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Zhang S, Wang Q, Tan DEL, Sikka V, Ng CH, Xian Y, Li D, Muthiah M, Chew NWS, Storm G, Tong L, Wang J. Gut-liver axis: Potential mechanisms of action of food-derived extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12466. [PMID: 38887165 PMCID: PMC11183959 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Food-derived extracellular vesicles (FEVs) are nanoscale membrane vesicles obtained from dietary materials such as breast milk, plants and probiotics. Distinct from other EVs, FEVs can survive the harsh degrading conditions in the gastrointestinal tract and reach the intestines. This unique feature allows FEVs to be promising prebiotics in health and oral nanomedicine for gut disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease. Interestingly, therapeutic effects of FEVs have recently also been observed in non-gastrointestinal diseases. However, the mechanisms remain unclear or even mysterious. It is speculated that orally administered FEVs could enter the bloodstream, reach remote organs, and thus exert therapeutic effects therein. However, emerging evidence suggests that the amount of FEVs reaching organs beyond the gastrointestinal tract is marginal and may be insufficient to account for the significant therapeutic effects achieved regarding diseases involving remote organs such as the liver. Thus, we herein propose that FEVs primarily act locally in the intestine by modulating intestinal microenvironments such as barrier integrity and microbiota, thereby eliciting therapeutic impact remotely on the liver in non-gastrointestinal diseases via the gut-liver axis. Likewise, drugs delivered to the gastrointestinal system through FEVs may act via the gut-liver axis. As the liver is the main metabolic hub, the intestinal microenvironment may be implicated in other metabolic diseases. In fact, many patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease suffer from a leaky gut and dysbiosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent progress in FEVs and discuss their biomedical applications as therapeutic agents and drug delivery systems, highlighting the pivotal role of the gut-liver axis in the mechanisms of action of FEVs for the treatment of gut disorders and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Qiyue Wang
- Jinan Central HospitalShandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation CenterShandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
| | - Daniel En Liang Tan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Vritika Sikka
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Cheng Han Ng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of MedicineNational University HospitalSingaporeSingapore
| | - Yan Xian
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of ScienceNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Mark Muthiah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of MedicineNational University HospitalSingaporeSingapore
- National University Centre for Organ TransplantationNational University Health SystemSingaporeSingapore
| | - Nicholas W. S. Chew
- Department of CardiologyNational University Heart CentreNational University Health SystemSingaporeSingapore
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Lingjun Tong
- Jinan Central HospitalShandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation CenterShandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
| | - Jiong‐Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI)National University Heart Centre Singapore (NUHCS)SingaporeSingapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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Deng X, Wang J, Yu S, Tan S, Yu T, Xu Q, Chen N, Zhang S, Zhang M, Hu K, Xiao Z. Advances in the treatment of atherosclerosis with ligand-modified nanocarriers. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2024; 4:20230090. [PMID: 38939861 PMCID: PMC11189587 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20230090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic disease associated with metabolism, poses a significant risk to human well-being. Currently, existing treatments for atherosclerosis lack sufficient efficiency, while the utilization of surface-modified nanoparticles holds the potential to deliver highly effective therapeutic outcomes. These nanoparticles can target and bind to specific receptors that are abnormally over-expressed in atherosclerotic conditions. This paper reviews recent research (2018-present) advances in various ligand-modified nanoparticle systems targeting atherosclerosis by specifically targeting signature molecules in the hope of precise treatment at the molecular level and concludes with a discussion of the challenges and prospects in this field. The intention of this review is to inspire novel concepts for the design and advancement of targeted nanomedicines tailored specifically for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujiao Deng
- Department of PharmacyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Chronic DiseasesJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jinghao Wang
- Department of PharmacyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Chronic DiseasesJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Department of PharmacyZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Suiyi Tan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tingting Yu
- Department of PharmacyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Chronic DiseasesJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qiaxin Xu
- Department of PharmacyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Chronic DiseasesJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Nenghua Chen
- Department of PharmacyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Chronic DiseasesJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Siqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Ming‐Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute of Quantum Medical, ScienceNational Institutes for Quantum Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Kuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute of Quantum Medical, ScienceNational Institutes for Quantum Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
| | - Zeyu Xiao
