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Santiago-Maldonado X, Rodríguez-Martínez JA, López L, Cunci L, Bayro M, Nicolau E. Selection, characterization, and biosensing applications of DNA aptamers targeting cyanotoxin BMAA. RSC Adv 2024; 14:13787-13800. [PMID: 38681844 PMCID: PMC11046380 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02384f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Scientists have established a connection between environmental exposure to toxins like β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) and a heightened risk of neurodegenerative disorders. BMAA is a byproduct from certain strains of cyanobacteria that are present in ecosystems worldwide and is renowned for its bioaccumulation and biomagnification in seafood. The sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility of the current analytical techniques are insufficient to support efforts regarding food safety and environment monitoring adequately. This work outlines the in vitro selection of BMAA-specific DNA aptamers via the systematic evolution of ligands through exponential enrichment (SELEX). Screening and characterization of the full-length aptamers was achieved using the SYBR Green (SG) fluorescence displacement assay. Aptamers BMAA_159 and BMAA_165 showed the highest binding affinities, with dissociation constants (Kd) of 2.2 ± 0.1 μM and 0.32 ± 0.02 μM, respectively. After truncation, the binding affinity was confirmed using a BMAA-conjugated fluorescence assay. The Kd values for BMAA_159_min and BMAA_165_min were 6 ± 1 μM and 0.63 ± 0.02 μM, respectively. Alterations in the amino proton region studied using solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provided further evidence of aptamer-target binding. Additionally, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed that BMAA_165_min forms hybrid G-quadruplex (G4) structures. Finally, BMAA_165_min was used in the development of an electrochemical aptamer-based (EAB) sensor that accomplished sensitive and selective detection of BMAA with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.13 ± 0.02 pM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaimara Santiago-Maldonado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico San Juan PR 00925-2437 USA +1-787-522-2150 +1-787-292-9820
| | | | - Luis López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico San Juan PR 00925-2437 USA +1-787-522-2150 +1-787-292-9820
| | - Lisandro Cunci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico San Juan PR 00925-2437 USA +1-787-522-2150 +1-787-292-9820
| | - Marvin Bayro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico San Juan PR 00925-2437 USA +1-787-522-2150 +1-787-292-9820
- Molecular Science Research Center, University of Puerto Rico San Juan 00931-3346 USA
| | - Eduardo Nicolau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico San Juan PR 00925-2437 USA +1-787-522-2150 +1-787-292-9820
- Molecular Science Research Center, University of Puerto Rico San Juan 00931-3346 USA
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Li P, Abd El-Aty AM, Jiang H, Shen J, Wang Z, Wen K, Li J, Wang S, Wang J, Hammock BD, Jin M. Immunoassays and Emerging Analytical Techniques of Fipronil and its Metabolites for Food Safety: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2059-2076. [PMID: 38252458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Fipronil, classified as a phenylpyrazole insecticide, is utilized to control agricultural, public health, and veterinary pests. Notably, its unique ecological fate involves degradation to toxic metabolites, which poses the risk of contamination in water and foodstuffs and potential human exposure through the food chain. In response to these concerns, there is a pressing need to develop analytical methodologies for detecting fipronil and its metabolites. This review provides a concise overview of the mode of action, metabolism, and toxicology of fipronil. Additionally, various detection strategies, encompassing antibody-based immunoassays and emerging analytical techniques, such as fluorescence assays based on aptamer/molecularly imprinted polymer/fluorescent probes, electrochemical sensors, and Raman spectroscopy, are thoroughly reviewed and discussed. The focus extends to detecting fipronil and its metabolites in crops, fruits, vegetables, animal-derived foods, water, and bodily fluids. This comprehensive exploration contributes valuable insights into the field, aiming to foster the development and innovation of more sensitive, rapid, and applicable analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kai Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jia Li
- Jinhua Miaozhidizhi Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Shuting Wang
- Hangzhou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology & Nematology and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Maojun Jin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
