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Liu Y, Si W, Fu S, Wang J, Cheng T, Zhang Q, Pan H. PfPIN5 promotes style elongation by regulating cell length in Primula forbesii Franch. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:473-482. [PMID: 38190350 PMCID: PMC11006536 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Style dimorphism is one of the polymorphic characteristics of flowers in heterostylous plants, which have two types of flowers: the pin morph, with long styles and shorter anthers, and the thrum morph, with short styles and longer anthers. The formation of dimorphic styles has received attention in the plant world. Previous studies showed that CYP734A50 in Primula determined style length and limited style elongation and that the brassinosteroid metabolic pathway was involved in regulation of style length. However, it is unknown whether there are other factors affecting the style length of Primula. METHODS Differentially expressed genes highly expressed in pin morph styles were screened based on Primula forbesii transcriptome data. Virus-induced gene silencing was used to silence these genes, and the style length and anatomical changes were observed 20 days after injection. KEY RESULTS PfPIN5 was highly expressed in pin morph styles. When PfPIN5 was silenced, the style length was shortened in pin and long-homostyle plants by shortening the length of style cells. Moreover, silencing CYP734A50 in thrum morph plants increased the expression level of PfPIN5 significantly, and the style length increased. The results indicated that PfPIN5, an auxin efflux transporter gene, contributed to regulation of style elongation in P. forbesii. CONCLUSIONS The results implied that the auxin pathway might also be involved in the formation of styles of P. forbesii, providing a new pathway for elucidating the molecular mechanism of style elongation in P. forbesii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture; College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Weijia Si
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture; College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Sitong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture; College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture; College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture; College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture; College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Huitang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources; Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture; College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
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Hu D, Lin D, Yi S, Gao S, Lei T, Li W, Xu T. Comparative stigmatic transcriptomics reveals self and cross pollination responses to heteromorphic incompatibility in Plumbago auriculata Lam. Front Genet 2024; 15:1372644. [PMID: 38510275 PMCID: PMC10953596 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1372644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
"Heteromorphic self-incompatibility" (HetSI) in plants is a mechanism of defense to avoid self-pollination and promote outcrossing. However, the molecular mechanism underlying HetSI remains largely unknown. In this study, RNA-seq was conducted to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying self-compatible (SC, "T × P" and "P × T") and self-incompatible (SI, "T × T" and "P × P") pollination in the two types of flowers of Plumbago auriculata Lam. which is a representative HetSI plant. By comparing "T × P" vs. "T × T", 3773 (1407 upregulated and 2366 downregulated) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, 1261 DEGs between "P × T" and "P × P" (502 upregulated and 759 downregulated). The processes in which these DEGs were significantly enriched were "MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases-plant) signaling pathway", "plant-pathogen interaction","plant hormone signal transduction", and "pentose and glucuronate interconversion" pathways. Surprisingly, we discovered that under various pollination conditions, multiple notable genes that may be involved in HetSI exhibited distinct regulation. We can infer that the HetSI strategy might be unique in P. auriculata. It was similar to "sporophytic self-incompatibility" (SSI) but the HetSI mechanisms in pin and thrum flowers are diverse. In this study, new hypotheses and inferences were proposed, which can provide a reference for crop production and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Hu
- College of Fine Art and Calligraphy, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Lin
- Sichuan Certification and Accreditation Association, Chengdu, China
| | - Shouli Yi
- College of Fine Art and Calligraphy, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Suping Gao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Lei
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenji Li
- School of Design, Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingdan Xu
- College of Fine Art and Calligraphy, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Zhang L, Li P, Zhang X, Li J. Two floral forms in the same species-distyly. PLANTA 2023; 258:72. [PMID: 37656285 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This paper reviews the progress of research on the morphology, physiology and molecular biology of distyly in plants. It will help to elucidate the mysteries of distyly in plants. Distyly is a unique representative type of heterostyly in plants, primarily characterized by the presence of long style and short style within the flowers of the same species. This interesting trait has always fascinated researchers. With the rapid development of molecular biology, the molecular mechanism for the production of dimorphic styles in plants is also gaining ground. Researchers have been studying plant dimorphic styles from various perspectives. The researchers are gradually unravelling the mechanisms by which plants produce distyly traits. This paper reviews advances in the study of plant dimorphic style characteristics, mainly in terms of the morphology, physiology and molecular biology of plants with dimorphic styles. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for the study of the mechanism of distyly formation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, P. O. Box 28, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, P. O. Box 28, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China.