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Chronic DiseasesJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging for Clinical TranslationJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Mol BM, Verwer MC, Fijnheer R, Florie J, Groot OA, Hietbrink F, Nijkeuter M, Vonken EJPA, van Weel V, de Kleijn DPV, de Borst GJ. Predictors of bleeding complications during catHeter-dirEcted thrombolysis for peripheral arterial occlusions (POCHET). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302830. [PMID: 38722842 PMCID: PMC11081216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The risk of major bleeding complications in catheter directed thrombolysis (CDT) for acute limb ischemia (ALI) remains high, with reported major bleeding complication rates in up to 1 in every 10 treated patients. Fibrinogen was the only predictive marker used for bleeding complications in CDT, despite the lack of high quality evidence to support this. Therefore, recent international guidelines recommend against the use of fibrinogen during CDT. However, no alternative biomarkers exist to effectively predict CDT-related bleeding complications. The aim of the POCHET biobank is to prospectively assess the rate and etiology of bleeding complications during CDT and to provide a biobank of blood samples to investigate potential novel biomarkers to predict bleeding complications during CDT. METHODS The POCHET biobank is a multicentre prospective biobank. After informed consent, all consecutive patients with lower extremity ALI eligible for CDT are included. All patients are treated according to a predefined standard operating procedure which is aligned in all participating centres. Baseline and follow-up data are collected. Prior to CDT and subsequently every six hours, venous blood samples are obtained and stored in the biobank for future analyses. The primary outcome is the occurrence of non-access related major bleeding complications, which is assessed by an independent adjudication committee. Secondary outcomes are non-major bleeding complications and other CDT related complications. Proposed biomarkers to be investigated include fibrinogen, to end the debate on its usefulness, anti-plasmin and D-Dimer. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The POCHET biobank provides contemporary data and outcomes of patients during CDT for ALI, coupled with their blood samples taken prior and during CDT. Thereby, the POCHET biobank is a real world monitor on biomarkers during CDT, supporting a broad spectrum of future research for the identification of patients at high risk for bleeding complications during CDT and to identify new biomarkers to enhance safety in CDT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend M. Mol
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten C. Verwer
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Fijnheer
- Department of Hematology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Florie
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar A. Groot
- Intensive Care Department, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Falco Hietbrink
- Department Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Nijkeuter
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Evert-Jan P. A. Vonken
- Department of Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent van Weel
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gert J. de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kraaijvanger R, Janssen Bonás M, Grutters JC, Paspali I, Veltkamp M, de Kleijn DPV, van Moorsel CHM. Decreased serpin C1 in extracellular vesicles predicts response to methotrexate treatment in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Respir Res 2024; 25:166. [PMID: 38627696 PMCID: PMC11020913 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology primarily affecting the lungs. Treatment is needed when disease symptoms worsen and organ function deteriorates. In pulmonary sarcoidosis, prednisone and methotrexate (MTX) are the most common anti-inflammatory therapies. However, there is large inter-patient variability in response to treatment, and predictive response markers are currently lacking. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the predictive potential of biomarkers in extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from biobanked serum of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis stored prior to start of therapy. METHODS Protein concentrations of a four-protein test panel of inflammatory proteins were measured in a discovery (n = 16) and replication (n = 129) cohort of patients with sarcoidosis and 47 healthy controls. Response to therapy was defined as an improvement of the absolute score of > 5% forced vital capacity (FVC) and/or > 10% diffusion lung of carbon monoxide (DLCO) after 24 weeks compared to baseline (before treatment). RESULTS Serum protein levels differed between EV fractions and serum, and between sarcoidosis cases and controls. Serpin C1 concentrations in the low density lipid particle EV fraction were lower at baseline in the group of patients with a good response to MTX treatment in both the discovery cohort (p = 0.059) and in the replication cohort (p = 0.032). EV Serpin C1 showed to be a significant predictor for response to treatment with MTX (OR 0.4; p = 0.032). CONCLUSION This study shows that proteins isolated from EVs harbor a distinct signal and have potential as new predictive therapy response biomarkers in sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Kraaijvanger
- Department of Pulmonology, St Antonius Hospital, Interstitial Lung Diseases Center of Excellence, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Montse Janssen Bonás
- Department of Pulmonology, St Antonius Hospital, Interstitial Lung Diseases Center of Excellence, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C Grutters
- Department of Pulmonology, St Antonius Hospital, Interstitial Lung Diseases Center of Excellence, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ioanna Paspali
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Veltkamp
- Department of Pulmonology, St Antonius Hospital, Interstitial Lung Diseases Center of Excellence, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Coline H M van Moorsel
- Department of Pulmonology, St Antonius Hospital, Interstitial Lung Diseases Center of Excellence, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
