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Zhao M, Lopes LJS, Sahni H, Yadav A, Do HN, Reddy T, López CA, Neale C, Gnanakaran S. Insertion and Anchoring of HIV-1 Fusion Peptide into Complex Membrane Mimicking Human T-cell. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.02.606381. [PMID: 39131401 PMCID: PMC11312619 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.02.606381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of how HIV-1 envelope (Env) protein facilitates fusion is still lacking. The HIV-1 fusion peptide, consisting of 15 to 22 residues, is the N-terminus of the gp41 subunit of the Env protein. Further, this peptide, a promising vaccine candidate, initiates viral entry into target cells by inserting and anchoring into human immune cells. The influence of membrane lipid reorganization and the conformational changes of the fusion peptide during the membrane insertion and anchoring processes, which can significantly affect HIV-1 cell entry, remains largely unexplored due to the limitations of experimental measurements. In this work, we investigate the insertion of the fusion peptide into an immune cell membrane mimic through multiscale molecular dynamics simulations. We mimic the native T-cell by constructing a 9-lipid asymmetric membrane, along with geometrical restraints accounting for insertion in the context of gp41. To account for the slow timescale of lipid mixing while enabling conformational changes, we implement a protocol to go back and forth between atomistic and coarse-grained simulations. Our study provides a molecular understanding of the interactions between the HIV-1 fusion peptide and the T-cell membrane, highlighting the importance of conformational flexibility of fusion peptides and local lipid reorganization in stabilizing the anchoring of gp41 into the targeted host membrane during the early events of HIV-1 cell entry. Importantly, we identify a motif within the fusion peptide critical for fusion that can be further manipulated in future immunological studies. Abstract Figure
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Abstract
There are at least 21 families of enveloped viruses that infect mammals, and many contain members of high concern for global human health. All enveloped viruses have a dedicated fusion protein or fusion complex that enacts the critical genome-releasing membrane fusion event that is essential before viral replication within the host cell interior can begin. Because all enveloped viruses enter cells by fusion, it behooves us to know how viral fusion proteins function. Viral fusion proteins are also major targets of neutralizing antibodies, and hence they serve as key vaccine immunogens. Here we review current concepts about viral membrane fusion proteins focusing on how they are triggered, structural intermediates between pre- and postfusion forms, and their interplay with the lipid bilayers they engage. We also discuss cellular and therapeutic interventions that thwart virus-cell membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M White
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA;
| | - Amanda E Ward
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Laura Odongo
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Lukas K Tamm
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Shekunov EV, Zlodeeva PD, Efimova SS, Muryleva AA, Zarubaev VV, Slita AV, Ostroumova OS. Cyclic lipopeptides as membrane fusion inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2: New tricks for old dogs. Antiviral Res 2023; 212:105575. [PMID: 36868316 PMCID: PMC9977712 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
With the resurgence of the coronavirus pandemic, the repositioning of FDA-approved drugs against coronovirus and finding alternative strategies for antiviral therapy are both important. We previously identified the viral lipid envelope as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection with plant alkaloids (Shekunov et al., 2021). Here, we investigated the effects of eleven cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs), including well-known antifungal and antibacterial compounds, on the liposome fusion triggered by calcium, polyethylene glycol 8000, and a fragment of SARS-CoV-2 fusion peptide (816-827) by calcein release assays. Differential scanning microcalorimetry of the gel-to-liquid-crystalline and lamellar-to-inverted hexagonal phase transitions and confocal fluorescence microscopy demonstrated the relation of the fusion inhibitory effects of CLPs to alterations in lipid packing, membrane curvature stress and domain organization. The antiviral effects of CLPs were evaluated in an in vitro Vero-based cell model, and aculeacin A, anidulafugin, iturin A, and mycosubtilin attenuated the cytopathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 without specific toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor V Shekunov
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, 194064, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina D Zlodeeva
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, 194064, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana S Efimova
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, 194064, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna A Muryleva