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Svigelj R, Dassi N, Gorassini A, Toniolo R. A smartphone aptasensor for fipronil detection in honey samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:397-405. [PMID: 37946035 PMCID: PMC10761377 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an electrochemical smartphone-based aptasensor for the determination of fipronil was developed by modifying a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). Fipronil is a broad-spectrum insecticide that has been widely used in various applications such as agriculture, veterinary, and household pest control. Recently, its use has raised concerns over the potential impact on the environment and human health. The absence of effective methods for this purpose poses a significant obstacle. To tackle this problem, we have developed a cutting-edge aptamer-based portable sensor capable of rapidly and conveniently detecting fipronil in situ. Considering that the detection of small molecules, such as fipronil, can be a challenging task, a competitive replacement assay was set up based on the aptamer's preference for the free form of fipronil over the immobilized one on the electrode. The analytical performance provided by the sensor on standard solutions of a known fipronil content made it possible to estimate a limit of detection (LOD) equal to 1.07 μg kg-1 and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 3.21 μg kg-1. Selectivity tests were conducted using atrazine as a possible interferent. The use and performance of the developed portable aptasensor was assessed on honey samples, which were simultaneously analyzed using an HPLC-MS method. This aptasensor could be an affordable and effective tool for accurately quantifying fipronil not only in honey samples but also in other food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Svigelj
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
| | - Noemi Dassi
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Gorassini
- Department of Humanities and Cultural Heritage, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Rosanna Toniolo
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
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Qin N, Liu J, Li F, Liu J. Recent Advances in Aptasensors for Rapid Pesticide Residues Detection. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37708008 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2257795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are applied widely to increase agricultural output and quality, however, this practice results in residual issues that not only harm the environment but also put people and animals' lives and health at risk. As a result, it is critical to find pesticide residues in a variety of sources, including crops, water supplies, and soil. Aptamers are more flexible in their synthesis and modification, have a high level of specificity, are inexpensive, and have good stability compared to conventional detection methods. They have therefore attracted a lot of interest in the industry. This study reviews the most recent aptasensor advancements in the detection of pesticide residues. Firstly, aptamers specifically binding to many pesticides are summarized. Secondly, the combination of aptasensors with colorimetric, fluorescent, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), resonance Light Scattering (RLS), chemiluminescence (CL), electrochemical, and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technologies are systematically introduced, and their advantages and disadvantages are expounded. Importantly, the aptasensors for the detection of various pesticides (organochlorine, organophosphorus, neonicotinoids, carbamates, and pyrethroids) that have been developed so far are systematically analyzed and discussed. Finally, the furture prospects and challenges of the aptasensors are highlighted. It is expected to offer suggestions for the later creation of novel, highly effective and sensitive aptasensors for the detection of pesticide residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Qin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengyun Li
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
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DeRosa M, Lin A, Mallikaratchy P, McConnell E, McKeague M, Patel R, Shigdar S. In vitro selection of aptamers and their applications. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2023; 3:55. [PMID: 37969927 PMCID: PMC10647184 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-023-00247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of the in-vitro evolution method known as SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment) more than 30 years ago led to the conception of versatile synthetic receptors known as aptamers. Offering many benefits such as low cost, high stability and flexibility, aptamers have sparked innovation in molecular diagnostics, enabled advances in synthetic biology and have facilitated new therapeutic approaches. The SELEX method itself is inherently adaptable and offers near limitless possibilities in yielding functional nucleic acid ligands. This Primer serves to provide guidance on experimental design and highlight new growth areas for this impactful technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.C. DeRosa
