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Pinoșanu EA, Pîrșcoveanu D, Albu CV, Burada E, Pîrvu A, Surugiu R, Sandu RE, Serb AF. Rhoa/ROCK, mTOR and Secretome-Based Treatments for Ischemic Stroke: New Perspectives. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3484-3501. [PMID: 38666949 PMCID: PMC11049286 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke triggers a complex cascade of cellular and molecular events leading to neuronal damage and tissue injury. This review explores the potential therapeutic avenues targeting cellular signaling pathways implicated in stroke pathophysiology. Specifically, it focuses on the articles that highlight the roles of RhoA/ROCK and mTOR signaling pathways in ischemic brain injury and their therapeutic implications. The RhoA/ROCK pathway modulates various cellular processes, including cytoskeletal dynamics and inflammation, while mTOR signaling regulates cell growth, proliferation, and autophagy. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of targeting these pathways in stroke models, offering insights into potential treatment strategies. However, challenges such as off-target effects and the need for tissue-specific targeting remain. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests the therapeutic potential of MSC secretome in stroke treatment, highlighting the importance of exploring alternative approaches. Future research directions include elucidating the precise mechanisms of action, optimizing treatment protocols, and translating preclinical findings into clinical practice for improved stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Anca Pinoșanu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania; (E.A.P.); (D.P.); (C.V.A.)
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania
| | - Denisa Pîrșcoveanu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania; (E.A.P.); (D.P.); (C.V.A.)
| | - Carmen Valeria Albu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania; (E.A.P.); (D.P.); (C.V.A.)
| | - Emilia Burada
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Andrei Pîrvu
- Dolj County Regional Centre of Medical Genetics, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Craiova, St. Tabaci, No. 1, 200642 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Roxana Surugiu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Raluca Elena Sandu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania; (E.A.P.); (D.P.); (C.V.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, St. Petru Rares, No. 2-4, 200433 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Alina Florina Serb
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Biochemistry Discipline, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
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Zhang S, Zhang Y, Liu H, Wu F, Wang Z, Li L, Huang H, Qiu S, Li Y. Enriched environment remodels the central immune environment and improves the prognosis of acute ischemic stroke in elderly mice with chronic ischemia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1114596. [PMID: 36969204 PMCID: PMC10033834 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1114596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aging of many populations, cognitive and motor dysfunction caused by ischemic stroke (IS) secondary to long-term chronic cerebral ischemia presents a global problem. Enriched environment (EE), a classic paradigm of environment response and genetic interaction, has shown tremendous influence on the brain. This research aimed to investigate the potential effect of EE on cognitive and motor function in mice with chronic cerebral ischemia and secondary IS. In the chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) phase, EE treatment improved behavior performance by alleviating neuronal loss and white matter myelin damage, promoting the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphor-cAMP response element binding protein (p-CREB). Furthermore, infiltration of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes was inhibited, and the levels of IL-1β and TNFα were decreased. In the IS phase, EE altered the neuronal outcome on day 21 but not on day one after IS. In addition, EE inhibited IS-induced infiltration of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes, mediated the polarization of microglia/macrophages, and reduced pro-inflammatory factors. Importantly, EE improved IS-induced cognitive and motor deficits on day 21. Collectively, our work demonstrates that EE protects mice from cognitive and motor dysfunction and inhibits neuroinflammation caused by CCH and IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehong Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuromodulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuromodulation, Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
| | - He Liu
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuromodulation, Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
| | - Fengfeng Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuromodulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Liqin Li
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuromodulation, Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
| | - Huilian Huang
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuromodulation, Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
| | - Sheng Qiu
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuromodulation, Huzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Sheng Qiu, ; Yuntao Li,
| | - Yuntao Li
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuromodulation, Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Sheng Qiu, ; Yuntao Li,
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3
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Wang N, Yang Y, Qiu B, Gao Y, Wang A, Xu Q, Meng X, Xu Y, Song B, Wang Y, Wang Y. Correlation of the systemic immune-inflammation index with short- and long-term prognosis after acute ischemic stroke. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:6567-6578. [PMID: 35985678 PMCID: PMC9467411 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune and inflammatory responses after stroke are important pathophysiological processes. This study explored the relationship between the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and stroke prognosis. Patients from the China National Stroke Registry III were investigated. SII was defined as neutrophils × platelets/lymphocytes, and the patients were divided into four groups according to quartiles based on SII values. The primary outcome was poor functional outcome, assessed by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), defined as an mRS score of ≥3. The secondary outcome was the incidence of all-cause death and recurrent stroke. Data were analyzed using either the logistic regression or Cox regression models. As the SII quartile increased, the percentage of patients with poor functional outcomes increased: 178 (7.8%), 223 (9.8%), 292 (12.8%), and 417 (18.3%) (P < 0.0001) at the 90-day follow-up and 172 (7.6%), 203 (8.9%), 266 (11.7%), and 386 (17.0%) (P < 0.0001) at the 1-year follow-up. Compared to patients in the quartile (Q)1 group, those in the Q4 group had a higher risk for adverse events, especially all-cause death at the 90-day follow-up (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.409; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.273–4.559, P = 0.0069) and at the 1-year follow-up visits (adjusted HR, 2.209; 95% CI, 1.474–3.311, P = 0.0001). The SII was closely related to the short- and long-term prognosis of patients with acute ischemic stroke, and patients with higher SIIs were more likely to have poor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Centre for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Baoshan Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Centre for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Centre for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Anxin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Centre for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Centre for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Centre for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Centre for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yilong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Centre for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