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, 194064, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Mira 14, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Zarubaev
- Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Mira 14, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander V Slita
- Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Mira 14, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga S Ostroumova
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, 194064, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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Molotkovsky RJ, Kuzmin PI. Fusion of Peroxisome and Lipid Droplet Membranes: Expansion of a π-Shaped Structure. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW), SUPPLEMENT SERIES A: MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747822050105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Krasnobaev VD, Galimzyanov TR, Akimov SA, Batishchev OV. Lysolipids regulate raft size distribution. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1021321. [PMID: 36275621 PMCID: PMC9581197 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1021321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid matrix of cellular membranes, directly and indirectly, regulates many vital functions of the cell. The diversity of lipids in membranes leads to the formation of ordered domains called rafts, which play a crucial role in signal transduction, protein sorting and other cellular processes. Rafts are believed to impact the development of different neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s ones, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, some types of cancer, etc. These diseases correlate with the change in the membrane lipid composition resulting from an oxidative stress, age-related processes, dysfunction of proteins, and many others. In particular, a lot of studies report a significant rise in the level of lysolipids. Physicochemical properties of rafts are determined by membrane composition, in particular, by the content of lysolipids. Lysolipids may thus regulate raft-involving processes. However, the exact mechanism of such regulation is unknown. Although studying rafts in vivo still seems to be rather complicated, liquid-ordered domains are well observed in model systems. In the present study, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to examine how lysophospholipids influence the liquid-ordered domains in model ternary membranes. We demonstrated that even a small amount of lysolipids in a membrane significantly impacts domain size depending on the saturation of the lysolipid hydrocarbon tails and the amount of cholesterol. The mixture with the bigger relative fraction of cholesterol was more susceptible to the action of lysolipids. This data helped us to generalize our previous theoretical model of the domain size regulation by lipids with particular molecular shape expanding it to the case of lysolipids and dioleoylglycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir D. Krasnobaev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Timur R. Galimzyanov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Akimov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Batishchev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Oleg V. Batishchev,
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The Bovine Seminal Plasma Protein PDC-109 Possesses Pan-Antiviral Activity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092031. [PMID: 36146836 PMCID: PMC9504757 DOI: 10.3390/v14092031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian seminal plasma contains a multitude of bioactive components, including lipids, glucose, mineral elements, metabolites, proteins, cytokines, and growth factors, with various functions during insemination and fertilization. The seminal plasma protein PDC-109 is one of the major soluble components of the bovine ejaculate and is crucially important for sperm motility, capacitation, and acrosome reaction. A hitherto underappreciated function of seminal plasma is its anti-microbial and antiviral activity, which may limit the sexual transmission of infectious diseases during intercourse. We have recently discovered that PDC-109 inhibits the membrane fusion activity of influenza virus particles and significantly impairs viral infections at micromolar concentrations. Here we investigated whether the antiviral activity of PDC-109 is restricted to Influenza or if other mammalian viruses are similarly affected. We focused on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of the Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), thoroughly assessing PDC-109 inhibition with SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S)-pseudotyped reporter virus particles, but also live-virus infections. Consistent with our previous publications, we found significant virus inhibition, albeit accompanied by substantial cytotoxicity. However, using time-of-addition experiments we discovered a treatment regimen that enables virus suppression without affecting cell viability. We furthermore demonstrated that PDC-109 is also able to impair infections mediated by the VSV glycoprotein (VSVg), thus indicating a broad pan-antiviral activity against multiple virus species and families.