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1T2S2
| | - A. Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - P. Mallikaratchy
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - E.M. McConnell
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1T2S2
| | - M. McKeague
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 0B8
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3G 1Y6
| | - R. Patel
- Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - S. Shigdar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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Zhang Z, Luan Y, Ru S, Teng H, Li Y, Liu M, Wang J. A novel electrochemical aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of herbicide prometryn based on its highly specific aptamer and Ag@Au nanoflowers. Talanta 2023; 265:124838. [PMID: 37453395 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide prometryn has become a common pollutant in aquatic environments and caused adverse impacts on ecosystems. This study developed an ultrasensitive electrochemical aptasensor for prometryn based on its highly affinitive and specific aptamer and Ag@Au nanoflowers (Ag@AuNFs) for signal amplification. Firstly, this study improved the Capture-SELEX strategy to screen aptamers and obtained aptamer P60-1, which had a high affinity (Kd: 23 nM) and could distinguish prometryn from its structural analogues. Moreover, the typical stem-loop structure in aptamer P60-1 was found to be the binding pocket for prometryn. Subsequently, an electrochemical aptasensor for prometryn was established using multiwalled carbon nanotubes and reduced graphene oxide as electrode substrate, Ag@Au NFs as signal amplification element, and aptamer P60-1 as recognition element. The aptasensor had a detection range of 0.16-500 ng/mL and a detection limit of 60 pg/mL, which was much lower than those of existing detection methods. The aptasensor had high stability and good repeatability, and could specifically detecting prometryn. Furthermore, the utility of the aptasensor was validated by measuring prometryn in environmental and biological components. Therefore, this study provides a robust and ultrasensitive aptasensor for accurate detection for prometryn pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhong Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yunxia Luan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Hayan Teng
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yuejiao Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Minhao Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Sarkar DJ, Behera BK, Parida PK, Aralappanavar VK, Mondal S, Dei J, Das BK, Mukherjee S, Pal S, Weerathunge P, Ramanathan R, Bansal V. Aptamer-based NanoBioSensors for seafood safety. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 219:114771. [PMID: 36274429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chemical and biological contaminants are of primary concern in ensuring seafood safety. Rapid detection of such contaminants is needed to keep us safe from being affected. For over three decades, immunoassay (IA) technology has been used for the detection of contaminants in seafood products. However, limitations inherent to antibody generation against small molecular targets that cannot elicit an immune response, along with the instability of antibodies under ambient conditions greatly limit their wider application for developing robust detection and monitoring tools, particularly for non-biomedical applications. As an alternative, aptamer-based biosensors (aptasensors) have emerged as a powerful yet robust analytical tool for the detection of a wide range of analytes. Due to the high specificity of aptamers in recognising targets ranging from small molecules to large proteins and even whole cells, these have been suggested to be viable molecular recognition elements (MREs) in the development of new diagnostic and biosensing tools for detecting a wide range of contaminants including heavy metals, antibiotics, pesticides, pathogens and biotoxins. In this review, we discuss the recent progress made in the field of aptasensors for detection of contaminants in seafood products with a view of effectively managing their potential human health hazards. A critical outlook is also provided to facilitate translation of aptasensors from academic laboratories to the mainstream seafood industry and consumer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruba Jyoti Sarkar
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, West Bengal, India.
| | - Bijay Kumar Behera
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, West Bengal, India.
