phenols in Neuroprotection

Unraveling the Protective Role of Oleocanthal and Its Oxidation Product, Oleocanthalic Acid, against Neuroinflammation

Neuroinflammation is a critical aspect of various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. This study investigates the anti-neuroinflammatory properties of oleocanthal and its oxidation product, oleocanthalic acid, using the BV-2 cell line activated with lipopolysaccharide. Our findings revealed that oleocanthal significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduced the expression of inflammatory genes, counteracted oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide, and increased cell phagocytic activity. Conversely, oleocanthalic acid was not able to counteract lipopolysaccharide-induced activation. The docking analysis revealed a plausible interaction of oleocanthal, with both CD14 and MD-2 leading to a potential interference with TLR4 signaling. Since our data show that oleocanthal only partially reduces the lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of NF-kB, its action as a TLR4 antagonist alone cannot explain its remarkable effect against neuroinflammation. Proteomic analysis revealed that oleocanthal counteracts the LPS modulation of 31 proteins, including significant targets such as gelsolin, clathrin, ACOD1, and four different isoforms of 14-3-3 protein, indicating new potential molecular targets of the compound. In conclusion, oleocanthal, but not oleocanthalic acid, mitigates neuroinflammation through multiple mechanisms, highlighting a pleiotropic action that is particularly important in the context of neurodegeneration.

Pretreatment with oleuropein protects the neonatal brain from hypoxia-ischemia by inhibiting apoptosis and neuroinflammation

Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephalopathy is a cerebrovascular injury caused by oxygen deprivation to the brain and remains a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Therapeutic hypothermia is the current standard of care but it does not provide complete neuroprotection. Our aim was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of oleuropein (Ole) in a neonatal (seven-day-old) mouse model of HI. Ole, a secoiridoid found in olive leaves, has previously shown to reduce damage against cerebral and other ischemia/reperfusion injuries. Here, we administered Ole as a pretreatment prior to HI induction at 20 or 100 mg/kg. A week after HI, Ole significantly reduced the infarct area and the histological damage as well as white matter injury, by preserving myelination, microglial activation and the astroglial reactive response. Twenty-four hours after HI, Ole reduced the overexpression of caspase-3 and the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. Moreover, using UPLC-MS/MS we found that maternal supplementation with Ole during pregnancy and/or lactation led to the accumulation of its metabolite hydroxytyrosol in the brains of the offspring. Overall, our results indicate that pretreatment with Ole confers neuroprotection and can prevent HI-induced brain damage by modulating apoptosis and neuroinflammation.

Neuroprotective Effects of Olive Oil: A Comprehensive Review of Antioxidant Properties

Neurodegenerative diseases are a significant challenge to global healthcare, and oxidative stress plays a crucial role in their development. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the neuroprotective potential of olive oil, with a primary focus on its antioxidant properties. The chemical composition of olive oil, including key antioxidants, such as oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and oleocanthal, is systematically examined. The mechanisms by which these compounds provide neuroprotection, including counteracting oxidative damage and modulating neuroprotective pathways, are explored. The neuroprotective efficacy of olive oil is evaluated by synthesizing findings from various sources, including in vitro studies, animal models, and clinical trials. The integration of olive oil into dietary patterns, particularly its role in the Mediterranean diet, and its broader implications in neurodegenerative disease prevention are also discussed. The challenges in translating preclinical findings to clinical applications are acknowledged and future research directions are proposed to better understand the potential of olive oil in mitigating the risk of neurodegenerative conditions. This review highlights olive oil not only as a dietary component, but also as a promising candidate in preventive neurology, advocating for further investigation in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.

Anti-Cancer, Anti-Angiogenic, and Anti-Atherogenic Potential of Key Phenolic Compounds from Virgin Olive Oil

The Mediterranean diet, renowned for its health benefits, especially in reducing cardiovascular risks and protecting against diseases like diabetes and cancer, emphasizes virgin olive oil as a key contributor to these advantages. Despite being a minor fraction, the phenolic compounds in olive oil significantly contribute to its bioactive effects. This review examines the bioactive properties of hydroxytyrosol and related molecules, including naturally occurring compounds (-)-oleocanthal and (-)-oleacein, as well as semisynthetic derivatives like hydroxytyrosyl esters and alkyl ethers. (-)-Oleocanthal and (-)-oleacein show promising anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties, which are particularly underexplored in the case of (-)-oleacein. Additionally, hydroxytyrosyl esters exhibit similar effectiveness to hydroxytyrosol, while certain alkyl ethers surpass their precursor's properties. Remarkably, the emerging research field of the effects of phenolic molecules related to virgin olive oil on cell autophagy presents significant opportunities for underscoring the anti-cancer and neuroprotective properties of these molecules. Furthermore, promising clinical data from studies on hydroxytyrosol, (-)-oleacein, and (-)-oleocanthal urge further investigation and support the initiation of clinical trials with semisynthetic hydroxytyrosol derivatives. This review provides valuable insights into the potential applications of olive oil-derived phenolics in preventing and managing diseases associated with cancer, angiogenesis, and atherosclerosis.

Neuroprotective Effect of Sterculia setigera Leaves Hydroethanolic Extract

Plants are a valuable source of information for pharmacological research and new drug discovery. The present study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of the leaves of the medicinal plant Sterculia setigera. In vitro, the effect of Sterculia setigera leaves dry hydroethanolic extract (SSE) was tested on cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) survival when exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), using the viability probe fluorescein diacetate (FDA), a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assay, an immunocytochemical staining against Gap 43, and the quantification of the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, necrosis, or oxidative stress. In vivo, the effect of intraperitoneal (ip) injection of SSE was assessed on the developing brain of 8-day-old Wistar rats exposed to ethanol neurotoxicity by measuring caspase-3 activity on cerebellum homogenates, the expression of some genes in tissue extracts, the thickness of cerebellar cortical layers and motor coordination. In vitro, SSE protected CGN against H2O2 and 6-OHDA-induced cell death at a dose of 10 µg/mL, inhibited the expression of genes Casp3 and Bad, and upregulated the expression of Cat and Gpx7. In vivo, SSE significantly blocked the deleterious effect of ethanol by reducing the activity of caspase-3, inhibiting the expression of Bax and Tp53, preventing the reduction of the thickness of the internal granule cell layer of the cerebellar cortex, and restoring motor functions. Sterculia setigera exerts neuroactive functions as claimed by traditional medicine and should be a good candidate for the development of a neuroprotective treatment against neurodegenerative diseases.

In vitro study of the blood-brain barrier transport of bioactives from Mediterranean foods

The Mediterranean diet (MD), characterized by olive oil, olives, fruits, vegetables, and wine intake, is associated with a reduced risk of dementia. These foods are rich in bioactives with neuroprotective and antioxidant properties, including hydroxytyrosol (HT), tyrosol (TYRS), serotonin (SER) and protocatechuic acid (PCA), a phenolic acid metabolite of anthocyanins. It remains to be established if these molecules cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a complex interface that strictly controls the entrance of molecules into the brain. We aimed to assess the ability of tyrosine (TYR), HT, TYRS, PCA and SER to pass through the BBB without disrupting its properties. Using Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells as an in vitro model of the BBB, we assessed its integrity by transendothelial electrical resistance, paracellular permeability and immunocytochemical assays of the adherens junction protein β-catenin. The transport across the BBB was evaluated by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry. Results show that tested bioactives did not impair BBB integrity regardless of the concentration evaluated. Additionally, all of them cross the BBB, with the following percentages: HT (∼70%), TYR (∼50%), TYRS (∼30%), SER (∼30%) and PCA (∼9%). These results provide a basis for the MD neuroprotective role.