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Nieto-Garai JA, Contreras FX, Arboleya A, Lorizate M. Role of Protein-Lipid Interactions in Viral Entry. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2101264. [PMID: 35119227 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202101264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The viral entry consists of several sequential events that ensure the attachment of the virus to the host cell and the introduction of its genetic material for the continuation of the replication cycle. Both cellular and viral lipids have gained a wider focus in recent years in the field of viral entry, as they are found to play key roles in different steps of the process. The specific role is summarized that lipids and lipid membrane nanostructures play in viral attachment, fusion, and immune evasion and how they can be targeted with antiviral therapies. Finally, some of the limitations of techniques commonly used for protein-lipid interactions studies are discussed, and new emerging tools are reviewed that can be applied to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ander Nieto-Garai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
| | - Francesc-Xabier Contreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.,Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - Aroa Arboleya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.,Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.,Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia/Biofisika Bizkaia Fundazioa (FBB), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
| | - Maier Lorizate
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.,Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
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8
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Pinigin KV, Galimzyanov TR, Akimov SA. Amphipathic Peptides Impede Lipid Domain Fusion in Phase-Separated Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11110797. [PMID: 34832026 PMCID: PMC8618981 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell membranes are heterogeneous in lipid composition which leads to the phase separation with the formation of nanoscopic liquid-ordered domains, also called rafts. There are multiple cell processes whereby the clustering of these domains into a larger one might be involved, which is responsible for such important processes as signal transduction, polarized sorting, or immune response. Currently, antimicrobial amphipathic peptides are considered promising antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer therapeutic agents. Here, within the framework of the classical theory of elasticity adapted for lipid membranes, we investigate how the presence of the peptides in a phase-separated membrane influences the fusion of the domains. We show that the peptides tend to occupy the boundaries of liquid-ordered domains and significantly increase the energy barrier of the domain-domain fusion, which might lead to misregulation of raft clustering and adverse consequences for normal cell processes.
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Perissinotto F, Rondelli V, Senigagliesi B, Brocca P, Almásy L, Bottyán L, Merkel DG, Amenitsch H, Sartori B, Pachler K, Mayr M, Gimona M, Rohde E, Casalis L, Parisse P. Structural insights into fusion mechanisms of small extracellular vesicles with model plasma membranes. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:5224-5233. [PMID: 33687046 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr09075a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a potent intercellular communication system. Such small vesicles transport biomolecules between cells and throughout the body, strongly influencing the fate of recipient cells. Due to their specific biological functions they have been proposed as biomarkers for various diseases and as optimal candidates for therapeutic applications. Despite their extreme biological relevance, their mechanisms of interaction with the membranes of recipient cells are still hotly debated. Here, we propose a multiscale investigation based on atomic force microscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, small angle neutron scattering and neutron reflectometry to reveal structure-function correlations of purified EVs in interaction with model membrane systems of variable complex compositions and to spot the role of different membrane phases on the vesicle internalization routes. Our analysis reveals strong interactions of EVs with the model membranes and preferentially with the borders of protruding phase domains. Moreover, we found that upon vesicle breaking on the model membrane surface, the biomolecules carried by/on EVs diffuse with different kinetics rates, in a process distinct from simple fusion. The biophysical platform proposed here has clear implications on the modulation of EV internalization routes by targeting specific domains at the plasma cell membrane and, as a consequence, on EV-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Perissinotto
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy. and Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, INSERM U1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Valeria Rondelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | | | - Paola Brocca
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | | | - László Bottyán
- Centre for Energy Research, Budapest, Hungary and Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Géza Merkel
- Centre for Energy Research, Budapest, Hungary and Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Sartori
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Karin Pachler
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria and Research Program "Nanovesicular Therapies", Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Magdalena Mayr
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mario Gimona
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria and Research Program "Nanovesicular Therapies", Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Rohde
- Research Program "Nanovesicular Therapies", Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria and Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Austria