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Verwer MC, Mekke JM, Timmerman N, Van Der Pol QY, Frissen C, Pasterkamp G, De Borst GJ, Hazenberg CEVB, De Kleijn DPV. Plasma Extracellular Vesicle Serpin G1 and CD14 Levels are Associated with Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events and Major Adverse Limb Events in Patients Undergoing Femoral Endarterectomy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2023; 65:282-290. [PMID: 36334903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2022.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasma extracellular vesicles (EV) are an emerging source of biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Risk stratification for common adverse events such as major adverse limb events (MALE) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) by an EV blood sample could improve healthcare management by individualising drug therapy or improving informed decision making regarding revascularisations in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). As such, this study investigated the associations between plasma EV proteins and prospectively registered MALE and MACE in consecutive patients undergoing femoral endarterectomy. METHODS Using the Athero-Express biobank study, four EV proteins (Cystatin C, CD14, Serpin C1, and Serpin G1) were measured in the high density lipoprotein subfraction isolated from plasma of 317 PAD patients undergoing arterial revascularisation. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was used to investigate the association between plasma EV protein levels and MACE and MALE in the three year post-operative period. RESULTS Most patients were treated for claudication (Fontaine II, 52.8%), although rest pain (Fontaine III, 30.1%) and ischaemic wounds (Fontaine IV, 17.1%) were common in this cohort. Within three years 51 patients died, amongst whom 25 deaths were due to CVD, 39 patients experienced a MACE, and 125 patients experienced a MALE. Multivariable regression models, based on statistically proven covariables and literature, showed a significant association of Serpin G1 (HR 1.49; 95% CI 1.08 - 2.06; p = .016) and CD14 (HR 1.40; 1.03 - 1.90; p = .029) with MACE, and of Serpin G1 (HR 1.29; 1.07 - 1.57; p = .009) with MALE. CONCLUSION Serpin G1 and CD14 plasma EV protein levels are associated with future MACE and MALE in patients with severe PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten C Verwer
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost M Mekke
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Timmerman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Qiu Y Van Der Pol
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claire Frissen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert J De Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dominique P V De Kleijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Verwer MC, Mekke J, Timmerman N, Waissi F, Boltjes A, Pasterkamp G, de Borst GJ, de Kleijn DPV. Comparison of cardiovascular biomarker expression in extracellular vesicles, plasma and carotid plaque for the prediction of MACE in CEA patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1010. [PMID: 36653383 PMCID: PMC9849473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27916-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are a novel biomarker source for diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular disease. A protein comparison of plasma EVs in relation to blood plasma and atherosclerotic plaque has not been performed but would provide insight into the origin and content of biomarker sources and their association with atherosclerotic progression. Using samples of 88 carotid endarterectomy patients in the Athero-Express, 92 proteins (Olink Cardiovascular III panel) were measured in citrate plasma, plasma derived LDL-EVs and atherosclerotic plaque. Proteins were correlated between sources and were related to pre-operative stroke and 3-year major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Plasma and EV proteins correlated moderately on average, but with substantial variability. Both showed little correlation with plaque, suggesting that these circulating biomarkers may not originate from the latter. Plaque (n = 17) contained most differentially-expressed proteins in patients with stroke, opposed to EVs (n = 6) and plasma (n = 5). In contrast, EVs contained most differentially-expressed proteins for MACE (n = 21) compared to plasma (n = 9) and plaque (n = 1). EVs appear to provide additional information about severity and progression of systemic atherosclerosis than can be obtained from plasma or atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten C Verwer
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Mekke
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Timmerman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Farahnaz Waissi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Boltjes
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert J de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique P V de Kleijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Temporal Changes in Extracellular Vesicle Hemostatic Protein Composition Predict Favourable Left Ventricular Remodeling after Acute Myocardial Infarction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010327. [PMID: 36613770 PMCID: PMC9820565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The subset of plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) that coprecipitate with low-density lipoprotein (LDL-EVs) carry coagulation and fibrinolysis pathway proteins as cargo. We investigated the association between LDL-EV hemostatic/fibrinolysis protein ratios and post-acute myocardial infarction (post-AMI) left ventricular (LV) remodeling which precedes heart failure. Protein concentrations of von Willebrand factor (VWF), SerpinC1 and plasminogen were determined in LDL-EVs extracted from plasma samples obtained at baseline (within 72 h post-AMI), 1 month and 6 months post-AMI from 198 patients. Patients were categorized as exhibiting adverse (n = 98) or reverse (n = 100) LV remodeling based on changes in LV end-systolic volume (increased or decreased ≥15) over a 6-month period. Multiple level longitudinal data analysis with structural equation (ML-SEM) model was used to assess predictive value for LV remodeling independent of baseline differences. At baseline, protein levels of VWF, SerpinC1 and plasminogen in LDL-EVs did not differ between patients with adverse versus reverse LV remodeling. At 1 month post-AMI, protein levels of VWF and SerpinC1 decreased whilst plasminogen increased in patients with adverse LV remodeling. In contrast, VWF and plasminogen decreased whilst SerpinC1 remained unchanged in patients with reverse LV remodeling. Overall, compared with patients with adverse LV remodeling, higher levels of SerpinC1 and VWF but lower levels of plasminogen resulted in higher ratios of VWF:Plasminogen and SerpinC1:Plasminogen at both 1 month and 6 months post-AMI in patients with reverse LV remodeling. More importantly, ratios VWF:Plasminogen (AUC = 0.674) and SerpinC1:Plasminogen (AUC = 0.712) displayed markedly better prognostic power than NT-proBNP (AUC = 0.384), troponin-I (AUC = 0.467) or troponin-T (AUC = 0.389) (p < 0.001) to predict reverse LV remodeling post-AMI. Temporal changes in the ratios of coagulation to fibrinolysis pathway proteins in LDL-EVs outperform current standard plasma biomarkers in predicting post-AMI reverse LV remodeling. Our findings may provide clinical cues to uncover the cellular mechanisms underpinning post-AMI reverse LV remodeling.