Daily olive oil intake is feasible to reduce trigeminal neuralgia facial pain: A pilot study

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is thought to contribute to neuroprotection and, thus, may influence pain symptoms experienced by adults with demyelination-related trigeminal neuralgia (TN). This study aimed to determine the feasibility of daily intake of EVOO and its potential to alleviate facial pain of TN. Adults, self-reporting as female and affected by TN, were enrolled in a 16-week nonblinded, parallel study. After a 4-week baseline, participants were randomized to 60 mL/day EVOO or control (usual diet and no supplemental EVOO) for 12 weeks. Participants completed a daily questionnaire on pain intensity and compliance, the Penn Facial Pain Scale weekly, the 36-Item Short Form Survey monthly, and dietary assessment during baseline and intervention. Participants (n = 52; 53.3 ± 12.9 years) were recruited nationally; 42 completed the study. The EVOO group, with 90% intake compliance, showed significant decreases in the Penn Facial Pain Scale items of interference with general function, interference with orofacial function, and severity of pain from baseline, whereas the control group showed no improvements. EVOO benefit, compared with control, trended for the interference with orofacial function (P = .05). The 36-Item Short Form Survey items of role limitations resulting from emotional problems and role limitations from physical health favored EVOO. The EVOO group significantly improved their Healthy Eating Index 2015 component scores of fatty acids (primarily from increased oleic acid), sodium, and refined grains. EVOO intake of 60 mL/day was feasible for participants experiencing TN and may mitigate pain and improve quality of life. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05032573).

Extra-Virgin Olive Oil in Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Cellular, Animal, and Clinical Studies

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by several pathological hallmarks, including the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Current treatment options include monoclonal antibody drugs, acetylcholinesterase, and n-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists. Although those treatments provide some improvements in patients' quality of life, they fail to prevent or cure AD. Current research aims to identify novel targets and tools for AD prevention and modification. In this context, several studies showed the beneficial effect of the Mediterranean diet in the prevention and treatment of AD. One integral component of the Mediterranean diet is olive oil and extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), which is high in phenolic compounds. EVOO and other olive-related phenolic compounds have been shown to reduce the risk of developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which EVOO and phenolic compounds exert neuroprotective effects, including modulation of AD pathologies and promotion of cognitive health. Findings indicate that EVOO and its phenolic constituents influence key pathological processes of AD, such as Aβ aggregation, tau phosphorylation, and neuroinflammation, while also enhancing BBB integrity and reducing oxidative stress. The human studies cited reveal a consistent trend where the consumption of olive oil is associated with cognitive benefits and a decreased risk of AD and related dementias. In conclusion, EVOO and its phenolic compounds hold promising potential for the prevention and treatment of AD, representing a significant shift towards more effective strategies against this complex neurodegenerative disorder.

Exploring the Potential of Wild Olive (Acebuche) Oil as a Pharm-Food to Prevent Ocular Hypertension and Fibrotic Events in the Retina of Hypertensive Mice

SCOPE

Our laboratory has previously described the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of a wild olive (acebuche, ACE) oil against hypertension-associated vascular retinopathies. The current study aims to analyze the antifibrotic effect of ACE oil on the retina of hypertensive mice.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Mice are rendered hypertensive by administration of NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME) and simultaneously subjected to dietary supplementation with ACE oil or a reference extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). Intraocular pressure (IOP) is measured by rebound tonometry, and retinal vasculature/layers are analyzed by fundus fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography. Different fibrosis-related parameters are analyzed in the retina and choroid of normotensive and hypertensive mice with or without oil supplementation. Besides preventing the alterations found in hypertensive animals, including increased IOP, reduced fluorescein signal, and altered retinal layer thickness, the ACE oil-enriched diet improves collagen metabolism by regulating the expression of major fibrotic process modulators (matrix metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, connective tissue growth factor, and transforming growth factor beta family).

CONCLUSION

Regular consumption of EVOO and ACE oil (with better outcomes in the latter) might help reduce abnormally high IOP values in the context of hypertension-related retinal damage, with significant reduction in the surrounding fibrotic process.

Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review Utilizing Computer-Aided Drug Design Technologies

Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for treating various cancers (such as breast cancer, liver cancer, etc.) and other diseases (blood diseases, cardiovascular diseases, etc.), owing to its observed overexpression, thereby presenting significant opportunities in drug development. Since its discovery in 2004, extensive research has been conducted on LSD1 inhibitors, with notable contributions from computational approaches. This review systematically summarizes LSD1 inhibitors investigated through computer-aided drug design (CADD) technologies since 2010, showcasing a diverse range of chemical scaffolds, including phenelzine derivatives, tranylcypromine (abbreviated as TCP or 2-PCPA) derivatives, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic (pyridine, pyrimidine, azole, thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole, indole, quinoline and benzoxazole) derivatives, natural products (including sanguinarine, phenolic compounds and resveratrol derivatives, flavonoids and other natural products) and others (including thiourea compounds, Fenoldopam and Raloxifene, (4-cyanophenyl)glycine derivatives, propargylamine and benzohydrazide derivatives and inhibitors discovered through AI techniques). Computational techniques, such as virtual screening, molecular docking and 3D-QSAR models, have played a pivotal role in elucidating the interactions between these inhibitors and LSD1. Moreover, the integration of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence holds promise in facilitating the discovery of novel LSD1 inhibitors. The comprehensive insights presented in this review aim to provide valuable information for advancing further research on LSD1 inhibitors.

Two decades of research on the role of diet in Alzheimer's disease (2003-2023): a bibliometric and visual analysis based on CiteSpace

BACKGROUND

In recent years, the impact of diet on Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a modifiable lifestyle has attracted widespread attention. We aimed to elucidate the current research status, frontiers, and research trends regarding the role of diet in AD over the past two decades through CiteSpace.

METHODS

Studies related to AD and diet that were published from January 1, 2003, to June 30, 2023, were retrieved via the Web of Science Core Collection. We imported the study data into CiteSpace for visual analysis of countries, institutions, co-authors, and co-occurring keywords.

RESULTS

A total of 922 relevant studies were included in our analysis, which found Nikolaos Scarmeas was the most prolific author (13 studies, 1.41%). The results also indicated that USA and Columbia University were the country and institution with the highest number of publications, with 209 (22.67%) and 23 (2.49%), respectively. The keywords that had a burst in the past four years were neuroinflammation, AD, tau, association, and beta.

CONCLUSION

Talent exchange and regional cooperation are recommended in this study field. The results indicate that the effectiveness of various dietary patterns and mechanisms of dietary interventions using biomarkers and supplementation with refined nutrients will be the main research trends in the future.

Expression of Na+/Ca2+ exchangers was enhanced following pre-treatment of olive leaf extract and olive oil in animal model of ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND

Neuroprotective role of olive and its natural products can introduce them as alternative candidates for the management of neurodegenerative diseases including stroke. The present study was designed to evaluate whether pretreatment of olive oil and leaf extract can attenuate the most important destructive processes in cerebral ischemia called excitotoxicity.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The male rats were categorized into control, virgin olive oil (OVV), MCAO, MCAO + OVV (with doses of 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 ml/kg as treatment groups), olive leaf extract, MCAO + olive leaf extract (with doses 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg as treatment groups) groups. Rats of treatment groups received gastric gavage with olive oil or leaf extract for 30 consecutive days. After pretreatment, the intraluminal filament technique was used to block middle cerebral artery (MCA) transiently. Neurological deficits, infarct volume and expression of Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (NCX1, NCX2 and NCX3) proteins were measured.