| | - Xiaoman Zhang
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, P. O. Box 28, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China.
| | - Jinfeng Li
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, P. O. Box 28, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
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4
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Jia Y, Liu C, Li Y, Xiang Y, Pan Y, Liu Q, Gao S, Yin X, Wang Z. Inheritance of distyly and homostyly in self-incompatible Primula forbesii. Heredity (Edinb) 2023; 130:259-268. [PMID: 36788365 PMCID: PMC10076296 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-023-00598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary transition from self-incompatible distyly to self-compatible homostyly frequently occurs in heterostylous taxa. Although the inheritance of distyly and homostyly has been deeply studied, our understanding on modifications of the classical simple Mendelian model is still lacking. Primula forbesii, a biennial herb native to southwest China, is a typical distylous species, but after about 20 years of cultivation with open pollination, self-compatible homostyly appeared, providing ideal material for the study of the inheritance of distyly and homostyly. In this study, exogenous homobrassinolide was used to break the heteromorphic incompatibility of P. forbesii. Furthermore, we performed artificial pollination and open-pollination experiments to observe the distribution of floral morphs in progeny produced by different crosses. The viability of seeds from self-pollination was always the lowest among all crosses, and the homozygous S-morph plants (S/S) occurred in artificial pollination experiments but may experience viability selection. The distyly of P. forbesii is governed by a single S-locus, with S-morph dominant hemizygotes (S/-) and L-morph recessive homozygotes (-/-). Homostylous plants have a genotype similar to L-morph plants, and homostyly may be caused by one or more unlinked modifier genes outside the S-locus. Open pollinations confirm that autonomous self-pollination occurs frequently in L-morphs and homostylous plants. This study deepens the understanding of the inheritance of distyly and details a case of homostyly that likely originated from one or more modifier genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Jia
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Cailei Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifeng Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanfen Xiang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanzhi Pan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinglin Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Suping Gao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiancai Yin
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zexun Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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5
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Liu C, Jia Y, Li Y, Xiang Y, Pan Y, Liu Q, Ma K, Yin X. The rapid appearance of homostyly in a cultivated distylous population of
Primula forbesii. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9515. [PMID: 36415874 PMCID: PMC9674475 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary breakdown from rigorous outbreeding to self‐fertilization frequently occurs in angiosperms. Since the pollinators are not necessary, self‐compatible populations often reduce investment in floral display characteristics and pollination reward. Primula forbesii is a biennial herb with distribution restricted to southwest China; it was initially a self‐incompatible distylous species, but after 20 years of artificial domestication, homostyly appeared. This change in style provides an ideal material to explore the time required for plant mating systems to adapt to new environmental changes and test whether flower attraction has reduced following transitions to selfing. We did a survey in wild populations of P. forbesii where its seeds were originally collected 20 years ago and recorded the floral morph frequencies and morphologies. The floral morphologies, self‐incompatibility, floral scent, and pollinator visitation between distyly and homostyly were compared in greenhouse. Floral morph frequencies of wild populations did not change, while the cultivated population was inclined to L‐morph and produced homostyly. Evidence from stigma papillae and pollen size supports the hypothesis that the homostyly possibly originated from mutations of large effect genes in distylous linkage region. Transitions to self‐compatible homostyly are accompanied by smaller corolla size, lower amounts of terpenoids, especially linalool and higher amounts of fatty acid derivatives. The main pollinators in the greenhouse were short‐tongued Apis cerana. However, homostyly had reduced visiting frequency. The mating system of P. forbesii changed rapidly in just about 20 years of domestication, and our findings confirm the hypothesis that the transition to selfing is accompanied by decreased flower attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai‐Lei Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Yin Jia
- College of Landscape Architecture Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Yi‐Feng Li
- College of Landscape Architecture Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Yuan‐Fen Xiang
- College of Landscape Architecture Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Yuan‐Zhi Pan
- College of Landscape Architecture Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Qing‐Lin Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Ke‐Hang Ma
- College of Landscape Architecture Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Xian‐Cai Yin
- College of Landscape Architecture Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
