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Rahimiyan K, Nasr Esfahani MH, Karamali F. The proliferative effects of stem cells from apical papilla-conditioned medium on rat corneal endothelial cells. Wound Repair Regen 2024; 32:292-300. [PMID: 38415387 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The cornea, positioned at the forefront of the eye, refracts the light for focusing images on the retina. Damage to this transparent structure can lead to various visual disorders. The corneal endothelial cells (CECs) are crucial for transparency and homeostasis, but lack the ability to reproduce. Significant damage results in structure destruction and vision impairment. While extensive research has aimed at the restoring the corneal endothelial layer, including endothelial proliferation for functional monolayers remains challenging. Our previous studies confirmed the proliferative activity of stem cells from apical papilla-conditioned medium (SCAP-CM) on the retinal pigmented epithelium as a single cell layer. This study investigates how SCAP-CM influences the proliferation and migration of CECs. Our results introduced Matrigel, as a new matrix component for in vitro culture of CECs. Moreover, 60% of SCAP-CM was able to stimulate CEC proliferation as well as migrate to repair wound healing during 24 h. Confluent CECs also expressed specific markers, ATP1a1, ZO-1 and CD56, indicative of CEC characteristics, aligning with the recapitulation of differentiation when forming a homogenous monolayer at the same level of isolated CECs without in vitro culture. These findings suggested that SCAP-CM administration could be useful for future preclinical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Rahimiyan
- ACECR Institute of Higher Education, Isfahan Branch, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Karamali
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
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2
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Sun Y, Chen D, Dai T, Yu Z, Xie H, Wang X, Zhang W. Cell-free fat extract promotes axon regeneration and retinal ganglion cells survival in traumatic optic neuropathy. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1344853. [PMID: 38515790 PMCID: PMC10954833 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1344853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Injuries to axons within the central nervous system (CNS) pose a substantial clinical challenge due to their limited regenerative capacity. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of Cell-free fat extract (CEFFE) in CNS injury. CEFFE was injected intravitreally after the optic nerve was crushed. Two weeks post-injury, quantification of regenerated axons and survival rates of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were performed. Subsequently, comprehensive gene ontology (GO) an-notation elucidated the cellular origins and functional attributes of CEFFE components. Molecular mechanisms underlying CEFFE's therapeutic effects were explored through Western blotting (WB). Additionally, levels of inflammatory factors within CEFFE were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and histological staining of microglia was conducted to assess its impact on neuroinflammation. CEFFE demonstrated a significant capacity to promote axon re-generation and enhance RGCs survival. GO annotation revealed the involvement of 146 proteins within CEFFE in axonogenesis and neurogenesis. WB analysis unveiled the multifaceted pathways through which CEFFE exerts its therapeutic effects. Elevated levels of inflammatory factors were detected through ELISA, and CEFFE exhibited a modulatory effect on microglial activation in the retinal tissue following optic nerve crush (ONC). The present study highlights the therapeutic promise of CEFFE in the management of CNS injuries, exemplified by its ability to foster axon regeneration and improve RGCs survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Sun
- Department of Wound Reconstructive Surgery, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tao Dai
- Department of Wound Reconstructive Surgery, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyou Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangsheng Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Hetzer SM, O'Connell C, Lallo V, Robson M, Evanson NK. Model matters: Differential outcomes in traumatic optic neuropathy pathophysiology between blunt and blast-wave mediated head injuries. Exp Neurol 2024; 372:114613. [PMID: 37995952 PMCID: PMC10870099 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Over 3 million people in the United States live with long-term disability because of a traumatic brain injury (TBI). The purpose of this study was to characterize and compare two different animal models of TBI (blunt head trauma and blast TBI) to determine common and divergent characteristics of these models. With recent literature reviews noting the prevalence of visual system injury in animal models of TBI, coupled with clinical estimates of 50-75% of all TBI cases, we decided to assess commonalities, if they existed, through visual system injury. A unilateral (left directed) blast and repeat blast model injury with coup-contra-coup injury patterns were compared to a midline blunt injury. Injuries were induced in adult male mice to observe and quantify visual deficits. Retinal ganglion cell loss and axonal degeneration in the optic tract, superior colliculus, and lateral geniculate nuclei were examined to trace injury outcomes throughout major vision-associated areas. Optokinetic response, immunohistochemistry, and western blots were analyzed. Where a single blunt injury produces significant visual deficits a single blast injury appears to have less severe visual consequences. Visual deficits after repeat blasts are similar to a single blast. Single blast injury induces contralateral damage to the right optic chiasm and tract whereas bilateral injury follows a single blunt TBI. Repeat blast injuries are required to see degeneration patterns in downstream regions similar to the damage seen in a single blunt injury. This finding is further supported by amyloid precursor protein (APP) staining in injured cohorts. Blunt injured groups present with staining 1.2 mm ahead of the optic nerve, indicating axonal breakage closer to the optic chiasm. In blast groups, APP was identifiable in a bilateral pattern only in the geniculate nucleus. Evidence for unilateral neuronal degeneration in brain tissue with bilateral axonal ruptures are pivotal discoveries in this model differentiation. Analysis of the two injury models suggests that there is a significant difference in the histological outcomes dependent on injury type, though visual system injury is likely present in more cases than are currently diagnosed clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Hetzer
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States of America.