RESULTS

The results revealed that olive oil at doses of 0.50 and 0.75 ml/kg reduced the infarction and neurological score and upregulated NCXs expression in rat brain. In addition, olive leaf extract at doses of 75 and 100 mg/kg attenuated the infarction and neurological score and enhanced NCXs expression in rat brain.

CONCLUSION

These findings support the view that olive oil and leaf extract play the neuroprotective role in cerebral ischemia due to the upregulation of NCXs protein expression.

Ophthalmic wild olive (ACEBUCHE) oil nanoemulsions exert oculoprotective effects against oxidative stress induced by arterial hypertension

Oxidative stress plays a key role in several systemic and ocular diseases, including hypertensive eye diseases. In this context, we previously showed that oral administration of wild olive (acebuche, ACE) oil from Olea europaea var. sylvestris can counteract ocular damage secondary to arterial hypertension by modulating excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. Therefore, this work describes the development of an ACE oil-based formulation for ocular administration as a local therapy to counteract hypertension-related oxidative damage. Specifically, ACE oil nanoemulsions (NEs) were successfully produced and characterized, exhibiting appropriate features for ophthalmic administration, including a nanometer size (<200 nm), moderate negative ZP, adequate osmolality and pH, and colloidal stability in biorelevant fluids. Likewise, the NEs presented a shear thinning behavior, especially convenient for ocular instillation. In vivo evaluation was performed through either intravitreal injection or topical ophthalmic administration in mice with hypertension induced via administration of Nω-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME). Both routes of administration reduced hypertensive morphological alterations and demonstrated a noticeable antioxidant effect thanks to the reduction of the activity/expression of NADPH oxidase in cornea and retina. Thus, an ACE oil ophthalmic formulation represent a promising therapy for ocular pathologies associated with arterial hypertension.

Concentration and probabilistic health risk assessment of benzo(a)pyrene in extra virgin olive oils supplied in Tehran, Iran

One hundred and sixteen samples of extra virgin olive oils (VOOs) from markets of Tehran were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to detect the amount of benzo (a)pyrene. The values of LOD and LOQ were calculated as 0.03 and 0.05 µg/kg, respectively. The concentration of benzo (a) pyrene was from 0.03 to 0.95 µg/kg. The results indicate that the levels of benzo (a) pyrene are lower than the limits approved. Target Hazard quotient (THQ) and Margin of Exposure (MOE) were estimated. The mean of THQ for adults and children was 0.0006 and 0.0028 and also mean of MOE for adults and children was 43,503 and 9438, respectively. The probabilistic health risk shows that THQ is less than 1 value; hence consumers are not at non-cancer risk. The mean of MOE value for adults was more than 10,000 but for children was less than 10,000. Hence, children are at health risk borderline.

Beneficial Effects of Plant Oils Supplementation on Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical and Experimental Studies

Multiple sclerosis disease (MS) is a 38.5 chronic neurological autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system, and its incidence is increasing globally. At present, there is no cure for this disease, and with its severity and disabling variety, it is important to search for possibilities that could help to slow its progression. It is recognized that the mechanisms of MS pathology, its development and degree of activity can be affected by dietary factors. In this review, the beneficial health effects of 10 plants oils-mainly seed oils, including pomegranate seed oil, sesame oil, acer truncatum bunge seed oil, hemp seeds oil, evening primrose seed oil, coconut oil, walnut oil, essential oil from Pterodon emarginatus seeds, flaxseed oil and olive oil-on MS are discussed. The literature data indicate that plant oils could be effective for the treatment of MS and its related symptoms primarily through reducing inflammation, promoting remyelination, immunomodulation and inhibiting oxidative stress. Plant oils may potentially reduce MS progression. Longitudinal research including a larger sample size with a longer duration is essential to confirm the findings from the selected plant oils. Moreover, new plant oils should be studied for their potential MS benefit.

Bioavailable Phenolic Compounds from Olive Pomace Present Anti-Neuroinflammatory Potential on Microglia Cells

The neuroinflammatory process is considered one of the main characteristics of central nervous system diseases, where a pro-inflammatory response results in oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). Olive (Olea europaea L.) pomace is a by-product of olive oil production that is rich in phenolic compounds (PCs), known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This work looked at the antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the bioavailable PC from olive pomace in cell-free models and microglia cells. The bioavailable PC of olive pomace was obtained through the process of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of fractionated olive pomace (OPF, particles size < 2 mm) and micronized olive pomace (OPM, particles size < 20 µm). The profile of the PC that is present in the bioavailable fraction as well as its in vitro antioxidant capacity were determined. The anti-neuroinflammatory capacity of the bioavailable PC from olive pomace (0.03-3 mg L-1) was evaluated in BV-2 cells activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h. The total bioavailable PC concentration and antioxidant activity against peroxyl radical were higher in the OPM than those observed in the OPF sample. The activation of BV-2 cells by LPS resulted in increased levels of ROS and nitric oxide (NO). The bioavailable PCs from both OPF and OPM, at their lowest concentrations, were able to reduce the ROS generation in activated BV-2 cells. In contrast, the highest PC concentration of OPF and OPM was able to reduce the NO levels in activated microglial cells. Our results demonstrate that bioavailable PCs from olive pomace can act as anti-neuroinflammatory agents in vitro, independent of particle size. Moreover, studies approaching ways to increase the bioavailability of PCs from olive pomace, as well as any possible toxic effects, are needed before a final statement on its nutritional use is made.

Application of Luteolin in Neoplasms and Nonneoplastic Diseases

Researchers are amazed at the multitude of biological effects of 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone, more commonly known as luteolin, as it simultaneously has antioxidant and pro-oxidant, as well as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and cancer-preventive, properties. The anticancer properties of luteolin constitute a mosaic of pathways due to which this flavonoid influences cancer cells. Not only is it able to induce apoptosis and inhibit cancer cell proliferation, but it also suppresses angiogenesis and metastasis. Moreover, luteolin succeeds in cancer cell sensitization to therapeutically induced cytotoxicity. Nevertheless, apart from its promising role in chemoprevention, luteolin exhibits numerous potential utilizations in patients with conditions other than neoplasms, which include inflammatory skin diseases, diabetes mellitus, and COVID-19. This review aims to present the multidimensionality of the luteolin's impact on both neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases. When it comes to neoplasms, we intend to describe the complexity of the molecular mechanisms that underlay luteolin's anticancer effectiveness, as well as to prove the usefulness of integrating this flavonoid in cancer therapy via the analysis of recent research on breast, colon, and lung cancer. Regarding nonneoplastic diseases, this review aims to emphasize the importance of researching the potential of luteolin in areas such as diabetology, virology, and dermatology as it summarizes the most important discoveries in those fields regarding its application.

Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders: The Mediterranean Diet as a Protective Choice

Autoimmune thyroid diseases are on the rise worldwide, and such a rapid increase is mainly driven by environmental factors related to changed lifestyles in "modern" societies. In this context, diet seems to play a crucial role. An unhealthy high-energy diet, rich in animal fat and proteins, salt and refined sugars (the so-called "Western diet") negatively influences the risk of autoimmunity by altering the immune balance and the gut microbiota composition, enhancing oxidative stress and promoting inflammation. In contrast, the Mediterranean diet represents a unique model of healthy eating, characterized by a high intake of food from vegetable sources, a low consumption of saturated fats in favor of unsaturated fats (mainly, olive oil), a moderate consumption of fish (typically, the small oily fishes) and dairy products, as well as a moderate consumption of wine at meals, and a low intake of meat. Thanks to its nutritional components, the Mediterranean Diet positively influences immune system function, gut microbiota composition, and redox homeostasis, exerting anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. The present review was aimed at exploring the existing knowledge on the correlations between dietary habits and thyroid autoimmunity, to evaluate the role of the Mediterranean diet as a protective model.

Effect of Mediterranean Dietary Pattern on Cognitive Status in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Modifiable factors associated with cognitive decline (CD) require more attention, particularly dietary patterns. This study aimed to investigate the link between cognitive decline and associated factors, particularly dietary patterns (DPs), in community-dwelling older Lebanese of modest economic status. Our cross-sectional national study included 352 participants above 60 years old, from the medico-social centers of the ministry of social affairs all over the country. CD was screened based on literacy. Nutritional and dietary data were collected through a validated food frequency questionnaire. DPs were extracted by the K-mean cluster analysis. CD was found in 32.7% and 61.5% of literate and illiterate groups, respectively. Identified DPs included a Westernized type and Mediterranean type, with high and moderate food intakes. In the context of literacy, independent factors associated with CD were age above 80 years, living in Beirut, frailty, and adopting a Westernized (OR = 3.08, 95% CI: 1.22-7.8) and a high-intake Mediterranean DP (OR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.05-4.22). In the context of illiteracy, the same factors were associated with CD, but not DP nor frailty, with an age cut-off at 78 years. In a Lebanese sample of older adults, factors associated with CD depend on the level of literacy, with DP only associated with CD in the context of literacy.

Anti-angiogenic effects of oleacein and oleocanthal: New bioactivities of compounds from Extra Virgin Olive Oil

Phenolic compounds play a key role in the health benefits of Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO). Among these molecules, the focus has been recently put on (-)-oleocanthal and (-)-oleacein, for which anti-cancer and angiogenesis-related findings have been reported. Here, we explored the modulatory action of (-)-oleocanthal and (-)-oleacein on angiogenesis, the process by which new vessels are created from pre-existent ones, which is directly linked to tumor progression and other pathological conditions. Two in vivo models strongly sustained by angiogenesis, and an in vitro model of endothelial cells to study different steps of angiogenesis, were used. In vivo evidence pointed to the anti-angiogenic effects of both compounds in vivo. In vitro, (-)-oleacein and (-)-oleocanthal inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and tube formation of endothelial cells, and (-)-oleacein significantly repressed migration and induced apoptosis in these cells. Mechanistically, the compounds modulated signaling pathways related to survival and proliferation, all at concentrations of physiological relevance for humans. We propose (-)-oleacein and (-)-oleocanthal as good candidates for angioprevention and for further studies as modulators of angiogenesis in clinical interventions, and as interesting functional claims for the food industry. Chemical compounds studied in this article: Oleocanthal (PubChem CID: 11652416); Oleacein (PubChem CID: 18684078).

Neuroprotective Properties of Oleanolic Acid-Computational-Driven Molecular Research Combined with In Vitro and In Vivo Experiments

Oleanolic acid (OA), as a ubiquitous compound in the plant kingdom, is studied for both its neuroprotective and neurotoxic properties. The mechanism of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory potential of OA is investigated using molecular dynamic simulations (MD) and docking as well as biomimetic tests. Moreover, the in vitro SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and the in vivo zebrafish model were used. The inhibitory potential towards the AChE enzyme is examined using the TLC-bioautography assay (the IC50 value is 9.22 μM). The CH-π interactions between the central fragment of the ligand molecule and the aromatic cluster created by the His440, Phe288, Phe290, Phe330, Phe331, Tyr121, Tyr334, Trp84, and Trp279 side chains are observed. The results of the in vitro tests using the SH-SY5Y cells indicate that the viability rate is reduced to 71.5%, 61%, and 43% at the concentrations of 100 µg/mL, 300 µg/mL, and 1000 µg/mL, respectively, after 48 h of incubation, whereas cytotoxicity against the tested cell line with the IC50 value is 714.32 ± 32.40 µg/mL. The in vivo tests on the zebrafish prove that there is no difference between the control and experimental groups regarding the mortality rate and morphology (p > 0.05).

EVOO Polyphenols Exert Anti-Inflammatory Effects on the Microglia Cell through TREM2 Signaling Pathway

In Alzheimer's disease (AD), microglia, brain resident immune cells, become chronically inflammatory and neurotoxic. In recent years, neuroinflammation has attracted particular interest in the scientific community. The genetic variants of molecules associated with ''microgliopathies'', including the triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells-2 (TREM2), result in increased risk of developing AD and cognitive decline. We performed a set of in vitro assays using human neuronal (SH-SY5Y) and microglial (BV2 and C13NJ) cell models. Cells were differentially treated with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) polyphenols, oleuropein aglycone (OleA) and hydroxytyrosol (HT) before adding LPS. We evaluated the protective effects of these EVOO products by a set of biochemical and cell biology assays, including ELISA, MTT, ROS detection, Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Our results provide an integrated understanding of the neuroprotection exerted by polyphenols in terms of: (i) reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines release (IL-6, IL-8, IP-10 and RANTES); (ii) activation of the TREM2-dependent anti-inflammatory pathway; (iii) enhancement of protective microglial activity favoring the M2 polarization phenotype. Such findings provide new and important insights into the mechanisms by which the dietary olive polyphenols exert beneficial properties against neuroinflammation and neuronal impairment.

Oleic Acid Status Positively Correlates with the Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products (sRAGE) in Healthy Adults Who Are Homozygous for G Allele of RAGE G82S Polymorphism

BACKGROUND

The soluble form of receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) have been implicated in the prevention of numerous pathologic states, and highlights as an attractive therapeutic target. Because diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) reduce postprandial oxidative stress and inflammation that is related to better health during aging, we investigated the association between red blood cell (RBC) fatty acids with circulatory AGE biomarkers and further stratified this correlation based on GG and GA + AA genotype.

METHODS

A total of 172 healthy participants (median age = 53.74 ± 0.61 years) were recruited for the study. RBC fatty acid was analysed using gas chromatography and sRAGE was measured using a commercial ELISA kit.

RESULTS

The result showed a non-significant correlation between total MUFA with sRAGE however oleic acid (C18:1) exhibited a positive correlation (r = 0.178, p = 0.01) that remained statistically significant (β = 0.178, p = 0.02) after a stepwise multivariate regression analysis after adjusting for age, BMI and gender. In a univariate analysis, a positive significant correlation between C18:1 and sRAGE in GG genotype (r = 0.169, p = 0.02) and a non-significant correlation with GA + AA genotype (r = 0.192, p = 0.21) was evident. When C18:1 was stratified, a significant difference was observed for oleic acid and G82S polymorphism: low C18:1/GA + AA versus high C18:1/GG (p = 0.015) and high C18:1/GA + AA versus high C18:1/GG (p = 0.02).

CONCLUSION

Our study suggests that increased levels of C18:1 may be a potential therapeutic approach in increasing sRAGE in those with GG genotype and play a role in modulating AGE metabolism.

