1
|
Cai S, Chen M, Xue B, Zhu Z, Wang X, Li J, Wang H, Zeng X, Qiao S, Zeng X. Retinoic acid enhances ovarian steroidogenesis by regulating granulosa cell proliferation and MESP2/STAR/CYP11A1 pathway. J Adv Res 2024; 58:163-173. [PMID: 37315842 PMCID: PMC10982869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ovarian steroidogenesis not only affects the embryonic development and pregnancy outcome, but also associates with many diseases in mammals and women. Exploring the nutrients and mechanisms influencing ovarian steroidogenesis is critical to maintaining the optimal reproductive performance, as well as guaranteeing body health. OBJECTIVES This research aimed to explore the effect of retinol metabolism on ovarian steroidogenesis and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Comparative transcriptomic analysis of ovaries from normal and low reproductive performance sows were performed to identify the main causes leading to low fertility. The metabolites regulating steroid hormones synthesis were investigated in ovarian granulosa cells. Gene interference, overexpression, dual-luciferase reporter assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation and transcriptome analysis were further conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms of Aldh1a1 mediating ovarian steroidogenesis. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis of ovaries from normal and low reproductive performance sows showed the significant differences in both retinol metabolism and steroid hormones synthesis, indicating retinol metabolism probably influenced steroid hormones synthesis. The related metabolite retinoic acid was furtherly proven a highly active and potent substance strengthening estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovarian granulosa cells. For the first time, we revealed that retinoic acid synthesis in porcine and human ovarian granulosa cells was dominated by Aldh1a1, and required the assistance of Aldh1a2. Importantly, we demonstrated that Aldh1a1 enhanced the proliferation of ovarian granulosa cells by activating PI3K-Akt-hedgehog signaling pathways. In addition, Aldh1a1 regulated the expression of transcription factor MESP2, which targeted the transcription of Star and Cyp11a1 through binding to corresponding promoter regions. CONCLUSION Our data identified Aldh1a1 modulates ovarian steroidogenesis through enhancing granulosa cell proliferation and MESP2/STAR/CYP11A1 pathway. These findings provide valuable clues for improving ovarian health in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Beijing Biofeed Additive Key Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Meixia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Beijing Biofeed Additive Key Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Bangxin Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Beijing Biofeed Additive Key Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zhekun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Beijing Biofeed Additive Key Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Beijing Biofeed Additive Key Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Huakai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Beijing Biofeed Additive Key Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiangzhou Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Beijing Biofeed Additive Key Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Beijing Biofeed Additive Key Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Beijing Biofeed Additive Key Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu H, Sun Q, Tang H, Chen Y, Tan K, Xu X, Wang S. A novel rat model of sarcopenic obesity based on aging and high-fat diet consumption. Biogerontology 2023; 24:235-244. [PMID: 36607484 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-10010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is defined as a combination of obesity and sarcopenia, leading to serious health consequences. However, a lack of suitable animal models has hampered research into this disorder. 12-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were given a high fat content (HFD, SO group) or standard diet (DC groups) for 28 weeks (until 20 months of age). In addition, 2-month-old rats were fed a standard diet as an age control (YC group) until they reached 10 months of age. At the end of the intervention, quadriceps development in the rats was monitored using magnetic resonance examinations and MR spectroscopy. Age-related changes in muscle mass and strength, histopathology, HFD-induced adiposity, and metabolic disturbances were compared between the three groups. Comparing with DC group, rats of SO (20 months, and fed by high-fat diet) exhibited a more prominent loss of muscle mass and strength, a more pronounced decline in myofibre number, IFM, increase in myocyte apoptosis accompanied with increased visceral fat, remarkable glycolipid metabolic disorders, and insulin resistance. However, DC group rats (20 months with standard diet) only showed a decline in quadriceps cross-sectional area/body weight, forelimb grip strength, myofibre cross-sectional area and number, and intermyofibrillar mitochondria number (IFM), increased myocyte apoptosis, without significant metabolic disorder compared with YC group rats. After verifying, SO animal model was successfully set up by HFD induced obesity concomitant with aging-related sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhu
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Huiyu Tang
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanyu Chen
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ke Tan
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Obesity Development and Signs of Metabolic Abnormalities in Young Göttingen Minipigs Consuming Energy Dense Diets Varying in Carbohydrate Quality. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051560. [PMID: 34066330 PMCID: PMC8148203 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of fructose has been associated with a higher risk of developing obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of this study was to examine the long-term effects of fructose compared to starch from high-amylose maize starch (HiMaize) at ad libitum feeding in a juvenile Göttingen Minipig model with 20% of the diet provided as fructose as a high-risk diet (HR, n = 15) and 20% as HiMaize as a lower-risk control diet (LR, n = 15). The intake of metabolizable energy was on average similar (p = 0.11) among diets despite increased levels of the satiety hormone PYY measured in plasma (p = 0.0005) of the LR pigs. However, after over 20 weeks of ad libitum feeding, no difference between diets was observed in daily weight gain (p = 0.103), and a difference in BW was observed only at the end of the experiment. The ad libitum feeding promoted an obese phenotype over time in both groups with increased plasma levels of glucose (p = 0.005), fructosamine (p < 0.001), insulin (p = 0.03), and HOMA-IR (p = 0.02), whereas the clinical markers of dyslipidemia were unaffected. When compared to the LR diet, fructose did not accelerate the progression of MetS associated parameters and largely failed to change markers that indicate a stimulated de novo lipogenesis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Uterine Insulin Sensitivity Defects Induced Embryo Implantation Loss Associated with Mitochondrial Dysfunction-Triggered Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6655685. [PMID: 33953835 PMCID: PMC8057892 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6655685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Methods and Results Herein, a comprehensive proteomic analysis was conducted on proliferative endometria from sows with low and normal reproductive performance (LRP and NRP, respectively). Enrichment analysis of differentially expressed proteins revealed alterations in endometrial remodeling, substance metabolism (mainly lipid, nitrogen, and retinol metabolism), immunological modulation, and insulin signaling in LRP sows. Importantly, aberrant lipid metabolite accumulation and dysregulation of insulin signaling were coincidently confirmed in endometria of LPR sows, proving an impaired insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, established high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced insulin-resistant mouse models revealed that uterine insulin resistance beginning before pregnancy deteriorated uterine receptivity and decreased implantation sites and fetal numbers. Mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion were decreased, and reactive oxygen species was overproduced in uteri from the HFD group during the implantation period. Ishikawa and JAR cells directly demonstrated that oxidative stress compromised implantation in vitro. Conclusions This study demonstrated that uterine insulin sensitivity impairment beginning before pregnancy resulted in implantation and fetal loss associated with oxidative stress induced by mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sarcopenic obesity: research advances in pathogenesis and diagnostic criteria. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:247-252. [PMID: 31845200 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01435-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity (SO) refers to an obesity disease accompanied by low skeletal muscle quality, strength and/or function, which is more common in the elderly and seriously affects their quality of life and can lead to falls, unstable walking, balance disorders and fractures in the elderly. The increase in aging populations and the various health problems and medical costs associated with SO have aroused widespread concern in society. However, the pathogenesis of SO has not been fully clarified and the diagnostic criteria are not uniform, meaning that there are inconsistent data on the prevalence of SO and the potential correlation between SO and health outcomes. Therefore, we review the research progress on delineating the pathogenesis and diagnostic criteria of SO, to assist in the early diagnosis and evaluation of SO and subsequent interventions.
Collapse
|
6
|
Heras-Molina A, Pesantez-Pacheco JL, Astiz S, Garcia-Contreras C, Vazquez-Gomez M, Encinas T, Óvilo C, Isabel B, Gonzalez-Bulnes A. Maternal Supplementation with Polyphenols and Omega-3 Fatty Acids during Pregnancy: Effects on Growth, Metabolism, and Body Composition of the Offspring. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10111946. [PMID: 33105758 PMCID: PMC7690598 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present study aimed to determine benefits and risks of a dietary supplementation combining hydroxytyrosol and n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on developmental patterns and metabolic traits of offspring in swine, a model of intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) pregnancies. There were no deleterious effects on the reproductive traits of the sows and the postnatal features of the piglets. Piglets from the supplemented sows, in spite of a lower mean weight and corpulence at birth, showed higher average daily weight gain and fractional growth rate afterwards. Consequently, they reached higher weight and corpulence with increased muscle development and better lipidemic and fatty acids profiles than control offspring at juvenile stages. Abstract Maternal supplementation with antioxidants and n3 PUFAs may be a promising strategy to reduce the risk of intrauterine growth restriction and preterm delivery, which may diminish the appearance of low-birth-weight neonates. The present study aimed to determine benefits and risks of a dietary supplementation combining hydroxytyrosol, a polyphenol from olive leaves and fruits, and n3 PUFAs, from linseed oil, on developmental patterns and metabolic traits of offspring in swine, a model of IUGR pregnancies. The results obtained indicate that maternal supplementation with hydroxytyrosol and n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy has no deleterious effects on the reproductive traits of the sows (prolificacy, homogeneity of the litter, and percentage of stillborns and low-birth-weight, LBW, piglets) and the postnatal features of the piglets (growth patterns, adiposity, and metabolic traits). Conversely, in spite of a lower mean weight and corpulence at birth, piglets from the supplemented sows showed higher average daily weight gain and fractional growth rate. Thus, at juvenile stages afterwards, the offspring from the treated group reached higher weight and corpulence, with increased muscle development and better lipidemic and fatty acid profiles, in spite of similar adiposity, than offspring in the control group. However, much caution and more research are still needed before practical recommendation and use in human pregnancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Heras-Molina
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (J.L.P.-P.); (S.A.); (C.G.-C.); (C.Ó.)
| | - José Luis Pesantez-Pacheco
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (J.L.P.-P.); (S.A.); (C.G.-C.); (C.Ó.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Cuenca, Avda. Doce de Octubre, Cuenca 010220, Ecuador
| | - Susana Astiz
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (J.L.P.-P.); (S.A.); (C.G.-C.); (C.Ó.)
| | | | - Marta Vazquez-Gomez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UCM, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.-G.); (T.E.); (B.I.)
- Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Trav. dels Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Teresa Encinas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UCM, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.-G.); (T.E.); (B.I.)
| | - Cristina Óvilo
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (J.L.P.-P.); (S.A.); (C.G.-C.); (C.Ó.)
| | - Beatriz Isabel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UCM, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.-G.); (T.E.); (B.I.)
| | - Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (J.L.P.-P.); (S.A.); (C.G.-C.); (C.Ó.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UCM, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.-G.); (T.E.); (B.I.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Short-Term Effects of Early Menopause on Adiposity, Fatty Acids Profile and Insulin Sensitivity of a Swine Model of Female Obesity. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9090284. [PMID: 32932852 PMCID: PMC7565410 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Menopause strongly increases incidence and consequences of obesity and non-communicable diseases in women, with recent research suggesting a very early onset of changes in lipid accumulation, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. However, there is a lack of adequate preclinical models for its study. The present trial evaluated the usefulness of an alternative method to surgical ovariectomy, the administration of two doses of a GnRH analogue-protein conjugate (Vacsincel®), for inducing ovarian inactivity in sows used as preclinical models of obesity and menopause. All the sows treated with the compound developed ovarian stoppage after the second dose and, when exposed to obesogenic diets during the following three months, showed changes in the patterns of fat deposition, in the fatty acids profiles at the different tissues and in the plasma concentrations of fructosamine, urea, β-hydroxibutirate, and haptoglobin when compared to obese fed with the same diet but maintaining ovarian activity. Altogether, these results indicate that menopause early augments the deleterious effects induced by overfeeding and obesity on metabolic traits, paving the way for future research on physiopathology of these conditions and possible therapeutic targets using the swine model.
Collapse
|
8
|
Suzuki K, Matsumoto M, Katoh Y, Liu L, Ochiai K, Aizawa Y, Nagatomi R, Okuno H, Itoi E, Igarashi K. Bach1 promotes muscle regeneration through repressing Smad-mediated inhibition of myoblast differentiation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236781. [PMID: 32776961 PMCID: PMC7416950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that Bach1-deficient mice show reduced tissue injuries in diverse disease models due to increased expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)that possesses an antioxidant function. In contrast, we found that Bach1 deficiency in mice exacerbated skeletal muscle injury induced by cardiotoxin. Inhibition of Bach1 expression in C2C12 myoblast cells using RNA interference resulted in reduced proliferation, myotube formation, and myogenin expression compared with control cells. While the expression of HO-1 was increased by Bach1 silencing in C2C12 cells, the reduced myotube formation was not rescued by HO-1 inhibition. Up-regulations of Smad2, Smad3 and FoxO1, known inhibitors of muscle cell differentiation, were observed in Bach1-deficient mice and Bach1-silenced C2C12 cells. Therefore, Bach1 may promote regeneration of muscle by increasing proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsushi Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Matsumoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasutake Katoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kyoko Ochiai
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuta Aizawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Nagatomi
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okuno
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku Rosai Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Eiji Itoi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vogel P, Ding ZM, Read R, DaCosta CM, Hansard M, Small DL, Ye GL, Hansen G, Brommage R, Powell DR. Progressive Degenerative Myopathy and Myosteatosis in ASNSD1-Deficient Mice. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:723-735. [PMID: 32638637 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820939251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mice with an inactivating mutation in the gene encoding asparagine synthetase domain containing 1 (ASNSD1) develop a progressive degenerative myopathy that results in severe sarcopenia and myosteatosis. ASNSD1 is conserved across many species, and whole body gene expression surveys show maximal expression levels of ASNSD1 in skeletal muscle. However, potential functions of this protein have not been previously reported. Asnsd1-/- mice demonstrated severe muscle weakness, and their normalized body fat percentage on both normal chow and high fat diets was greater than 2 SD above the mean for 3651 chow-fed and 2463 high-fat-diet-fed knockout (KO) lines tested. Histologic lesions were essentially limited to the muscle and were characterized by a progressive degenerative myopathy with extensive transdifferentiation and replacement of muscle by well-differentiated adipose tissue. There was minimal inflammation, fibrosis, and muscle regeneration associated with this myopathy. In addition, the absence of any signs of lipotoxicity in Asnsd1-/- mice despite their extremely elevated body fat percentage and low muscle mass suggests a role for metabolic dysfunctions in the development of this phenotype. Asnsd1-/- mice provide the first insight into the function of this protein, and this mouse model could prove useful in elucidating fundamental metabolic interactions between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vogel
- 57636Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Ding
- 57636Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Robert Read
- 57636Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel L Small
- 57636Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Gui-Lan Ye
- 57636Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Gwenn Hansen
- 57636Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | - David R Powell
- 57636Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-related Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072049. [PMID: 30011889 PMCID: PMC6073633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|