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Lai JJ, Chau ZL, Chen S, Hill JJ, Korpany KV, Liang N, Lin L, Lin Y, Liu JK, Liu Y, Lunde R, Shen W. Exosome Processing and Characterization Approaches for Research and Technology Development. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103222. [PMID: 35332686 PMCID: PMC9130923 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that share components of their parent cells and are attractive in biotechnology and biomedical research as potential disease biomarkers as well as therapeutic agents. Crucial to realizing this potential is the ability to manufacture high-quality exosomes; however, unlike biologics such as proteins, exosomes lack standardized Good Manufacturing Practices for their processing and characterization. Furthermore, there is a lack of well-characterized reference exosome materials to aid in selection of methods for exosome isolation, purification, and analysis. This review informs exosome research and technology development by comparing exosome processing and characterization methods and recommending exosome workflows. This review also provides a detailed introduction to exosomes, including their physical and chemical properties, roles in normal biological processes and in disease progression, and summarizes some of the on-going clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Lai
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - Zoe L. Chau
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - Sheng‐You Chen
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - John J. Hill
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | | | - Nai‐Wen Liang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
| | - Li‐Han Lin
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei City10617Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Hsuan Lin
- Department of Engineering and System ScienceNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
| | - Joanne K. Liu
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - Yu‐Chung Liu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
| | - Ruby Lunde
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - Wei‐Ting Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental SciencesNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
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Ceramides and phospholipids in plasma extracellular vesicles are associated with high risk of major cardiovascular events after carotid endarterectomy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5521. [PMID: 35365690 PMCID: PMC8975809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramides and phosphatidylcholines (PCs) are bioactive lipids and lipid bilayer membrane components. Distinct ceramides/PCs (ratios) predict cardiovascular outcome in patients with coronary artery disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are proposed biomarkers for cardiovascular disease and contain ceramides/PCs. Ceramides/PCs have not been studied in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) nor in EVs. We therefore investigated whether levels of ceramides/PCs in plasma and EVs are associated with postoperative risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) following CEA. In 873 patients undergoing CEA of the Athero-Express biobank, we quantitatively measured seven ceramides/PCs in preoperative blood samples: Cer(d18:1/16:0), Cer(d18:1/18:0), Cer(d18:1/24:0), Cer(d18:1/24:1), PC(14:0/22:6), PC(16:0/16:0) and PC(16:0/22:5) in plasma and two plasma EV-subfractions (LDL and TEX). We analyzed the association of ceramides, PCs and their predefined ratios with the three-year postoperative risk of MACE (including stroke, myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death). A total of 138 patients (16%) developed MACE during the three-year follow-up. In the LDL-EV subfraction, higher levels of Cer(d18:1/24:1) and Cer(d18:1/16:0)/PC(16:0/22:5) ratio were significantly associated with an increased risk of MACE (adjusted HR per SD [95% CI] 1.24 [1.01–1.53] and 1.26 [1.04–1.52], respectively). In the TEX-EV subfraction, three ratios Cer(d18:1/16:0)/Cer(d18:1/24:0), Cer(d18:1/18:0)/Cer(d18:1/24:0) and Cer(d18:1/24:1)/Cer(d18:1/24:0) were positively associated with MACE (adjusted HR per SD 1.34 [1.06–1.70], 1.24 [1.01–1.51] and 1.31 [1.08–1.58], respectively). In conclusion, distinct ceramides and PCs in plasma EVs determined in preoperative blood were independently associated with an increased 3-year risk of MACE after CEA. These lipids are therefore potential markers to identify high-risk CEA patients qualifying for secondary preventive add-on therapy.
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Paszek E, Pociask E, Ząbczyk M, Piórkowski A, Butenas S, Legutko J, Undas A. Active factor XI is associated with the risk of cardiovascular events in stable coronary artery disease patients. Atherosclerosis 2022; 346:124-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Lim XC, Yatim SMJM, Chong SY, Wang X, Tan SH, Yang X, Chan SP, Richards AM, Charles CJ, Chan MY, Wang JW. Plasma tissue factor coagulation activity in post-acute myocardial infarction patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1008329. [PMID: 36213278 PMCID: PMC9540383 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1008329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coagulation is involved in fibroproliferative responses following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Left ventricular (LV) remodeling following AMI is closely associated with progression to heart failure. This study aims to assess the association between plasma tissue factor activity and LV remodeling in post-AMI patients. METHODS We studied 228 patients with AMI and 57 healthy subjects. Patients with AMI were categorized into two age- and sex-matched groups: patients with adverse LV remodeling or reverse LV remodeling, defined by an increase or decrease, respectively, in LV end systolic volume by ≥15% over 6 months. TF activity was measured in plasma collected at baseline (within 72 hours of revascularization), 1 month and 6 months post-AMI. Multiple level longitudinal data analysis with structural equation (ML-SEM) model was used to assess the impact of various clinical variables on TF activity in post-AMI. RESULTS Plasma TF activity in post-AMI patients at baseline (29.05 ± 10.75 pM) was similar to that in healthy subjects but fell at 1 month (21.78 ± 8.23, p<0.001) with partial recovery by 6 months (25.84 ± 8.80, p<0.001) after AMI. Plasma TF activity at 6 month post-AMI was better restored in patients with reverse LV remodeling than those with adverse LV remodeling (27.35 ± 7.14 vs 24.34 ± 9.99; p=0.009) independent of gender, age and relevant cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Plasma TF activity decreased after AMI but was better restored at 6 months in patients with reverse LV remodeling. The clinical significance of changes in post-AMI plasma TF activity needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Chang Lim
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siti Maryam J. M. Yatim
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suet Yen Chong
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sock Hwee Tan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoxun Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siew Pang Chan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Mark Richards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chris J. Charles
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark Y. Chan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Jiong-Wei Wang, ; Mark Y. Chan,
| | - Jiong-Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Jiong-Wei Wang, ; Mark Y. Chan,
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12
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High levels of osteoprotegerin are associated with coronary artery calcification in patients suspected of a chronic coronary syndrome. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18946. [PMID: 34556709 PMCID: PMC8460823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma osteoprotegerin (OPG) and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important regulators in the process of vascular calcification (VC). In population studies, high levels of OPG are associated with events. In animal studies, however, high OPG levels result in reduction of VC. VSMC-derived EVs are assumed to be responsible for OPG transport and VC but this role has not been studied. For this, we investigated the association between OPG in plasma and circulating EVs with coronary artery calcium (CAC) as surrogate for VC in symptomatic patients. We retrospectively assessed 742 patients undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). CAC scores were determined on the MPI-CT images using a previously developed automated algorithm. Levels of OPG were quantified in plasma and two EV-subpopulations (LDL and TEX), using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Circulating levels of OPG were independently associated with CAC scores in plasma; OR 1.39 (95% CI 1.17–1.65), and both EV populations; EV-LDL; OR 1.51 (95% CI 1.27–1.80) and EV-TEX; OR 1.21 (95% CI 1.02–1.42). High levels of OPG in plasma were independently associated with CAC scores in this symptomatic patient cohort. High levels of EV-derived OPG showed the same positive association with CAC scores, suggesting that EV-derived OPG mirrors the same pathophysiological process as plasma OPG.