Glycolysis, a new mechanism of oleuropein against liver tumor

BACKGROUND

Benign and malignant liver tumors are prevalent worldwide. However, there is no effective and comprehensive treatment option for many patients with malignant tumors. Thus, it is critical to prevent benign tumors from worsening, increasing the number of treatment options and effective medications against malignant liver tumors. Oleuropein is a natural and non-toxic product and inhibits tumor growth in various ways.

METHODS

We employed bioinformatics analysis and molecular docking to identify potential targets of oleuropein. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used to determine the direct binding strength of the target and compounds. Essential functionalities of the targets were analyzed using gene interference approaches. Transcriptomic studies were performed to observe the global genomic alterations occurring inside cells. Changes in glycolytic metabolites and gene and protein expressions were also detected. The anti-tumor benefits of oleuropein in vivo were determined using a tumor-bearing mouse model.

RESULTS

Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) was found to be a direct target of oleuropein. GPI discontinuation in liver tumor cells altered the expression of many genes, causing glycogenolysis. GPI interference was associated with PYGM and PFKFB4 inhibitors to inhibit glycolysis in liver tumors. Oleuropein inhibited glycolysis and showed good anti-tumor activity in vivo without adverse side effects.

CONCLUSIONS

GPI is a crucial enzyme in glycolysis and the immediate target of oleuropein. GPI expression inside tumor cells affects different physiological functions and signal transduction. Oleuropein has depicted anti-tumor action in vivo without harmful side effects. Moreover, it can control tumor glycolysis through GPI.

Olive: A Potential Suppressor for Cervical Cancer by Upregulation of P21

Background Cervical cancer is the second deadliest for women between the ages of 20 and 39 years. Even with prevention tactics for screening, incident rates and mortality of cervical cancer remain high. Olive has been shown to have many beneficial effects in humans concerning cardiovascular disease and inflammation. Despite these promising benefits, little is known about its effect on cervical cancer. This study examined the effects and mechanism of effects of olive extract (OE) on the HeLa cervical cancer cell line. Methodology We utilized clonogenic survival assay, quick cell proliferation assay, and caspase-3 activity to investigate the effect of OE on the proliferation and apoptosis of the cervical cancer cell line HeLa. To investigate the mechanisms behind these findings, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were performed. Results OE inhibited the growth and proliferation of HeLa cells. In comparison to the control, the percentage of colonies, as well as the optical density of the cervical cancer cells, was found to be decreased. In addition, the relative activity of caspase-3, a marker for apoptosis, was increased after treatment with OE. The anti-proliferative effect of OE on HeLa cells correlated with the increase of an anti-proliferative molecule p21. However, the pro-apoptotic effect of OE was not correlated with the change in major pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic molecules examined in this study. Conclusions Our study suggests that OE inhibits the growth of HeLa cervical cancer cells by upregulation of p21. Further investigation of the effects of OE on cervical cancer and other cancers is warranted by these results.

Co-Extraction Technique Improves Functional Capacity and Health-Related Benefits of Olive Oils: A Mini Review

Olive oil, a fundamental component of the Mediterranean diet, is recognized as a functional food due to its health-promoting composition. The concentration of phenolic compounds in olive oil is influenced by various factors such as genetics, agro-climatic conditions, and technological processes. Therefore, to ensure an ideal intake of phenolics through the diet, it is recommended to produce functional enriched olive oil that contains a high concentration of bioactive compounds. The co-extraction technique is used to create innovative and differentiated products that promote the sensory and health-related composition of oils. To enrich olive oil, various natural sources of bioactive compounds can be used, including raw materials derived from the same olive tree such as olive leaves, as well as other compounds from plants and vegetables, such as herbs and spices (garlic, lemon, hot pepper, rosemary, thyme, and oregano). The development of functional enriched olive oils can contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases and improve consumers' quality of life. This mini-review compiles and discusses relevant scientific information related to the development of enriched olive oil using the co-extraction technique and its positive effects on the health-related composition of oils.

Dietary Polyphenols, Microbiome, and Multiple Sclerosis: From Molecular Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Mechanisms to Clinical Evidence

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial, immune-mediated disease caused by complex gene-environment interactions. Dietary factors modulating the inflammatory status through the control of the metabolic and inflammatory pathways and the composition of commensal gut microbiota, are among the main environmental factors involved in the pathogenesis of MS. There is no etiological therapy for MS and the drugs currently used, often accompanied by major side effects, are represented by immunomodulatory substances capable of modifying the course of the disease. For this reason, nowadays, more attention is paid to alternative therapies with natural substances with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, as adjuvants of classical therapies. Among natural substances with beneficial effects on human health, polyphenols are assuming an increasing interest due to their powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Beneficial properties of polyphenols on the CNS are achieved through direct effects depending on their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and indirect effects exerted in part via interaction with the microbiota. The aim of this review is to examine the literature about the molecular mechanism underlying the protective effects of polyphenols in MS achieved by experiments conducted in vitro and in animal models of the disease. Significant data have been accumulated for resveratrol, curcumin, luteolin, quercetin, and hydroxytyrosol, and therefore we will focus on the results obtained with these polyphenols. Clinical evidence for the use of polyphenols as adjuvant therapy in MS is restricted to a smaller number of substances, mainly curcumin and epigallocatechin gallate. In the last part of the review, a clinical trial studying the effects of these polyphenols in MS patients will also be revised.

Multiple sclerosis and circadian rhythms: Can diet act as a treatment?

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with increasing incidence and prevalence. MS is associated with inflammatory and metabolic disturbances that, as preliminary human and animal data suggest, might be mediated by disruption of circadian rhythmicity. Nutrition habits can influence the risk for MS, and dietary interventions may be effective in modulating MS disease course. Chronotherapeutic approaches such as time-restricted eating (TRE) may benefit people with MS by stabilizing the circadian clock and restoring immunological and metabolic rhythms, thus potentially counteracting disease progression. This review provides a summary of selected studies on dietary intervention in MS, circadian rhythms, and their disruption in MS, including clock gene variations, circadian hormones, and retino-hypothalamic tract changes. Furthermore, we present studies that reported diurnal variations in MS, which might result from circadian disruption. And lastly, we suggest how chrononutritive approaches like TRE might counteract MS disease activity.

Gut microbiome-modulated dietary strategies in EAE and multiple sclerosis

Over the last few decades, the incidence of multiple sclerosis has increased as society's dietary habits have switched from a whole foods approach to a high fat, high salt, low dietary fiber, and processed food diet, termed the "Western diet." Environmental factors, such as diet, could play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis due to gut microbiota alterations, gut barrier leakage, and subsequent intestinal inflammation that could lead to exacerbated neuroinflammation. This mini-review explores the gut microbiome alterations of various dietary strategies that improve upon the "Western diet" as promising alternatives and targets to current multiple sclerosis treatments. We also provide evidence that gut microbiome modulation through diet can improve or exacerbate clinical symptoms of multiple sclerosis, highlighting the importance of including gut microbiome analyses in future studies of diet and disease.

Effect of the olive leaf extract in chronic spinal cord injury model: an experimental research

Posttraumatic myelopathy is defined as a spinal cord injury (SCI) that results in varying degrees of motor and sensory deficits. The degree of 'secondary damage,' which is caused by a variety of cellular, molecular, and biochemical cascades is linked to the outcome of SCI. According to research, the beneficial effects of oleuropein and its derivatives have been linked to radical scavenging/antioxidant actions and anti-inflammatory effects.