| | - C O'Connell
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - V Lallo
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - M Robson
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - N K Evanson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States of America; Division of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States of America
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4
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Ding L, Patel A, Shankar S, Driscoll N, Zhou C, Rex TS, Vitale F, Gallagher MJ. An Open-Source Mouse Chronic EEG Array System with High-Density MXene-Based Skull Surface Electrodes. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0512-22.2023. [PMID: 38388423 PMCID: PMC10884564 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0512-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) is an indispensable tool in epilepsy, sleep, and behavioral research. In rodents, EEG recordings are typically performed with metal electrodes that traverse the skull into the epidural space. In addition to requiring major surgery, intracranial EEG is difficult to perform for more than a few electrodes, is time-intensive, and confounds experiments studying traumatic brain injury. Here, we describe an open-source cost-effective refinement of this technique for chronic mouse EEG recording. Our alternative two-channel (EEG2) and sixteen-channel high-density EEG (HdEEG) arrays use electrodes made of the novel, flexible 2D nanomaterial titanium carbide (Ti3C2T x ) MXene. The MXene electrodes are placed on the surface of the intact skull and establish an electrical connection without conductive gel or paste. Fabrication and implantation times of MXene EEG electrodes are significantly shorter than the standard approach, and recorded resting baseline and epileptiform EEG waveforms are similar to those obtained with traditional epidural electrodes. Applying HdEEG to a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) model in mice of both sexes revealed that mTBI significantly increased spike-wave discharge (SWD) preictal network connectivity with frequencies of interest in the β-spectral band (12-30 Hz). These findings indicate that the fabrication of MXene electrode arrays is a cost-effective, efficient technology for multichannel EEG recording in mice that obviates the need for skull-penetrating surgery. Moreover, increased preictal β-frequency network connectivity may contribute to the development of early post-mTBI SWDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville 37232, Tennessee
| | - Aashvi Patel
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville 37232, Tennessee
| | - Sneha Shankar
- Departments of Bioengineering and Neurology, Center for Neuroengineering & Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolette Driscoll
- Departments of Bioengineering and Neurology, Center for Neuroengineering & Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania
| | - Chengwen Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville 37232, Tennessee
| | - Tonia S Rex
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville 37232, Tennessee
| | - Flavia Vitale
- Departments of Bioengineering and Neurology, Center for Neuroengineering & Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania
| | - Martin J Gallagher
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville 37232, Tennessee
- Department of Veteran's Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health System, Nashville 37212, Tennessee
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Khamooshi R, Salimi A, Halabian R, Saeedi P. Apoptotic effects of mesenchymal stem cells' conditioned medium on colorectal cancer cell lines. Tissue Cell 2023; 85:102247. [PMID: 37865038 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Multipotent Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have vigorous immunomodulatory activity, apoptotic effects, and the capacity to migrate to inflammatory and tumor sites. This study focuses on the apoptotic effects of MSCs conditioned medium (CM) on colorectal cancer cell lines. MSCs were preconditioned with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. The conditioned medium (LPS-CM) from the preconditioned cells was isolated and used to treat colorectal cancer cells (HT29 and SW48). The survival and proliferation of cancer cells were assessed using Trypan blue staining and MTT assay. The apoptosis rate was evaluated through flow cytometry analysis and caspase-3 activity. Additionally, Real-Time PCR was used to measure the mRNA level of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic factors, including bcl2, bax, and p53 genes. The results showed that LPS-CM significantly increased (p < 0.001) the percentage of apoptosis in the SW48 and HT29 cell lines. Caspase-3 activity significantly increased (p < 0.001) in these cell lines after treatment with LPS-CM. The mRNA level of bcl2 was significantly decreased (p < 0.001), while bax and p53 genes were significantly overexpressed (p < 0.001) in the LPS-CM treated cell lines. Notably, the mRNA level of bcl2 and bax genes was significantly altered at a higher concentration of LPS-CM. In conclusion, the conditioned medium from LPS-preconditioned MSCs can effectively induce apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. This finding suggests that LPS-CM could be a potential strategy for inhibiting the proliferation and progression of colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Khamooshi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Salimi
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Halabian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran.