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Siracusa R, Voltarelli VA, Trovato Salinaro A, Modafferi S, Cuzzocrea S, Calabrese EJ, Di Paola R, Otterbein LE, Calabrese V. NO, CO and H 2S: A Trinacrium of Bioactive Gases in the Brain. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115122. [PMID: 35679892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are time honored gases that have direct bearing on almost all life forms, but over the past thirty years, and in large part due to the Nobel Prize Award in Medicine for the elucidation of nitric oxide (NO) as a bioactive gas, the research and medical communities now recognize other gases as critical for survival. In addition to NO, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon monoxide (CO) have emerged as a triumvirate or Trinacrium of gases with analogous importance and that serve important homeostatic functions. Perhaps, one of the most intriguing aspects of these gases is the functional interaction between them, which is intimately linked by the enzyme systems that produce them. Despite the need to better understand NO, H2S and CO biology, the notion that these are environmental pollutants remains ever present. For this reason, incorporating the concept of hormesis becomes imperative and must be included in discussions when considering developing new therapeutics that involve these gases. While there is now an enormous literature base for each of these gasotransmitters, we provide here an overview of their respective physiologic roles in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Vanessa A Voltarelli
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Angela Trovato Salinaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sergio Modafferi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Leo E Otterbein
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Pop NO, Tit DM, Diaconu CC, Munteanu MA, Babes EE, Stoicescu M, Popescu MI, Bungau S. The Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score (ASPECTS): A predictor of mortality in acute ischemic stroke. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1371. [PMID: 34659517 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality globally and a main cause of disability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the importance and utility of the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) as a mortality predictor factor in diabetic vs. non-diabetic patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), correlated with age, monocyte values, and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI). The prospective longitudinal observational study included 340 patients with AIS divided into two groups: diabetics and non-diabetics. ASPECTS was evaluated within the first 24 h after admission to the center. The ASPECTS was lower in the group of diabetic patients on average 4.9 vs. 6.05 (P<0.0001). As the age of the patients increased, the lower the ASPECTS and the higher infarct size, indicating a statistically significant (P<0.0001) result. The optimal correlation was observed between infarct size (ASPECTS) and hs-cTnI serum level [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.3216 to -0.1193; P<0.0001]. Almost 94% of patients who had an ASPECTS higher than 3 points on admission survived, resulting in a favorable outcome and a very good predictability of the score (95% CI: 0.85 to 0.926, P<0.0001). The ASPECTS is a mortality predictor, its value correlating inversely with the severity and evolution of patients, confirming a good predictability with good specificity, sensitivity and area under the curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolae Ovidiu Pop
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Delia Mirela Tit
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | | | - Mihai Alexandru Munteanu
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Emilia Elena Babes
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Manuela Stoicescu
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Mircea Ioachim Popescu
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
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Huang JT, Mao YQ, Han B, Zhang ZY, Chen HL, Li ZM, Kong CY, Xu JQ, Cai PR, Zeng YP, Zhao J, Zhao YP, Wang LS. Calorie restriction conferred improvement effect on long-term rehabilitation of ischemic stroke via gut microbiota. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105726. [PMID: 34126228 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Calorie restriction can modulate the gut microbiota and protect against many diseases including ischemic stroke. However, the role of calorie-restriction-induced microbiota alteration remained unknown in ischemic stroke rehabilitation. Here we conducted 30% reduction of caloric intake on mice for four weeks, to evaluate its role on ischemic stroke rehabilitation. Significantly, this calorie restriction led to better long-term rehabilitation in comparison of normal control. Notably, the transplantation of gut microbiome from calorie-restriction-treated mice to post-stroke mice was eligible to obtain better long-term rehabilitation of stroke mice. Bifidobacterium identified by 16 S ribosomal RNA sequencing were enriched in those of calorie-restriction mice. Then we administrated Bifidobacterium to stroke mice and found Bifidobacterium treatment could successfully improve the long-term rehabilitation of cerebral ischemia mice. Furthermore, the metabolomics analysis revealed a panel of upshifting metabolites, suggesting that calorie restriction greatly altered the gut microbiota composition and its metabolism. Hence, we discovered the novel effect of CR on long-term rehabilitation of ischemic stroke and the underlying role of gut microbiota, which might provide novel thoughts for the clinical post-stroke rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Department of General Medicine, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Yu-Qin Mao
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Bing Han
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Zheng-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Hui-Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhan-Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Chao-Yue Kong
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Jia-Qi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Pei-Ran Cai
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Peng Zeng
- Department of General Medicine, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan-Ping Zhao
- Department of General Medicine, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
| | - Li-Shun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Whole-Period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China; Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 201199 Shanghai, China.