Materials and Methods

This study was divided into six groups: control negative (sham-operated) group, control positive 1 and 2 (early chronic and chronic), treatment groups 1, 2, and 3 (prophylactic, concomitant, and late). Olive leaf extract (OLE) given dose was 350 mg/kg body weight. Blood was taken from the left corotic artery before the animals were terminated, seromarker assessment, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of IL-6, TNF-α, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and assessment of functional motoric outcome before the animal was terminated.

Results

Chronic spinal cord compression increased serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and decreased serum level of BDNF. OLE 350 mg/kg body weight decreased serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α and increased functional motoric outcome, especially in prophylactic and concomitant therapy.

Discussion

These findings indicate that OLE may be effective in protecting chronic SCI model.

Conclusion

Oleuropein has a potential effect to reduce the IL-6 and TNF-α in rabbit model of SCI, and the BDNF value risen after the administration of Oleuropein.

Role of curcumin and its nanoformulations in the treatment of neurological diseases through the effects on stem cells

Curcumin from turmeric is a natural phenolic compound with a promising potential to regulate fundamental processes involved in neurological diseases, including inflammation, oxidative stress, protein aggregation, and apoptosis at the molecular level. In this regard, employing nanoformulation can improve curcumin efficiency by reducing its limitations, such as low bioavailability. Besides curcumin, growing data suggest that stem cells are a noteworthy candidate for neurodegenerative disorders therapy due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and neuronal-differentiation properties, which result in neuroprotection. Curcumin and stem cells have similar neurogenic features and can be co-administered in a cell-drug delivery system to achieve better combination therapeutic outcomes for neurological diseases. Based on the evidence, curcumin can induce the neuroprotective activity of stem cells by modulating their related signalling pathways. The present review is about the role of curcumin and its nanoformulations in the improvement of neurological diseases alone and through the effect on different categories of stem cells by discussing the underlying mechanisms to provide a roadmap for future investigations.

An Overview of 1,2,3-triazole-Containing Hybrids and Their Potential Anticholinesterase Activities

Acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter of the cholinergic system in the brain is involved in learning, memory, stress responses, and cognitive functioning. It is hydrolyzed into choline and acetic acid by two key cholinesterase enzymes, viz., acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). A loss or degeneration of cholinergic neurons that leads to a reduction in ACh levels is considered a significant contributing factor in the development of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Numerous studies have shown that cholinesterase inhibitors can raise the level of ACh and, therefore, enhance people's quality of life, and, at the very least, it can temporarily lessen the symptoms of NDs. 1,2,3-triazole, a five-membered heterocyclic ring, is a privileged moiety, that is, a central scaffold, and is capable of interacting with a variety of receptors and enzymes to exhibit a broad range of important biological activities. Recently, it has been clubbed with other pharmacophoric fragments/molecules in hope of obtaining potent and selective AChE and/or BuChE inhibitors. The present updated review succinctly summarizes the different synthetic strategies used to synthesize the 1,2,3-triazole moiety. It also highlights the anticholinesterase potential of various 1,2,3-triazole di/trihybrids reported in the past seven years (2015-2022), including a rationale for hybridization and with an emphasis on their structural features for the development and optimization of cholinesterase inhibitors to treat NDs.

Mechanisms Underlying Neurodegenerative Disorders and Potential Neuroprotective Activity of Agrifood By-Products

Neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by progressive loss in selected areas of the nervous system, are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide due to an aging population. Despite their diverse clinical manifestations, neurodegenerative diseases are multifactorial disorders with standard features and mechanisms such as abnormal protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation. As there are no effective treatments to counteract neurodegenerative diseases, increasing interest has been directed to the potential neuroprotective activities of plant-derived compounds found abundantly in food and in agrifood by-products. Food waste has an extremely negative impact on the environment, and recycling is needed to promote their disposal and overcome this problem. Many studies have been carried out to develop green and effective strategies to extract bioactive compounds from food by-products, such as peel, leaves, seeds, bran, kernel, pomace, and oil cake, and to investigate their biological activity. In this review, we focused on the potential neuroprotective activity of agrifood wastes obtained by common products widely produced and consumed in Italy, such as grapes, coffee, tomatoes, olives, chestnuts, onions, apples, and pomegranates.

Mediterranean Diet and Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder, diagnosed on the basis of typical motor disturbances, but also characterized by the presence of non-motor symptoms, such as rapid eye movement (REM)-sleep behavior disorders, olfactory impairment, and constipation, which are often prodromal to the onset of the disease. PD is often associated with the presence of oxidative brain injury and chronic neuroinflammation, with infiltration and accumulation of peripheral immune cells that have been found in affected brain regions of PD patients. Recently, the role of the gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of PD is getting more and more attention, and several pieces of evidence indicate alterations in the gut microbiota of PD-affected patients. Diet exerts a central role in defining the microbiota composition and different dietetic patterns can result in a higher or lower abundance of specific bacteria that, in turn, can affect gut permeability and express anti- or pro-inflammatory metabolites. In the present review, the effects of the Mediterranean diet in modulating both PD onset and its progression will be considered with a special focus on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of this dietetic regimen as well as on its effects on the microbiota composition.

The Multiple Sclerosis Modulatory Potential of Natural Multi-Targeting Antioxidants

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurodegenerative disease. Although its pathogenesis is rather vague in some aspects, it is well known to be an inflammatory process characterized by inflammatory cytokine release and oxidative burden, resulting in demyelination and reduced remyelination and axonal survival together with microglial activation. Antioxidant compounds are gaining interest towards the manipulation of MS, since they offer, in most of the cases, many benefits, due to their pleiotropical activity, that mainly derives from the oxidative stress decrease. This review analyzes research articles, of the last decade, which describe biological in vitro, in vivo and clinical evaluation of various categories of the most therapeutically applied natural antioxidant compounds, and some of their derivatives, with anti-MS activity. It also summarizes some of the main characteristics of MS and the role the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species may have in its progression, as well as their relation with the other mechanistic aspects of the disease, in order for the multi-targeting potential of those antioxidants to be defined and the source of origination of such activity explained. Antioxidant compounds with specific characteristics are expected to affect positively some aspects of the disease, and their potential may render them as effective candidates for neurological impairment reduction in combination with the MS treatment regimen. However, more studies are needed in order such antioxidants to be established as recommended treatment to MS patients.

Migraine severity, disability, and duration: Is a good diet quality, high intake of phytochemicals and polyphenols important?

OBJECTIVES

Dietary pattern may be the determinant of migraine prognosis through various mechanisms such as systemic inflammation, vasodilation, cerebral glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction.This study was conducted to examine the relationship of the symptoms and signs of migraine with dietary polyphenols and the phytochemical intake and the quality of the diet.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Individuals (n = 90), who were admitted to the headache outpatient clinic due to the diagnosis of episodic migraine, underwent physical examination by a neurologist. Migraine characteristics were assessed using the Migraine Disability Assessment Questionnaire and the Visual Analogue Scale. The Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) was used to evaluate the diet quality of individuals, and the Phytochemical Index developed by McCarty was used to determine the dietary intake of phytochemicals. Phenol-Explorer version 3.6 and the USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods-Release 3.3 were used to calculate the dietary polyphenol intake.