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13
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Timmerman N, Waissi F, Dekker M, van de Pol QY, van Bennekom J, Schoneveld A, Klein Avink MJM, de Winter RJ, Pasterkamp G, de Borst GJ, de Kleijn DPV. Pre-Operative Plasma Extracellular Vesicle Proteins are Associated with a High Risk of Long Term Secondary Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2021; 62:705-715. [PMID: 34511318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) maintain a substantial residual risk of major cardiovascular events (MACE). Improved risk stratification is warranted to select high risk patients qualifying for secondary add on therapy. Plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in atherothrombotic processes and their content has been related to the presence and recurrence of cardiovascular events. The association between pre-operative levels of five cardiovascular disease related proteins in plasma EVs and the post-operative risk of MACE was assessed. METHODS In 864 patients undergoing CEA from 2002 to 2016 included in the Athero-Express biobank, three plasma EV subfractions (low density lipoprotein [LDL], high density lipoprotein [HDL], and tiny extracellular vesicles [TEX]) were isolated from pre-operative blood samples. Using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, five proteins were quantified in each EV subfraction: cystatin C, serpin C1, serpin G1, serpin F2, and CD14. The association between EV protein levels and the three year post-operative risk of MACE (any stroke, myocardial infarction, or cardiovascular death) was evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analyses. RESULTS During a median follow up of three years (interquartile range 2.2 - 3.0), 137 (16%) patients developed MACE. In the HDL-EV subfraction, increased levels of CD14, cystatin C, serpin F2, and serpin C1 were associated with an increased risk of MACE (adjusted hazard ratios per one standard deviation increase of 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-1.48; 1.22, 95% CI 1.06-1.42; 1.36, 95% CI 1.16-1.61; and 1.29, 95% CI 1.10-1.51; respectively), independently of cardiovascular risk factors. No significant associations were found for serpin G1. CD14 improved the predictive value of the clinical model encompassing cardiovascular risk factors (net re-classification index = 0.16, 95% CI 0.08-0.21). CONCLUSION EV derived pre-operative plasma levels of cystatin C, serpin C1, CD14, and serpin F2 were independently associated with an increased long term risk of MACE after CEA and are thus markers for residual cardiovascular risk. EV derived CD14 levels could improve the identification of high risk patients who may benefit from secondary preventive add on therapy in order to reduce future risk of MACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Timmerman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Farahnaz Waissi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mirthe Dekker
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Qiu Ying van de Pol
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joelle van Bennekom
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan Schoneveld
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marjet J M Klein Avink
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robbert J de Winter
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert J de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dominique P V de Kleijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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14
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Escudé Martinez de Castilla P, Tong L, Huang C, Sofias AM, Pastorin G, Chen X, Storm G, Schiffelers RM, Wang JW. Extracellular vesicles as a drug delivery system: A systematic review of preclinical studies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113801. [PMID: 34015418 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the past decades, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as an attractive drug delivery system. Here, we assess their pre-clinical applications, in the form of a systematic review. For each study published in the past decade, disease models, animal species, EV donor cell types, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), EV surface modifications, API loading methods, EV size and charge, estimation of EV purity, presence of biodistribution studies and administration routes were quantitatively analyzed in a defined and reproducible way. We have interpreted the trends we observe over the past decade, to define the niches where to apply EVs for drug delivery in the future and to provide a basis for regulatory guidelines.
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15
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Liu J, Zhou B, Guo Y, Zhang A, Yang K, He Y, Wang J, Cheng Y, Cui D. SR-A-Targeted Nanoplatform for Sequential Photothermal/Photodynamic Ablation of Activated Macrophages to Alleviate Atherosclerosis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:29349-29362. [PMID: 34133141 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases induced by atherosclerosis (AS) have become the dominant cause of disability and mortality throughout the world. The typical early pathological process of AS involves the activation of inflammatory macrophages in the vulnerable plaque. In this work, we first employed chitosan-coated carbon nanocages (CS-CNCs) as nanocarriers to load Chlorin e6 (Ce6) and then linked dextran sulfate (DS) to the outermost layer by electrostatic adsorption to create a multifunctional therapeutic nanoplatform, CS-CNCs@Ce6/DS. The DS of the nanoplatform can recognize and bind to the type A scavenger receptor (SR-A), which is expressed only on the activated macrophages of the arterial plaque, so the proposed nanoplatform selectively targets these macrophages and accumulates there. Furthermore, DS can competitively inhibit cellular endocytosis of oxidized low-density lipoproteins via blocking of SR-A. The rapid photothermal conversion capability of CS-CNCs enables efficient therapeutic delivery during photothermal therapy (PTT). Interestingly, near-infrared-accelerated drug release induced by initial 808-nm laser irradiation was observed, thus enhancing the Ce6 concentration in the atherosclerotic plaque area and the efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Sequential photothermal/photodynamic ablation of the activated macrophages reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and alleviated the proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells. These finally resulted in the stabilization and shrinkage of atherosclerotic plaques, further inhibiting the development and exacerbation of AS. Therefore, this work achieved a "1 + 1 greater than 2" effect by providing a novel approach to the treatment of atherosclerotic plaques, which is promising for the prevention of AS-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
| | - Bi Zhou
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
| | - Yuliang Guo
- Rehabilitation Department at Shanghai Putuo District People's Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Amin Zhang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