| | - Pranaya Kumar Parida
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Aralappanavar
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Shirsak Mondal
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Jyotsna Dei
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhankar Mukherjee
- Centre for Development of Advance Computing, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Souvik Pal
- Centre for Development of Advance Computing, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Pabudi Weerathunge
- Sir Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Rajesh Ramanathan
- Sir Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Vipul Bansal
- Sir Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
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Singh P, Kumar S, Verma SK. Development of fluorescent aptasensor for detection of acephate by utilizing graphene oxide platform. Talanta 2023; 252:123843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Li T, Wang J, Zhu L, Li C, Chang Q, Xu W. Advanced screening and tailoring strategies of pesticide aptamer for constructing biosensor. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10974-10994. [PMID: 35699641 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2086210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of aptamers has helped address the challenges presented by the wide existed pesticides contaminations. Screening of aptamers with excellent performance is a prerequisite for successfully constructing biosensors, while further tailoring of aptamers with enhanced activity greatly improved the assay performance. Firstly, this paper reviewed the advanced screening strategies for pesticides aptamers, including immobilization screening that preserves the native structures of targets, non-immobilized screening based on nanomaterials, capillary electrophoresis-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (CE-SELEX), virtual screening in silico, high-throughput selection, and rational secondary library generation methods, which contributed significantly to improve the success rate of screening, reduce the screening time, and ensure aptamer binding affinity. Secondly, the precise tailoring strategies for pesticides aptamers were modularly elaborated, containing deletion, splitting, elongation, and fusion, which provided various advantages like cost-efficiency, enhanced binding affinity, and new derived functional motifs. Thirdly, the developed aptamer-based biosensors (aptasensors) for pesticide detection were systematically reviewed according to the different signal output modes. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives of pesticide detection are discussed comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshun Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University,, Beijing, China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University,, Beijing, China
| | - Longjiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University,, Beijing, China
| | - Chenwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University,, Beijing, China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoying Chang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University,, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University,, Beijing, China
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Zhang J, Feng T, Zhang J, Liang N, Zhao L. Fluorescence assay for the sensitive detection of fipronil based on an "on-off" oxidized SWCNH/aptamer sensor. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3282-3291. [PMID: 34226905 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00769f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A simple, quick, effective turn-on fluorescence assay for the determination of fipronil (FIP) was built based on the yellow fluorescence of FAM-aptamer and excellent quenching capability of the oxidized single-walled carbon nanohorns (The oxidized SWCNHs). Oxidized SWCNHs with the great advantage of good dispersibility in solution were generated by link to carboxyl group and were added to a specific FAM-aptamer at an optimal concentration to form an "on-off" oxidized SWCNH/FAM-aptamer fluorescent sensor. The structures of the oxidized SWCNHs were verified, and the comprehensive properties were evaluated by characterization techniques. This paper has exploited oxidized SWCNHs as a quenching agent to detect fipronil for the first time. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) for fipronil was 3 nM, and the recovery of fipronil varied from 88.6% to 112.7% in different real samples with relative standard deviations (RSDs) not more than 5%. The developed method could be successfully applied for the determination of fipronil in tap water, honey and corn samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China.
| | - Tingting Feng
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province 030619, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China.
| | - Ning Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China.
| | - Longshan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China.
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Qin M, Zhang X, Zhao X, Song Y, Zhang J, Xia X, Han Q. Complementary chain competition and fluorescence quenching detection of Deoxynivalenol and analytical applications using a novel aptamer. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2021.1886176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Qin
- Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Zhao
- Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuzhu Song
- Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinqin Han
- Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnosis, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