RESULTS

Migraine severity was negatively correlated with the intake of phytochemicals and good diet quality (r = -0.37, p = 0.0003; r = -0.37, p = 0.0003, respectively), and with the intake of phenolic components flavanones (r = -0.27, p = 0.01) and lignans (r = -0.27, p = 0.01). With respect to the food groups; migraine severity was found to be inversely correlated with the total phenol intake from olive oil, oil, and fruits (r = -0.26, p = 0.01; r = -0.21, p = 0.04; r = -0.24, p = 0.02, respectively), and the flavonoid intake from olive oil, oil, fruits, and vegetables (r = -0.26, p = 0.01; r = -0.26, p = 0.01; r = -0.35, p = 0.0007; r = -0.22, p = 0.04, respectively). Strikingly, fruit flavanone intake was correlated with low migraine severity (r = -0.39, p = 0.0002), and fruit flavanol intake was correlated with low migraine disability (r = -0.21, p = 0.04).

CONCLUSION

A high-quality diet rich in phytochemicals and polyphenols (especially flavanones and lignans) is associated with low migraine severity. Lower intake of phenols and flavonoids from vegetable oil, olive oil, fruits, and vegetables were associated with more severe migraine attacks. Examination of migraine characteristics and dietary pattern together with phytochemical and polyphenol intake may guide the development of dietary strategies to be used in migraine patients.

Phenolic Compounds from Virgin Olive Oil: Approaches for Their Synthesis and Analogues

Virgin olive oil (VOO) is the main fat consumed by populations in the Mediterranean basin, and phenolic compounds, minor components of this fat, are known to be responsible for diverse health benefits when consumed in a regular diet. According to numerous investigations, these benefits are mostly related to phenols such as tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol and secoiridoid derivatives such as ligstroside, oleuropein, oleocanthal and oleacein. These compounds are present in low concentrations, and for some of them, standards are not commercially available, hampering studies on the mechanisms underlying their biological activity. In order to contribute to a better knowledge of the bioactivity of these compounds and their metabolites, they must be available with high purity and in sufficient amounts for the assays. Chemical synthesis has been considered a convenient way to obtain these compounds. This Review will focus on the synthesis of representative VOO compounds, namely, ligstroside, oleuropein, oleocanthal, oleacein and analogues.

Neuroprotective Panel of Olive Polyphenols: Mechanisms of Action, Anti-Demyelination, and Anti-Stroke Properties

Neurological diseases such as stroke and multiple sclerosis are associated with high morbidity and mortality, long-term disability, and social and economic burden. Therefore, they represent a major challenge for medical treatment. Numerous evidences support the beneficial effects of polyphenols from olive trees, which can alleviate or even prevent demyelination, neurodegeneration, cerebrovascular diseases, and stroke. Polyphenols from olive oils, especially extra virgin olive oil, olive leaves, olive leaf extract, and from other olive tree derivatives, alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress, two major factors in demyelination. In addition, they reduce the risk of stroke due to their multiple anti-stroke effects, such as anti-atherosclerotic, antihypertensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, and anti-thrombotic effects. In addition, olive polyphenols have beneficial effects on the plasma lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity in obese individuals. This review provides an updated version of the beneficial properties and mechanisms of action of olive polyphenols against demyelination in the prevention/mitigation of multiple sclerosis, the most common non-traumatic neurological cause of impairment in younger adults, and against cerebral insult with increasing incidence, that has already reached epidemic proportions.

The Effect of Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) Add-On Treatment on Inflammatory, Oxidative Stress, Lipid, and Biochemical Parameters in the Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients: Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study

Methods

Sixty patients with a mean age of 68.60 ± 2.10 comprising 29 females (48.33%), who were admitted to an academic tertiary care facility within the first 12 hours poststroke symptoms onset or last known well (LKW), in case symptom onset time is not clear, were included in this study. AIS was confirmed based on a noncontrast head CT scan and also neurological symptoms. Patients were randomly and blindly assigned to OEA of 300 mg/day (n = 20) or 600 mg/day (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20) in addition to the standard AIS treatment for three days. A blood sample was drawn at 12 hours from symptoms onset or LKW as the baseline followed by the second blood sample at 72 hours post symptoms onset or LKW. Blood samples were assessed for inflammatory and biochemical parameters, oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers, and lipid profile.

Results

Compared to the baseline, there is a significant reduction in the urea, creatinine, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, alanine transaminase, total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde (MDA), total thiol groups (TTG), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein levels on the follow-up blood testing in the OEA (300 mg/day) group. In patients receiving OEA (600 mg/day) treatment, there was only a significant reduction in the MDA level comparing baseline with follow-up blood testing. Also, the between-group analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between patients receiving OEA (300 mg/day) and placebo in terms of IL-6 and TTG level reduction when comparing them between baseline and follow-up blood testing.

Conclusion

OEA in moderate dosage, 300 mg/day, add-on to the standard stroke treatment improves short-term inflammatory, OS, lipid, and biochemical parameters in patients with AIS. This effect might lead to a better long-term neurological prognosis.

An Oleocanthal-Enriched EVO Oil Extract Induces the ROS Production in Gastric Cancer Cells and Potentiates the Effect of Chemotherapy

Oleocanthal, a minor polar compound in extra-virgin olive (EVO) oil, contains anticancer properties, which should be encouraged in its use in oncology. Gastric Cancer (GC), a very aggressive human cancer, is often diagnosed at advanced stages, when surgery is substituted or supported by chemotherapy (CT). However, CT frequently fails due to the patient’s resistance to the treatment. Thus, the aim of this study is to verify whether an OC-enriched EVO oil extract fraction (OCF) may be useful in order to overcome a resistance to GC. We evaluated the OCF effects on an AGS gastric adenocarcinoma cell line wild type (AGS wt) and on its subpopulations resistant to 5-fluorouracil (5FUr), Paclitaxel (TAXr) or cisplatin (CISr). We found that a 60 µM dose of the OCF acts on the AGS wt, 5FUr and TAXr, leading to the cell cycle inhibition and to a ROS production, but not on CISr cells. Resistance of CISr to the OCF seems to be due to higher levels of antioxidant-enzymes that can counteract the OCF-induced ROS production. Moreover, using the OCF plus 5-fluorouracil, Paclitaxel or cisplatin, we found a potentiating effect compared with a mono-treatment in all resistant GC cells, including CISr. In conclusion, the use of the OCF in the management of GC has shown very interesting advantages, opening-up the possibility to evaluate the efficacy of the OCF in vivo, as a valid adjuvant in the treatment of resistant GC.

Seed Phytochemical Profiling of Three Olive Cultivars, Antioxidant Capacity, Enzymatic Inhibition, and Effects on Human Neuroblastoma Cells (SH-SY5Y)

This work evaluated the phytochemical composition of olive seed extracts from different cultivars (‘Cobrançosa’, ‘Galega’, and ’Picual’) and their antioxidant capacity. In addition, it also appraised their potential antineurodegenerative properties on the basis of their ability to inhibit enzymes associated with neurodegenerative diseases: acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and tyrosinase (TYR). To achieve this goal, the phenolic composition of the extracts was determined through high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode-array detection and electrospray ionization/ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSⁿ). The antioxidant capacity was assessed by two different methods (ABTS^•+ and DPPH^•), and the antineurodegenerative potential by the capacity of these extracts to inhibit the aforementioned related enzymes. The results showed that seed extracts presented a high content of phenolic compounds and a remarkable ability to scavenge ABTS^•+ and DPPH^•. Tyrosol, rutin, luteolin-7-glucoside, nüzhenide, oleuropein, and ligstroside were the main phenolic compounds identified in the extracts. ‘Galega’ was the most promising cultivar due to its high concentration of phenolic compounds, high antioxidant capacity, and remarkable inhibition of AChE, BChE, and TYR. It can be concluded that olive seed extracts may provide a sustainable source of bioactive compounds for medical and industrial applications.