| | - Yingsheng Cheng
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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16
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Huang S, Ji X, Jackson KK, Lubman DM, Ard MB, Bruce TF, Marcus RK. Rapid separation of blood plasma exosomes from low-density lipoproteins via a hydrophobic interaction chromatography method on a polyester capillary-channeled polymer fiber phase. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1167:338578. [PMID: 34049630 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-bound, cell-secreted vesicles, with sizes ranging from 30 to 150 nm. Exosomes in blood plasma have become proposed targets as measurable indicators of disease conditions. Current methods for plasma-based exosome isolation are time-consuming, complex, and have high operational costs. One of the most commonly reported shortcomings of current isolation protocols is the co-extraction of lipoproteins (e.g. low-density lipoproteins, LDLs) with the target exosomes. This report describes the use of a rapid, single-operation hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) procedure on a polyester (PET) capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber column, demonstrating the ability to efficiently purify exosomes. The method has previously been demonstrated for isolation of exosomes from diverse biological matrices, but questions were raised about the potential co-elution of LDLs. In the method described herein, a step-gradient procedure sequentially elutes spiked lipoproteins and blood plasma-originating exosomes in 10 min, with the LDLs excluded from the desired exosome fraction. Mass spectrometry (MS) was used to characterize an impurity in the primary LDL material, identifying the presence of exosomal material. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to identify the various elution components. The method serves both as a rapid means of high purity exosome isolation as well as a screening tool for the purity of LDL samples with respect to extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Xiaohui Ji
- Department of Surgery, Medical Science Research Building I, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kaylan K Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - David M Lubman
- Department of Surgery, Medical Science Research Building I, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mary B Ard
- Georgia Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Georgia Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Terri F Bruce
- Department of Bioengineering, Life Sciences Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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17
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Ou YH, Zou S, Goh WJ, Wang JW, Wacker M, Czarny B, Pastorin G. Cell-Derived Nanovesicles as Exosome-Mimetics for Drug Delivery Purposes: Uses and Recommendations. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2211:147-170. [PMID: 33336276 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0943-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell-derived Drug Delivery Systems (DDSs), particularly exosomes, have grown in popularity and have been increasingly explored as novel DDSs, due to their intrinsic targeting capabilities. However, clinical translation of exosomes is impeded by the tedious isolation procedures and poor yield. Cell-derived nanovesicles (CDNs) have recently been produced and proposed as exosome-mimetics. Various methods for producing exosome-mimetics have been developed. In this chapter, we present a simple, efficient, and cost-effective CDNs production method that uses common laboratory equipment (microcentrifuge) and spin cups. Through a series of extrusion and size exclusion steps, CDNs are produced from in vitro cell culture and are found to highly resemble the endogenous exosomes. Thus, we envision that this strategy holds great potential as a viable alternative to exosomes in the development of ideal DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Ou
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shui Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Jiang Goh
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiong-Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthias Wacker
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bertrand Czarny
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), Singapore, Singapore.
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18
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Dekker M, Waissi F, Timmerman N, Silvis MJM, Timmers L, de Kleijn DPV. Extracellular Vesicles in Diagnosing Chronic Coronary Syndromes the Bumpy Road to Clinical Implementation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9128. [PMID: 33266227 PMCID: PMC7729611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD), comprising both acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and chronic coronary syndromes (CCS), remains one of the most important killers throughout the entire world. ACS is often quickly diagnosed by either deviation on an electrocardiogram or elevated levels of troponin, but CCS appears to be more complicated. The most used noninvasive strategies to diagnose CCS are coronary computed tomography and perfusion imaging. Although both show reasonable accuracy (80-90%), these modalities are becoming more and more subject of debate due to costs, radiation and increasing inappropriate use in low-risk patients. A reliable, blood-based biomarker is not available for CCS but would be of great clinical importance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayer membrane vesicles containing bioactive contents e.g., proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. EVs are often referred to as the "liquid biopsy" since their contents reflect changes in the condition of the cell they originate from. Although EVs are studied extensively for their role as biomarkers in the cardiovascular field during the last decade, they are still not incorporated into clinical practice in this field. This review provides an overview on EV biomarkers in CCS and discusses the clinical and technological aspects important for successful clinical application of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirthe Dekker
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.D.); (F.W.); (N.T.)
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Mijbergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Farahnaz Waissi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.D.); (F.W.); (N.T.)
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Mijbergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Timmerman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.D.); (F.W.); (N.T.)
| | - Max J. M. Silvis
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Leo Timmers
- Department of Cardiology, St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, 3435 CM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands;
| | - Dominique P. V. de Kleijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.D.); (F.W.); (N.T.)