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Luo Y, Jin Z, Wang J, Ding P, Pei R. The isolation of a DNA aptamer to develop a fluorescent aptasensor for the thiamethoxam pesticide. Analyst 2021; 146:1986-1995. [PMID: 33502393 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01967d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers, which are called chemical antibodies for their high affinity and specificity to targets, have great potential as analytical tools to detect pesticides. In this work, a DNA aptamer for thiamethoxam was isolated by an improved SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) strategy, in which the ssDNA library was fixed on streptavidin-agarose beads through a short biotin labeled complementary strand. After 13 rounds of selection, the random ssDNA pool was successfully enriched. Three sequences were chosen as aptamer candidates through sequencing and analysis and were transformed into fluorescent probes to evaluate their interactions with thiamethoxam. A fluorescent turn-on aptasensor for thiamethoxam based on the best aptamer (FAM-Thi13) and a short quenching strand were further designed and showed a quantitative linear range from 10 to 1000 nM with a detection limit of 1.23 nM for thiamethoxam. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics were used to investigate the binding site of the main probe of the aptasensor (FAM-Thi13) and thiamethoxam. Satisfactory results were also obtained in quantifying thiamethoxam in environmental water samples by the developed fluorescent aptasensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Phopin K, Tantimongcolwat T. Pesticide Aptasensors-State of the Art and Perspectives. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20236809. [PMID: 33260648 PMCID: PMC7730859 DOI: 10.3390/s20236809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Contamination by pesticides in the food chain and the environment is a worldwide problem that needs to be actively monitored to ensure safety. Unfortunately, standard pesticide analysis based on mass spectrometry takes a lot of time, money and effort. Thus, simple, reliable, cost-effective and field applicable methods for pesticide detection have been actively developed. One of the most promising technologies is an aptamer-based biosensor or so-called aptasensor. It utilizes aptamers, short single-stranded DNAs or RNAs, as pesticide recognition elements to integrate with various innovative biosensing technologies for specific and sensitive detection of pesticide residues. Several platforms for aptasensors have been dynamically established, such as colorimetry, fluorometry, electrochemistry, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and so forth. Each platform has both advantages and disadvantages depending on the purpose of use and readiness of technology. For example, colorimetric-based aptasensors are more affordable than others because of the simplicity of fabrication and resource requirements. Electrochemical-based aptasensors have mainly shown better sensitivity than others with exceedingly low detection limits. This paper critically reviews the progression of pesticide aptasensors throughout the development process, including the selection, characterization and modification of aptamers, the conceptual frameworks of integrating aptamers and biosensors, the ASSURED (affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free and deliverable to end users) criteria of different platforms and the future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonrat Phopin
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand;
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Tanawut Tantimongcolwat
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand;
- Correspondence:
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14
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Wang W, Wang X, Cheng N, Luo Y, Lin Y, Xu W, Du D. Recent advances in nanomaterials-based electrochemical (bio)sensors for pesticides detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Lim ES, Lim MC, Park K, Lee G, Lim JA, Woo MA, Lee N, Choi SW, Chang HJ. Selective Binding and Elution of Aptamers for Pesticides Based on Sol-Gel-Coated Nanoporous Anodized Aluminum Oxide Membrane. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10081533. [PMID: 32764256 PMCID: PMC7466512 DOI: 10.3390/nano10081533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sol-gel-based mesopores allow the entry of target small molecules retained in their cavity and aptamers to bind to target molecules. Herein, sol-gel-based materials are applied to screen-selective aptamers for small molecules, such as pesticides. To enhance the efficiency of aptamer screening using a sol-gel, it is necessary to increase the binding surface. In this study, we applied the sol-gel to an anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane, and the morphological features were observed via electron microscopy after spin coating. The binding and elution processes were conducted and confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and polymerase chain reaction. The sol-gel coating on the AAO membrane formed a hollow nanocolumn structure. A diazinon-binding aptamer was bound to the diazinon-containing sol-gel-coated AAO membrane, and the bound aptamer was effectively retrieved from the sol-gel matrix by thermal elution. As a proof of concept, a sol-gel-coated AAO disc was mounted on the edge of a pipette tip, and the feasibility of the prepared platform for the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) of the aptamer binding was also confirmed. The proposed approach will be applied to an automated SELEX cycle using an automated dispenser, such as a pipetting robot, in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seob Lim
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.S.L.); (M.-C.L.); (K.P.); (G.L.); (J.-A.L.); (M.-A.W.); (N.L.); (S.-W.C.)
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Min-Cheol Lim
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.S.L.); (M.-C.L.); (K.P.); (G.L.); (J.-A.L.); (M.-A.W.); (N.L.); (S.-W.C.)
| | - Kisang Park
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.S.L.); (M.-C.L.); (K.P.); (G.L.); (J.-A.L.); (M.-A.W.); (N.L.); (S.-W.C.)