Natural Antioxidant Compounds as Potential Pharmaceutical Tools against Neurodegenerative Diseases

Natural antioxidants are a very large diversified family of molecules classified by activity (enzymatic or nonenzymatic), chemical-physical properties (e.g., hydrophilic or lipophilic), and chemical structure (e.g., vitamins, polyphenols, etc.). Research on natural antioxidants in various fields, such as pharmaceutics, nutraceutics, and cosmetics, is among the biggest challenges for industry and science. From a biomedical point of view, the scavenging activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) makes them a potential tool for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In addition to the purified phytochemical compounds, a variety of natural extracts characterized by a complex mixture of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory molecules have been successfully exploited to rescue preclinical models of these diseases. Extracts derived from Ginkgo biloba, grape, oregano, curcumin, tea, and ginseng show multitherapeutic effects by synergically acting on different biochemical pathways. Furthermore, the reduced toxicity associated with many of these compounds limits the occurrence of side effects. The support of nanotechnology for improving brain delivery, controlling release, and preventing rapid degradation and excretion of these compounds is of fundamental importance. This review reports on the most promising results obtained on in vitro systems, in vivo models, and in clinical trials, by exploiting natural-derived antioxidant compounds and extracts, in their free form or encapsulated in nanocarriers.

The role of nutrition on Parkinson's disease: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Parkinson's disease (PD) in elderly patients is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. The pathogenesis of PD is associated with dopaminergic neuron degeneration of the substantia nigra in the basal ganglia, causing classic motor symptoms. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation have been identified as possible pathways in laboratory investigations. Nutrition, a potentially versatile factor from all environmental factors affecting PD, has received intense research scrutiny.

METHODS

A systematic search was conducted in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and WEB OF SCIENCE databases from 2000 until the present. Only randomized clinical trials (RCTs), observational case-control studies, and follow-up studies were included.

RESULTS

We retrieved fifty-two studies that met the inclusion criteria. Most selected studies investigated the effects of malnutrition and the Mediterranean diet (MeDiet) on PD incidence and progression. Other investigations contributed evidence on the critical role of microbiota, vitamins, polyphenols, dairy products, coffee, and alcohol intake.

CONCLUSIONS

There are still many concerns regarding the association between PD and nutrition, possibly due to underlying genetic and environmental factors. However, there is a body of evidence revealing that correcting malnutrition, gut microbiota, and following the MeDiet reduced the onset of PD and reduced clinical progression. Other factors, such as polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and coffee intake, can have a potential protective effect. Conversely, milk and its accessory products can increase PD risk. Nutritional intervention is essential for neurologists to improve clinical outcomes and reduce the disease progression of PD.

Olive Polyphenol as Neuroprotective in Chronic Cervical Myelopathy Rabbit Model

BACKGROUND: Olive polyphenols are known to be an anti-oxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine the potential neuroprotective effect on chronic cervical myelopathy rabbit model. METHODS: This study was divided into six groups; control negative (Sham-Operated) group, control positive 1 and 2, treatment groups 1, 2, and 3. Olive leaf extract (OLE) gives 350 mg/kg BW and spinal cord sample was taken at the compression level C5. Histopathological assessment and immunohistochemistry of neurofilaments (NF), S-100, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and evaluation of functional motoric outcome were done before animals were terminated. RESULTS: Chronic cervical myelopathy in rabbit model causes decreased expression of NF, S-100, BDNF, and decreased motor function. Oral administration of OLE increased the expression of these biomarkers and improved motor function outcomes. DISCUSSION: These findings indicate that OLE may be effective in protecting chronic cervical myelopathy in rabbit model.

Nаtural Antioxidants and their Effect on Human Health

Fruit, vegetables and spice antioxidants are recognized for their important role in human health against some diseases for instance cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Phenolic antioxidants, vitamins (C and E), flavonoids, and cаtеchins are among the major nаturally bioavailable antioxidants. Nаtural antioxidants positive impact on human health can be summarized on their potential to act against inflammation, bacteria, aging, oxidаtive stress and cаncer. The evaluation of antioxidants bioavailability in food and medicinal plants are essential to understand the best antioxidant sources and to elevate their use in food, pharmaceuticals and food additives.

Protective Effect of Tilia americana var. mexicana Against Kainic Acid-induced Damage in Brain, Liver, and Kidney: Behavioral and Biochemical Changes

: Tiliaamericana var. mexicana (Tilia) possesses anticonvulsant, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities. The spectrum of anticonvulsant activity in status epilepticus models has not been sufficiently explored. We evaluated the effects of ethyl acetate (EAc), and methanol (ME) extracts on kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures by measuring rats’behavior (severity and latency) and lipoperoxidation in different brain areas (cerebellum, brain hemispheres, cortex, and medulla), kidneys, and liver. Male Wistar rats were administered KA (10 mg/kg, i.p.) after three days of pretreatment with Tilia extract (100 mg/kg). The EAc and ME Tilia extracts significantly decreased the severity of phase 1 and phase 2 seizures, respectively. The ME Tilia extract increased the latency to seizure (27 ± 2 min) compared to the control (13 ± 2 min). The ME and EAc Tilia extracts significantly prevented the increased lipid peroxidation caused by KA-induced seizures in the cerebellum, brain hemispheres, cortex, medulla, liver, and kidneys. The vehicle olive oil (OO) also showed anticonvulsant effects, decreasing the severity of seizures to phase 3 and lipoperoxidation levels in the cerebellum, brain hemispheres, cortex, medulla, liver, and kidneys. The anticonvulsant activity of Tilia is mediated by antioxidant effects in central and systemic areas that involve synergistic interactions among the chemical constituents of these extracts (glucosides of quercetin and kaempferol), while vehicle OO showed the same effects, probably due to its constituent oleuropein.

Therapeutic Properties and Use of Extra Virgin Olive Oil in Clinical Nutrition: A Narrative Review and Literature Update

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a cornerstone of the Mediterranean diet (MedD). In this narrative review, we synthesize and illustrate the various characteristics and clinical applications of EVOO and its components—such as oleic acid, hydroxytyrosol, and oleuropein—in the field of clinical nutrition and dietetics. The evidence is split into diet therapy, oleic acid-based enteral nutrition formulations and oral supplementation formulations, oleic acid-based parenteral nutrition, and nutraceutical supplementation of minor components of EVOO. EVOO has diverse beneficial health properties, and current evidence supports the use of whole EVOO in diet therapy and the supplementation of its minor components to improve cardiovascular health, lipoprotein metabolism, and diabetes mellitus in clinical nutrition. Nevertheless, more intervention studies in humans are needed to chisel specific recommendations for its therapeutic use through different formulations in other specific diseases and clinical populations.

Estimation of the Regenerative Potential of para-Tyrosol in the Model of Testicular Insufficiency Caused by Damage to Spermatogonial Stem Cells

The regenerative properties of p-tyrosol were investigated in a model of testicular insufficiency caused by a toxic effect on spermatogonial stem cells (single administration of paclitaxel in the maximum tolerable dose). Against the background of p-tyrosol administration, we observed an increase in the number of normal spermatogonia and Sertoli cells, stimulation of spermatogenesis, and renewal of the spermatogenic tissue. The treatment with p-tyrosol also led to a decrease in DNA damage in cells of the testicular tissue. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in the level of free radicals, an increase in antioxidant protection, and normalization of the redox potential.