| | | | - Pietro Parisse
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy. and CNR-IOM, Trieste, Italy
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Ripa I, Andreu S, López-Guerrero JA, Bello-Morales R. Membrane Rafts: Portals for Viral Entry. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:631274. [PMID: 33613502 PMCID: PMC7890030 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.631274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane rafts are dynamic, small (10-200 nm) domains enriched with cholesterol and sphingolipids that compartmentalize cellular processes. Rafts participate in roles essential to the lifecycle of different viral families including virus entry, assembly and/or budding events. Rafts seem to participate in virus attachment and recruitment to the cell surface, as well as the endocytic and non-endocytic mechanisms some viruses use to enter host cells. In this review, we will introduce the specific role of rafts in viral entry and define cellular factors implied in the choice of one entry pathway over the others. Finally, we will summarize the most relevant information about raft participation in the entry process of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ripa
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabina Andreu
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio López-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Bello-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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Pinigin KV, Kuzmin PI, Akimov SA, Galimzyanov TR. Additional contributions to elastic energy of lipid membranes: Tilt-curvature coupling and curvature gradient. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:042406. [PMID: 33212684 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.042406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lipid bilayer membranes under biologically relevant conditions are flexible thin laterally fluid films consisting of two unimolecular layers (monolayers) each about 2 nm thick. On spatial scales much larger than the bilayer thickness, the membrane elasticity is well determined by its shape. The classical Helfrich theory considers the membrane as an elastic two-dimensional (2D) film, which has no particular internal structure. However, various local membrane heterogeneities can result in a lipids tilt relative to the membrane surface normal. On the basis of the classical elasticity theory of 3D bodies, Hamm and Kozlov [Eur. Phys. J. E 3, 323 (2000)10.1007/s101890070003] derived the most general energy functional, taking into account the tilt and lipid monolayer curvature. Recently, Terzi and Deserno [J. Chem. Phys. 147, 084702 (2017)10.1063/1.4990404] showed that Hamm and Kozlov's derivation was incomplete because the tilt-curvature coupling term had been missed. However, the energy functional derived by Terzi and Deserno appeared to be unstable, thereby being invalid for applications that require minimizations of the overall energy of deformations. Here, we derive a stable elastic energy functional, showing that the squared gradient of the curvature was missed in both of these works. This change in the energy functional arises from a more accurate consideration of the transverse shear deformation terms and their influence on the membrane stability. We also consider the influence of the prestress terms on the stability of the energy functional, and we show that it should be considered small and the effective Gaussian curvature should be neglected because of the stability requirements. We further generalize the theory, including the stretching-compressing deformation modes, and we provide the geometrical interpretation of the terms that were previously missed by Hamm and Kozlov. The physical consequences of the new terms are analyzed in the case of a membrane-mediated interaction of two amphipathic peptides located in the same monolayer. We also provide the expression for director fluctuations, comparing it with that obtained by Terzi and Deserno.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin V Pinigin
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Peter I Kuzmin
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Sergey A Akimov
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Timur R Galimzyanov
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow 119071, Russia
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12
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Akimov SA, Molotkovsky RJ, Kuzmin PI, Galimzyanov TR, Batishchev OV. Continuum Models of Membrane Fusion: Evolution of the Theory. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3875. [PMID: 32485905 PMCID: PMC7312925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting from fertilization, through tissue growth, hormone secretion, synaptic transmission, and sometimes morbid events of carcinogenesis and viral infections, membrane fusion regulates the whole life of high organisms. Despite that, a lot of fusion processes still lack well-established models and even a list of main actors. A merger of membranes requires their topological rearrangements controlled by elastic properties of a lipid bilayer. That is why continuum models based on theories of membrane elasticity are actively applied for the construction of physical models of membrane fusion. Started from the view on the membrane as a structureless film with postulated geometry of fusion intermediates, they developed along with experimental and computational techniques to a powerful tool for prediction of the whole process with molecular accuracy. In the present review, focusing on fusion processes occurring in eukaryotic cells, we scrutinize the history of these models, their evolution and complication, as well as open questions and remaining theoretical problems. We show that modern approaches in this field allow continuum models of membrane fusion to stand shoulder to shoulder with molecular dynamics simulations, and provide the deepest understanding of this process in multiple biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Akimov
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy Prospekt, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (R.J.M.); (P.I.K.); (T.R.G.); (O.V.B.)