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Korea
| | - Gaeul Lee
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.S.L.); (M.-C.L.); (K.P.); (G.L.); (J.-A.L.); (M.-A.W.); (N.L.); (S.-W.C.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea
| | - Jeong-A Lim
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.S.L.); (M.-C.L.); (K.P.); (G.L.); (J.-A.L.); (M.-A.W.); (N.L.); (S.-W.C.)
| | - Min-Ah Woo
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.S.L.); (M.-C.L.); (K.P.); (G.L.); (J.-A.L.); (M.-A.W.); (N.L.); (S.-W.C.)
| | - Nari Lee
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.S.L.); (M.-C.L.); (K.P.); (G.L.); (J.-A.L.); (M.-A.W.); (N.L.); (S.-W.C.)
| | - Sung-Wook Choi
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.S.L.); (M.-C.L.); (K.P.); (G.L.); (J.-A.L.); (M.-A.W.); (N.L.); (S.-W.C.)
| | - Hyun-Joo Chang
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.S.L.); (M.-C.L.); (K.P.); (G.L.); (J.-A.L.); (M.-A.W.); (N.L.); (S.-W.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-219-9326
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16
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WANG ZJ, CHEN EN, YANG G, ZHAO XY, QU F. Research Advances of Aptamers Selection for Small Molecule Targets. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(20)60013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Kim TY, Lim JW, Lim MC, Song NE, Woo MA. Aptamer-based Fluorescent Assay for Simple and Sensitive Detection of Fipronil in Liquid Eggs. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Yang C, Wang L, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Deng Q, Wang S. Fluorometric determination of fipronil by integrating the advantages of molecularly imprinted silica and carbon quantum dots. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 187:12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-4005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Romero-Natale A, Rebollar-Pérez G, Ortiz I, Tenorio-Arvide MG, Munguía-Pérez R, Palchetti I, Torres E. A simple spectroscopic method to determine dimethoate in water samples by complex formation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 55:310-318. [PMID: 31782687 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1696095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid method for the determination of dimethoate in water was developed based on the monitoring of the complex formation between bis 5-phenyldipyrrinate of nickel (II) and the herbicide dimethoate. The method showed a short response time (10 s), high selectivity (very low interference from other sulfate and salts), high sensitivity (limit of detection (LOD) 0.45 µM, limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 1.39 µM), and a Kd of 2.4 µM. Stoichiometry experiments showed that complex formation occurred with a 1:1 relation. The method was applied to different environmental water samples such as lagoon, stream, urban, and groundwater samples. The results indicated that independently from the water source, the method exhibited high precision (0.25-2.47% variation coefficient) and accuracy (84.42-115.68% recovery). In addition, the method was also tested using an effluent from a wastewater treatment plant from Mexico; however, the results indicated that the presence of organic matter had a pronounced effect on the detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Romero-Natale
- Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales, ICUAP, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - Irmene Ortiz
- Depto. Procesos y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, México City, Mexico
| | | | - Ricardo Munguía-Pérez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales, ICUAP, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Eduardo Torres
- Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales, ICUAP, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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20
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Xiong H, Yan J, Cai S, He Q, Peng D, Liu Z, Liu Y. Cancer protein biomarker discovery based on nucleic acid aptamers. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:190-202. [PMID: 30926499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Identification of biomarkers is essential for diagnosis, targeted therapy and prognosis evaluation of diseases, especially cancers. Currently, the number of ideal clinical biomarkers is still limited partially because of lacking efficient methods in biomarker discovery. Nucleic acid aptamers are artificial single-stranded DNA or RNA sequences that can selectively bind to various targets with high specificity and affinity. Moreover, aptamers possess desirable advantages, including easy synthesis, convenient modification, relative chemical stability and low immunogenicity. Recently, different aptamer-based strategies have been developed to facilitate the discovery of biomarkers. Based on cell-SELEX technology, the selected aptamers can be used to identify cell-surface protein biomarkers of different cancer cells. SOMAscan can analyze thousands of proteins of different biological samples, which becomes a multiplexed protein biomarker discovery platform. Additionally, secreted protein biomarkers can be discovered by aptamers screened through secretome SELEX. In order to facilitate the identification of target proteins, several covalent cross-linking strategies have been developed, such as aptamer-based affinity labeling (ABAL), DNA-templated aptamer and protein-aptamer template (PAT). In this review, we mainly highlight the emerging nucleic acid aptamer-based biomarker discovery strategies and demonstrate their unique technological advantages in discovering cancer biomarkers. The challenges and perspectives of aptamer-based methods are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Shundong Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Qunye He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Dongming Peng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Zhenbao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, PR China.
| | - Yanfei Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan Province, PR China.