- Netherlands Heart Institute, 3511 EP Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Huang C, Neupane YR, Lim XC, Shekhani R, Czarny B, Wacker MG, Pastorin G, Wang JW. Extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular disease. Adv Clin Chem 2020; 103:47-95. [PMID: 34229852 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a group of heterogeneous nanosized cell-derived vesicles, have attracted great interest as liquid biopsy material for biomarker discovery in a variety of diseases including cardiovascular disease. Because EVs inherit bioactive components from parent cells and are able to transfer their contents to recipient cells, EVs hold great promise as potential cell-free therapeutics and drug delivery systems. However, the development of EV-based diagnostics, therapeutics or drug delivery systems has been challenging due to the heterogenicity of EVs in biogenesis, size and cellular origin, the lack of standardized isolation and purification methods as well as the low production yield. In this review, we will provide an overview of the recent advances in EV-based biomarker discovery, highlight the potential usefulness of EVs and EV mimetics for therapeutic treatment and drug delivery in cardiovascular disease. In view of the fast development in this field, we will also discuss the challenges of current methodologies for isolation, purification and fabrication of EVs and potential alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyuan Huang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yub Raj Neupane
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiong Chang Lim
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rawan Shekhani
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bertrand Czarny
- School of Materials, Science and Engineering, and Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthias G Wacker
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiong-Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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20
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Dekker M, Waissi F, van Bennekom J, Silvis MJM, Timmerman N, Schoneveld AH, Grobbee DE, de Winter RJ, Mosterd A, Timmers L, de Kleijn DPV. Extracellular Vesicle cystatin c is associated with unstable angina in troponin negative patients with acute chest pain. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237036. [PMID: 32756583 PMCID: PMC7406038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the use of high-sensitive cardiac troponin there remains a group of high-sensitive cardiac troponin negative patients with unstable angina with a non-neglectable risk for future adverse cardiovascular events, emphasising the need for additional risk stratification. Plasma extracellular vesicles are small bilayer membrane vesicles known for their potential role as biomarker source. Their role in unstable angina remains unexplored. We investigate if extracellular vesicle proteins are associated with unstable angina in patients with chest pain and low high-sensitive cardiac troponin. Methods The MINERVA study included patients presenting with acute chest pain but no acute coronary syndrome. We performed an exploratory retrospective case-control analysis among 269 patients. Cases were defined as patients with low high-sensitive cardiac troponin and proven ischemia. Patients without ischemia were selected as controls. Blood samples were fractionated to analyse the EV proteins in three plasma-subfractions: TEX, HDL and LDL. Protein levels were quantified using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Results Lower levels of (adjusted) EV cystatin c in the TEX subfraction were associated with having unstable angina (OR 0.93 95% CI 0.88–0.99). Conclusion In patients with acute chest pain but low high-sensitive cardiac troponin, lower levels of plasma extracellular vesicle cystatin c are associated with having unstable angina. This finding is hypothesis generating only considering the small sample size and needs to be confirmed in larger cohort studies, but still identifies extracellular vesicle proteins as source for additional risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirthe Dekker
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Farahnaz Waissi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joelle van Bennekom
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Max J. M. Silvis
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Timmerman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan H. Schoneveld
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Diederick E. Grobbee
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robbert J. de Winter
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arend Mosterd
- Department of Cardiology, Meander Medical Centre Amersfoort, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Leo Timmers
- Department of Cardiology, St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Dominique P. V. de Kleijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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21
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Verbree-Willemsen L, Zhang YN, Ibrahim I, Ooi SBS, Wang JW, Mazlan MI, Kuan WS, Chan SP, Peelen LM, Grobbee DE, Richards AM, Lam CSP, de Kleijn DPV. Extracellular vesicle Cystatin C and CD14 are associated with both renal dysfunction and heart failure. ESC Heart Fail 2020; 7:2240-2249. [PMID: 32648717 PMCID: PMC7524227 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small double-membrane plasma vesicles that play key roles in cellular crosstalk and mechanisms such as inflammation. The role of EVs in combined organ failure such as cardiorenal syndrome has not been investigated. The aim of this study is to identify EV proteins that are associated with renal dysfunction, heart failure, and their combination in dyspnoeic patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Blood samples were prospectively collected in 404 patients presenting with breathlessness at the emergency department at National University Hospital, Singapore. Renal dysfunction was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 . The presence of heart failure was independently adjudicated by two clinicians on the basis of the criteria of the European Society of Cardiology guidelines. Protein levels of SerpinG1, SerpinF2, Cystatin C, and CD14 were measured with a quantitative immune assay within three EV sub-fractions and in plasma and were tested for their associations with renal dysfunction, heart failure, and the concurrence of both conditions using multinomial regression analysis, thereby correcting for confounders such as age, gender, ethnicity, and co-morbidities. Renal dysfunction was found in 92 patients (23%), while heart failure was present in 141 (35%). In total, 58 patients (14%) were diagnosed with both renal dysfunction and heart failure. Regression analysis showed that Cystatin C was associated with renal dysfunction, heart failure, and their combination in all three EV sub-fractions and in plasma. CD14 was associated with both renal dysfunction and the combined renal dysfunction and heart failure in all EV sub-fractions, and with presence of heart failure in the high density lipoprotein sub-fraction. SerpinG1 and SerpinF2 were associated with heart failure in, respectively, two and one out of three EV sub-fractions and in plasma, but not with renal dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first data showing that Cystatin C and CD14 in circulating EVs are associated with both renal dysfunction and heart failure in patients presenting with acute dyspnoea. This suggests that EV proteins may be involved in the combined organ failure of the cardiorenal syndrome and may represent possible targets for prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Verbree-Willemsen
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Irwani Ibrahim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National University Health System Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shirley B S Ooi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National University Health System Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiong-Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Muhammad I Mazlan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Win S Kuan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National University Health System Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siew-Pang Chan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Linda M Peelen
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diederick E Grobbee
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Mark Richards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Carolyn S P Lam
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique P V de Kleijn
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Diseases: Alternative Biomarker Sources, Therapeutic Agents, and Drug Delivery Carriers. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133272. [PMID: 31277271 PMCID: PMC6650854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The emerging role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in intercellular communication has stimulated renewed interest in exploring the potential application of EVs as tools for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy in CVD. The ubiquitous nature of EVs in biological fluids presents a technological advantage compared to current diagnostic tools by virtue of their notable stability. EV contents, such as proteins and microRNAs, represent specific signatures of cellular activation or injury. This feature positions EVs as an alternative source of biomarkers. Furthermore, their intrinsic activity and immunomodulatory properties offer EVs unique opportunities to act as therapeutic agents per se or to serve as drug delivery carriers by acting as miniaturized vehicles incorporating bioactive molecules. In this article, we aim to review the recent advances and applications of EV-based biomarkers and therapeutics. In addition, the potential of EVs as a drug delivery and theranostic platform for CVD will also be discussed.