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7
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Filling the gaps on stroke research: Focus on inflammation and immunity. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:649-667. [PMID: 33017613 PMCID: PMC7531595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For the last two decades, researchers have placed hopes in a new era in which a combination of reperfusion and neuroprotection would revolutionize the treatment of stroke. Nevertheless, despite the thousands of papers available in the literature showing positive results in preclinical stroke models, randomized clinical trials have failed to show efficacy. It seems clear now that the existing data obtained in preclinical research have depicted an incomplete picture of stroke pathophysiology. In order to ameliorate bench-to-bed translation, in this review we first describe the main actors on stroke inflammatory and immune responses based on the available preclinical data, highlighting the fact that the link between leukocyte infiltration, lesion volume and neurological outcome remains unclear. We then describe what is known on neuroinflammation and immune responses in stroke patients, and summarize the results of the clinical trials on immunomodulatory drugs. In order to understand the gap between clinical trials and preclinical results on stroke, we discuss in detail the experimental results that served as the basis for the summarized clinical trials on immunomodulatory drugs, focusing on (i) experimental stroke models, (ii) the timing and selection of outcome measuring, (iii) alternative entry routes for leukocytes into the ischemic region, and (iv) factors affecting stroke outcome such as gender differences, ageing, comorbidities like hypertension and diabetes, obesity, tobacco, alcohol consumption and previous infections like Covid-19. We can do better for stroke treatment, especially when targeting inflammation following stroke. We need to re-think the design of stroke experimental setups, notably by (i) using clinically relevant models of stroke, (ii) including both radiological and neurological outcomes, (iii) performing long-term follow-up studies, (iv) conducting large-scale preclinical stroke trials, and (v) including stroke comorbidities in preclinical research.
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Kannan A, Delgardo M, Pennington-FitzGerald W, Jiang EX, Christophe BR, Connolly ES. Pharmacological management of cerebral ischemia in the elderly. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 22:897-906. [PMID: 33382005 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1856815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: For elderly adults in the United States, stroke is the fifth leading cause of death of which ischemic strokes comprise a vast majority. Optimal pharmacological management of elderly ischemic stroke patients involves both reperfusion and supportive care. Recent research into pharmacological management has focused on vascular, immunomodulatory, cytoprotective, and alternative agents, some of which have shown limited success in clinical trials. However, no treatments have been established as a reliable mode for management of cerebral ischemia for elderly adults beyond acute thrombolysis.Areas covered: The authors conducted a literature search for ischemic stroke management in the elderly and a search for human drug studies for managing ischemic stroke on clinicaltrials.gov. Here, they describe recent progress in the pharmacological management of cerebral ischemia in the elderly.Expert opinion: Many drug classes (antihypertensive, cytoprotective and immunomodulatory, and alternative agents) have been explored with limited success in managing ischemic stroke, though some have shown preventative benefits. We generally observed a broad gap in evidence on elderly patients from studies across all drug classes, necessitating further studies to gain an understanding of effective management of ischemic stroke in this large demographic of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Kannan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mychael Delgardo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Enoch X Jiang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brandon R Christophe
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Sander Connolly
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Singh A, Zapata RC, Pezeshki A, Knight CG, Tuor UI, Chelikani PK. Whey Protein and Its Components Lactalbumin and Lactoferrin Affect Energy Balance and Protect against Stroke Onset and Renal Damage in Salt-Loaded, High-Fat Fed Male Spontaneously Hypertensive Stroke-Prone Rats. J Nutr 2020; 150:763-774. [PMID: 31879775 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whey protein (WH)-enriched diets are reported to aid in weight loss and to improve cardiovascular health. However, the bioactive components in whey responsible for causing such effects remain unidentified. OBJECTIVE We determined the effects of whey and its components [α-lactalbumin (LA) and lactoferrin (LF)] on energy balance, glucose tolerance, gut hormones, renal damage, and stroke onset in rats. METHODS Male spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone (SHRSP) rats (age 8 wk) were fed isocaloric