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21
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Aptasensors for pesticide detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 130:174-184. [PMID: 30738246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide contamination has become one of the most serious problems of public health in the world, due to their wide application in agriculture industry to guarantee the crop yield and quality. The detection of pesticide residues plays an important role in food safety management and environment protection. However, the conventional detection methodologies cannot realize highly sensitive, selective and on-site detection, which limits their applications. Aptamers are short single-stranded oligonucleotides (RNA or DNA) selected by SELEX method, which can selectively bind to their targets with high affinity. Compared with the commonly used antibodies or enzymes in designing biosensors, aptamers exhibit better stability, low molecular weight, easy modification and low cost, and were regarded as excellent candidates for developing aptasensors for pesticide detection. In this review, application of aptamers for pesticide detection was reviewed. Firstly, aptamers specifically bind to various pesticides were first summarized. Secondly, the progresses and highlights of developing aptasensors for highly-sensitive and selective detection of pesticide residues were systematically provided. Finally, the present challenges and future perspectives for developing novel highly-effective aptasensor for the detection of pesticide residues were discussed.
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22
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Abraham K, Roueinfar M, Ponce AT, Lussier ME, Benson DB, Hong KL. In Vitro Selection and Characterization of a Single-Stranded DNA Aptamer Against the Herbicide Atrazine. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:13576-13583. [PMID: 30411044 PMCID: PMC6217647 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine is an herbicide that is widely used in crop production at about 70 million pounds per year in the United States. Its widespread use has led to contamination of groundwater and other aquatic systems. It has resulted in many serious environmental and human health issues. This study focuses on the identification and characterization of a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamer that binds to atrazine. In this study, a variation of the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) process was used to identify an aptamer, which binds to atrazine with high affinity and specificity. This SELEX focused on inducing the aptamer's ability to change conformation upon binding to atrazine, and stringent negative target selections. After 12 rounds of in vitro selection, the ssDNA aptamer candidate R12.45 was chosen and truncated to obtain a 46-base sequence. The binding affinity, specificity, and structural characteristics of this truncated candidate was investigated by using isothermal titration calorimetry, circular dichroism (CD) analysis, SYBR Green I (SG) fluorescence displacement assays, and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) colorimetric assays. The truncated R12.45 candidate aptamer bound to atrazine with high affinity (K d = 3.7 nM) and displayed low cross-binding activities on structurally related herbicides. In addition, CD analysis data indicated a target induced structural stabilization. Finally, SG assays and AuNPs assays showed nonconventional binding activities between the truncated R12.45 aptamer candidate and atrazine, which warrants future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin
M. Abraham
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, and Department of
Biology, College of Science and Engineering, Wilkes University, 84
W. South Street, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766, United States
| | - Mina Roueinfar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, and Department of
Biology, College of Science and Engineering, Wilkes University, 84
W. South Street, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766, United States
| | - Alex T. Ponce
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, and Department of
Biology, College of Science and Engineering, Wilkes University, 84
W. South Street, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766, United States
| | - Mia E. Lussier
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, and Department of
Biology, College of Science and Engineering, Wilkes University, 84
W. South Street, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766, United States
| | - Danica B. Benson
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, and Department of
Biology, College of Science and Engineering, Wilkes University, 84
W. South Street, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766, United States
| | - Ka Lok Hong
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, and Department of
Biology, College of Science and Engineering, Wilkes University, 84
W. South Street, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766, United States
- E-mail: . Phone: +1-570-408-4296. Fax: +1-570-408-4299
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