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Yang Y, Zhang X, Zou H, Chen J, Wang Z, Luo Z, Yao Z, Fang B, Huang L. Exploration of molecular mechanism of intraspecific cross-incompatibility in sweetpotato by transcriptome and metabolome analysis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:115-133. [PMID: 35338442 PMCID: PMC9072463 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cross-incompatibility, frequently happening in intraspecific varieties, has seriously restricted sweetpotato breeding. However, the mechanism of sweetpotato intraspecific cross-incompatibility (ICI) remains largely unexplored, especially for molecular mechanism. Treatment by inducible reagent developed by our lab provides a method to generate material for mechanism study, which could promote incompatible pollen germination and tube growth in the ICI group. Based on the differential phenotypes between treated and untreated samples, transcriptome and metabolome were employed to explore the molecular mechanism of sweetpotato ICI in this study, taking varieties 'Guangshu 146' and 'Shangshu 19', a typical incompatible combination, as materials. The results from transcriptome analysis showed oxidation-reduction, cell wall metabolism, plant-pathogen interaction, and plant hormone signal transduction were the essential pathways for sweetpotato ICI regulation. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched in these pathways were the important candidate genes to response ICI. Metabolome analysis showed that multiple differential metabolites (DMs) involved oxidation-reduction were identified. The most significant DM identified in comparison between compatible and incompatible samples was vitexin-2-O-glucoside, a flavonoid metabolite. Corresponding to it, cytochrome P450s were the most DEGs identified in oxidation-reduction, which were implicated in flavonoid biosynthesis. It further suggested oxidation-reduction play an important role in sweetpotato ICI regulation. To validate function of oxidation-reduction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected in compatible and incompatible samples. The green fluorescence was observed in incompatible but not in compatible samples. It indicated ROS regulated by oxidation-reduction is important pathway to response sweetpotato ICI. The results in this study would provide valuable insights into molecular mechanisms for sweetpotato ICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiongjian Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hongda Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhangying Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhongxia Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhufang Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Boping Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lifei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Hickerson NM, Samuel MA. Stylar steroids: Brassinosteroids regulate pistil development and self-incompatibility in Primula. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R135-R137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Hu D, Li W, Gao S, Lei T, Hu J, Shen P, Li Y, Li J. Untargeted metabolomic profiling reveals that different responses to self and cross pollination in each flower morph of the heteromorphic plant Plumbago auriculata. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 144:413-426. [PMID: 31634809 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heteromorphic self-incompatibility (HetSI), which is regulated by sporophytes, occurs in some species as a strategy to promote cross-pollination. This research aimed to reveal metabolic changes occurring in HetSI. We used fluorescence microscopy as a tool to compare growth behavior in self-incompatible (SI) and self-compatible (SC) pollination in both pin and thrum flowers of Plumbago auriculata and to identify the ideal timepoint for sample collection for subsequent experiments. We also employed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate intermorph structural differences in the pollen grains and stigmas in relation to HetSI. Importantly, UPLC-MS/MS was applied in this study to identify metabolites, compare metabolic differences between pin and thrum styles and monitor metabolic changes in SC and SI pollinations in the two types of flowers. The metabolites mainly included amino acids/peptides, flavonoids, glycosides/sugars, phenols, other organic acids, fatty acids (derivatives)/lipids, amines, aldehydes, alkaloids, alcohols and other compounds. Surprisingly, energy-related nutrients such as amino acids/peptides and tricarboxylic acid cycle-related metabolites were found at higher levels in SI pollinations than in SC pollinations. This result indicates that physiological changes in pollen-stigma interactions differ in pin and thrum styles and SC and SI pollinations and that energy deficiency is not one of the reasons for HetSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Hu
- Landscape Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Wenji Li
- Landscape Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Suping Gao
- Landscape Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Ting Lei
- Landscape Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Ju Hu
- Landscape Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Ping Shen
- Landscape Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Yurong Li
- Landscape Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Jiani Li
- Landscape Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Cai G, Del Duca S. Pollen Tube and Plant Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030531. [PMID: 30691221 PMCID: PMC6387144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pollen tube was a fundamental step forward in the evolution of terrestrial plants; in fact, it allowed plants to liberate themselves from water demand during reproduction [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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