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13
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Ermakov YA, Sokolov VS, Akimov SA, Batishchev OV. Physicochemical and Electrochemical Aspects of the Functioning of Biological Membranes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024420030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Coomer CA, Carlon-Andres I, Iliopoulou M, Dustin ML, Compeer EB, Compton AA, Padilla-Parra S. Single-cell glycolytic activity regulates membrane tension and HIV-1 fusion. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008359. [PMID: 32084246 PMCID: PMC7055913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been resurgence in determining the role of host metabolism in viral infection yet deciphering how the metabolic state of single cells affects viral entry and fusion remains unknown. Here, we have developed a novel assay multiplexing genetically-encoded biosensors with single virus tracking (SVT) to evaluate the influence of global metabolic processes on the success rate of virus entry in single cells. We found that cells with a lower ATP:ADP ratio prior to virus addition were less permissive to virus fusion and infection. These results indicated a relationship between host metabolic state and the likelihood for virus-cell fusion to occur. SVT revealed that HIV-1 virions were arrested at hemifusion in glycolytically-inactive cells. Interestingly, cells acutely treated with glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) become resistant to virus infection and also display less surface membrane cholesterol. Addition of cholesterol in these in glycolytically-inactive cells rescued the virus entry block at hemifusion and enabled completion of HIV-1 fusion. Further investigation with FRET-based membrane tension and membrane order reporters revealed a link between host cell glycolytic activity and host membrane order and tension. Indeed, cells treated with 2-DG possessed lower plasma membrane lipid order and higher tension values, respectively. Our novel imaging approach that combines lifetime imaging (FLIM) and SVT revealed not only changes in plasma membrane tension at the point of viral fusion, but also that HIV is less likely to enter cells at areas of higher membrane tension. We therefore have identified a connection between host cell glycolytic activity and membrane tension that influences HIV-1 fusion in real-time at the single-virus fusion level in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Coomer
- Cellular Imaging Group, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Carlon-Andres
- Cellular Imaging Group, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maro Iliopoulou
- Cellular Imaging Group, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ewoud B. Compeer
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alex A. Compton
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sergi Padilla-Parra
- Cellular Imaging Group, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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The Effect of Transmembrane Protein Shape on Surrounding Lipid Domain Formation by Wetting. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110729. [PMID: 31726783 PMCID: PMC6920788 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction through cellular membranes requires the highly specific and coordinated work of specialized proteins. Proper functioning of these proteins is provided by an interplay between them and the lipid environment. Liquid-ordered lipid domains are believed to be important players here, however, it is still unclear whether conditions for a phase separation required for lipid domain formation exist in cellular membranes. Moreover, membrane leaflets are compositionally asymmetric, that could be an obstacle for the formation of symmetric domains spanning the lipid bilayer. We theoretically show that the presence of protein in the membrane leads to the formation of a stable liquid-ordered lipid phase around it by the mechanism of protein wetting by lipids, even in the absence of conditions necessary for the global phase separation in the membrane. Moreover, we show that protein shape plays a crucial role in this process, and protein conformational rearrangement can lead to changes in the size and characteristics of surrounding lipid domains.