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23
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Wu M, Chen C, Wang Z, Bachman H, Ouyang Y, Huang PH, Sadovsky Y, Huang TJ. Separating extracellular vesicles and lipoproteins via acoustofluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1174-1182. [PMID: 30806400 PMCID: PMC6453118 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01134f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and lipoproteins are abundant and co-exist in blood. Both have been proven to be valuable as diagnostic biomarkers and for therapeutics. However, EVs and lipoproteins are both on the submicron scale and overlap in size distributions. Conventional methods to separate EVs and lipoproteins are inefficient and time-consuming. Here we present an acoustofluidic-based separation technique that is based on the acoustic property differences of EVs and lipoproteins. By using the acoustofluidic technology, EVs and subgroups of lipoproteins are separated in a label-free, contact-free, and continuous manner. With its ability for simple, rapid, efficient, continuous-flow isolation, our acoustofluidic technology could be a valuable tool for health monitoring, disease diagnosis, and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA.
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24
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Ye M, Zhou J, Zhong Y, Xu J, Hou J, Wang X, Wang Z, Guo D. SR-A-Targeted Phase-Transition Nanoparticles for the Detection and Treatment of Atherosclerotic Vulnerable Plaques. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:9702-9715. [PMID: 30785263 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cause of sudden death and myocardial infarction, instigated by unstable plaques. Thus, the early detection of unstable plaques and corresponding treatment can improve the prognosis and reduce mortality. In this study, we describe a protocol for the preparation of nanoparticles (NPs) combined with the phase transitional material perfluorohexane (PFH) and with dextran sulfate (DS) targeting class A scavenger receptors (SR-A) for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerotic vulnerable plaques. The results showed that the Fe-PFH-poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/chitosan (CS)-DS NPs were fabricated successfully, with the ability to undergo phase transition by low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) irradiation to achieve ultrasound imaging; a high carrier rate of Fe3O4 had a good negative enhancement effect on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The NPs had a high binding affinity for activated macrophages and could be endocytosed by the macrophages and notably induced apoptosis under LIFU irradiation by an acoustic droplet vaporization effect in vitro. Furthermore, in an ex vivo atherosclerotic plaque model of apolipoprotein E knockout (KO) (apoE-/-) mice induced by high cholesterol, the NPs selectively accumulated at the sites of SR-A expressed on the activated macrophages of the aortic region. This result was also confirmed by MRI in vivo, where the NPs could be targeted to the aortic plaque and reduced the T2* signal. The LIFU-induced phase transition could lead to the apoptosis of macrophages on plaques in vivo. In summary, Fe-PFH-PLGA/CS-DS NPs may be applied as multimodal and multifunctional probes and are expected to enable the specific diagnosis and targeted therapy of vulnerable plaques.
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25
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Cheng K, Li Y, Cai H, Xu X, Zhao W, Zhang D, Zhao C, Li J. Chondroitin-analogue decorated magnetic nanoparticles via a click reaction for selective adsorption of low-density lipoprotein. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00088g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin-analogue polymers are synthesized to anchor on Fe3O4 nanoparticle surfaces to achieve efficient, selective and reusable adsorption of low-density lipoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yichen Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Huijuan Cai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Xinyuan Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Weifeng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
| | - Dongyue Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
| | - Changsheng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
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26
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Fang F, Huang XJ, Guo YZ, Hong X, Wu HM, Liu R, Chen DJ. Selective and Regenerable Surface Based on β-Cyclodextrin for Low-Density Lipoprotein Adsorption. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:8163-8169. [PMID: 29921121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a family of cyclic oligosaccharides, whose unique hydrophilic outer surface and lipophilic central cavity facilitate the formation of inclusion complexes with various biomolecules, such as cholesterol and phospholipids, via multi-interactions. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is the main carrier of cholesterol in bloodstream and is associated with the progression of atherosclerosis. The surface of LDL is composed of a shell of phospholipids monolayer containing most of the free unesterified cholesterol as well as the single copy of apolipoprotein B-100. To date, various LDL adsorbents have been fabricated to interact with the biomolecules on LDL surface. Owing to its elegant structure, CD is considered to be a promising choice for preparation of more economical and effective LDL-adsorbing materials. Therefore, in this study, interaction between β-CD and LDL in solution was investigated by dynamic light scattering, circular dichroism, and ultraviolet spectroscopy. Further, a supramolecular surface based on β-CD was simply prepared by self-assembled monolayer on gold surface. The effect of hydrogen bond and the cavity of β-CD on the interaction between β-CD and LDL was particularly explored by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. The SPR results showed that such β-CD-modified surface exhibited good selectivity and could be largely regenerated by sodium dodecyl sulfate wash. This study may extend the understanding of the interaction between LDL and LDL adsorbent or the design and development of more efficient and lower-cost LDL adsorbents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Yi-Zong Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Xiao Hong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Hui-Min Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Rong Liu
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon , Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Da-Jing Chen
- Medical School , Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou 311121 , China
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