high-fat (40% kcal) and high-salt (4% wt/wt) diets (n = 8-10/group) and randomized for 8 wk to diets enriched as follows: control (CO): 15% kcal from egg albumin, 45% kcal from carbohydrate; WH: 20%kcal WH isolate + 15% kcal egg albumin; LA: 20% kcal LA + 15% kcal egg albumin; or LF: 20% kcal lactoferrin + 15% kcal egg albumin. Measurements included energy balance (food intake, energy expenditure, and body composition), stroke-related behaviors, brain imaging, glucose tolerance, metabolic hormones, and tissue markers of renal damage. Data were analyzed by linear mixed models with repeated measures or 1-way ANOVA. RESULTS Diets enriched with WH, LA, or LF increased survival, with 25% of rats fed these diets exhibiting stroke-associated morbidity, whereas 90% of CO rats were morbid by 8 wk (P < 0.05). The nephritis scores of rats fed WH-, LA-, or LF-enriched diets were 80%, 92%, and 122% lower than those of COs (P = 0.001). The mRNA abundances of renin and osteopontin were 100-600% lower in rats fed WH-, LA-, or LF-enriched diets than in COs (P < 0.05). Urine albumin concentrations and albumin-to-creatinine ratios were 200% lower in rats fed LF-enriched diets than in COs (P < 0.05). Compared with COs, rats fed LF-enriched diets for 2-3 wk had food intake decreased by 29%, body weight decreased by 13-19%, lean mass decreased by 12-19%, and fat mass decreased by 20% (P < 0.001). Relative to COs, rats fed WH and LA had food intake decreased by 10% (P < 0.1), but COs had 12-45% lower weight than rats fed LA- and WH-enriched diets by 3 wk (P < 0.01). Compared with COs, rats fed WH-enriched diets increased energy expenditure by 7%, whereas, rats fed LA-enriched diets had energy expenditure acutely decreased by 7% during the first 4 d, and rats fed LF-enriched diets had energy expenditure decreased by 7-17% throughout the first week ( P < 0.001). Rats fed LA- and LF-enriched diets had blood glucose decreased by 14-19% (P < 0.05) and WH by 9% (P = 0.1), relative to COs. Compared with COs, rats fed LF had GIP decreased by 90% and PYY by 87% (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Together, these findings indicate that whey and its components α-lactalbumin and lactoferrin improved energy balance and glycemic control, and protected against the onset of neurological deficits associated with stroke and renal damage in male SHRSP rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rizaldy C Zapata
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cameron G Knight
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ursula I Tuor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
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Ma Z, Yue Y, Luo Y, Wang W, Cao Y, Fang Q. Clinical Utility of the Inflammatory Factors Combined With Lipid Markers in the Diagnostic and Prognostic Assessment of Ischemic Stroke: Based on Logistic Regression Models. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:104653. [PMID: 32033900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we developed novel logistic regression models for the diagnostic and prognostic assessment of ischemic stroke. METHODS A total of 288 ischemic stroke patients and 300 controls admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University were included in the testing group. Two validation groups from The Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University were included to assess our novel assessment models. RESULTS Results from the testing group indicated that the diagnostic assessment model for ischemic stroke prediction was: Logit(P) = 437.116 - 87.329 (Hypertension) - 89.700 (Smoking history) - 87.427 (Family history of ischemic stroke) - .090 (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]) - 1.984 (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C]) - 17.005 (Lp(a)) - 15.486 (Apo A/Apo B), and the final prognostic assessment model of ischemic stroke was: Logit(P) = 458.437-92.343 (Hypertension) - 89.763 (Smoking history) + .251 (NLR) - .088 (HDL-C) - 1.994 (LDL-C) - 2.883 (hs-CRP) - .058 (IL-6) - 6.356 (TNF-α) - 16.485 (Lp(a)) - 17.658 (Apo A/Apo B). In the validation groups, our novel diagnostic assessment model showed good identification (with 87.5% sensitivity and 84.2% specificity in The Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, with 85.5% sensitivity and 89.0% specificity in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University). Moreover, our novel prognostic assessment model has a high value in identifying poor prognosis patients in the validation groups from The Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University (χ2 = 8.461, P = .004), and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (χ2 = 7.844, P = .005). CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic and prognostic assessment models we have established are of great value in the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxi Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University
| | - Yushan Yue
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Hospital of Kunshan
| | - Wanhua Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University
| | - Yongjun Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qi Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University.
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