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16
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Smith LK, Kuhn TB, Chen J, Bamburg JR. HIV Associated Neurodegenerative Disorders: A New Perspective on the Role of Lipid Rafts in Gp120-Mediated Neurotoxicity. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:258-269. [PMID: 30280668 PMCID: PMC6398609 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x16666181003144740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) as the primary means of treatment for HIV infection has achieved a dramatic decline in deaths attributed to AIDS and the reduced incidence of severe forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in infected individuals. Despite these advances, milder forms of HAND persist and prevalence of these forms of neurocognitive impairment are rising with the aging population of HIV infected individuals. HIV enters the CNS early in the pathophysiology establishing persistent infection in resident macrophages and glial cells. These infected cells, in turn, secrete neurotoxic viral proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and small metabolites thought to contribute to neurodegenerative processes. The viral envelope protein gp120 has been identified as a potent neurotoxin affecting neurodegeneration via indirect and direct mechanisms involving interactions with chemokine co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4. This short review focuses on gp120 neurotropism and associated mechanisms of neurotoxicity linked to chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 with a new perspective on plasma membrane lipid rafts as an active participant in gp120-mediated neurodegeneration underlying HIV induced CNS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Thomas B Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Jack Chen
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - James R Bamburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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17
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Hilgemann DW, Lin MJ, Fine M, Deisl C. On the existence of endocytosis driven by membrane phase separations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1862:183007. [PMID: 31202864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Large endocytic responses can occur rapidly in diverse cell types without dynamins, clathrin, or actin remodeling. Our experiments suggest that membrane phase separations are crucial with more ordered plasma membrane domains being internalized. Not only do these endocytic processes rely on coalescence of membrane domains, they are promoted by participation of membrane proteins in such domains, one important regulatory influence being palmitoylation. Membrane actin cytoskeleton in general resists membrane phase transitions, and its remodeling may play many roles. Besides membrane 'caging' and 'pinching' roles, typically ascribed to clathrin and dynamins, cytoskeleton remodeling may modify local membrane tension and buckling, as well as the presence and location of actin- and tension-free membrane patches. Endocytosis that depends on membrane phase separations becomes activated in metabolic stress and in response to Ca and PI3 kinase signaling. Internalized membrane traffics normally, and the secretory pathway eventually resupplies membrane to the plasmalemma or directs internalized membrane to other locations, including the extracellular space as exosomes. We describe here that endocytosis driven by membrane phase transitions is regulated by the same signaling mechanisms that regulate macropinocytosis, and it may play diverse roles in cells from nutrient assimilation to membrane recycling, cell migration, and the initiation of quiescent or hibernating cell states. Membrane ordering and phase separations have been shown to promote endocytosis in diverse cell types, including fibroblasts, myocytes, glial cells, and immune cells. We propose that clathrin/dynamin-independent endocytosis represents a continuum of related mechanisms with variable but universal dependence on membrane ordering and actin remodeling. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Molecular biophysics of membranes and membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald W Hilgemann
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Physiology, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9040, USA.
| | - Mei-Jung Lin
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Physiology, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9040, USA
| | - Michael Fine
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Physiology, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9040, USA
| | - Christine Deisl
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Physiology, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9040, USA
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18
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Kondrashov OV, Galimzyanov TR, Pavlov KV, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN, Akimov SA. Membrane Elastic Deformations Modulate Gramicidin A Transbilayer Dimerization and Lateral Clustering. Biophys J 2018; 115:478-493. [PMID: 30049405 PMCID: PMC6084527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gramicidin A (gA) is a short β-helical peptide known to form conducting channels in lipid membranes because of transbilayer dimerization. The gA conducting dimer, being shorter than the lipid bilayer thickness, deforms the membrane in its vicinity, and the bilayer elastic energy contributes to the gA dimer formation energy. Likewise, membrane incorporation of a gA monomer, which is shorter than the lipid monolayer thickness, creates a void, thereby forcing surrounding lipid molecules to tilt to fill it. The energy of membrane deformation was calculated in the framework of the continuum elasticity theory, taking into account splay, tilt, lateral stretching/compression, Gaussian splay deformations, and external membrane tension. We obtained the interaction energy profiles for two gA monomers located either in the same or in the opposite monolayers. The profiles demonstrated the long-range attraction and short-range repulsion behavior of the monomers resulting from the membrane deformation. Analysis of the profile features revealed conditions under which clusters of gA monomers would not dissipate because of diffusion. The calculated dependence of the dimer formation and decay energy barriers on the membrane elastic properties was in good agreement with the available experimental data and suggested an explanation for a hitherto contentious phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Kondrashov
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Department of Theoretical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Timur R Galimzyanov
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Department of Theoretical Physics and Quantum Technologies, National University of Science and Technology "MISiS," Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Pavlov
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A Kotova
- Department of Photosynthesis and Fluorescence Research Methods, A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri N Antonenko
- Laboratory of Membrane Biophysics, A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A Akimov
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Department of Theoretical Physics and Quantum Technologies, National University of Science and Technology "MISiS," Moscow, Russia.
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