| | - Pardis Saeedi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
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da Silva AV, Serrenho I, Araújo B, Carvalho AM, Baltazar G. Secretome as a Tool to Treat Neurological Conditions: Are We Ready? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16544. [PMID: 38003733 PMCID: PMC10671352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their characteristics, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered a potential therapy for brain tissue injury or degeneration. Nevertheless, despite the promising results observed, there has been a growing interest in the use of cell-free therapies in regenerative medicine, such as the use of stem cell secretome. This review provides an in-depth compilation of data regarding the secretome composition, protocols used for its preparation, as well as existing information on the impact of secretome administration on various brain conditions, pointing out gaps and highlighting relevant findings. Moreover, due to the ability of MSCs to respond differently depending on their microenvironment, preconditioning of MSCs has been used to modulate their composition and, consequently, their therapeutic potential. The different strategies used to modulate the MSC secretome were also reviewed. Although secretome administration was effective in improving functional impairments, regeneration, neuroprotection, and reducing inflammation in brain tissue, a high variability in secretome preparation and administration was identified, compromising the transposition of preclinical data to clinical studies. Indeed, there are no reports of the use of secretome in clinical trials. Despite the existing limitations and lack of clinical data, secretome administration is a potential tool for the treatment of various diseases that impact the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Valente da Silva
- Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Inês Serrenho
- Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC-UC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Araújo
- Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | | | - Graça Baltazar
- Health Sciences Research Center (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
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7
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Finocchio L, Zeppieri M, Gabai A, Spadea L, Salati C. Recent Advances of Adipose-Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Retinal Diseases. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7015. [PMID: 38002628 PMCID: PMC10672618 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12227015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of stem cell research in modern times, stem cell-based therapy has opened a new era of tissue regeneration, becoming one of the most promising strategies for currently untreatable retinal diseases. Among the various sources of stem cells, adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic modality due to their characteristics and multiple functions, which include immunoregulation, anti-apoptosis of neurons, cytokine and growth factor secretion, and antioxidative activities. Studies have shown that ADSCs can facilitate the replacement of dying cells, promote tissue remodeling and regeneration, and support the survival and growth of retinal cells. Recent studies in this field have provided numerous experiments using different preclinical models. The aim of our review is to provide an overview of the therapeutic strategies, modern-day clinical trials, experimental models, and potential clinical use of this fascinating class of cells in addressing retinal disorders and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Finocchio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (L.F.)
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (L.F.)
| | - Andrea Gabai
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (L.F.)
| | - Leopoldo Spadea
- Eye Clinic, Policlinico Umberto I, La Sapienza University of Rome, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Salati
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (L.F.)
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8
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Zhang C, Xiao J, Fa L, Jiang F, Jiang H, Zhou L, Xu Z. Advances in the applications of mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium in ocular diseases. Exp Eye Res 2023:109560. [PMID: 37385531 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium (MSC-CM), also known as secretome, is secreted by MSC and contains a variety of bioactive factors with anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, neuroprotection, and proliferation effects. Increasing evidence proved that MSC-CM plays an important role in various diseases, including skin, bone, muscle, and dental diseases. However, the role of MSC-CM in ocular diseases is not quite clear, Therefore, this article reviewed the composition, biological functions, preparation, and characterization of MSC-CM and summarized current research advances in different sources of MSC-CM in corneal and retinal diseases, including dry eye, corneal epithelial damage, chemical corneal injury, retinitis pigmentosa (RP), anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and other retinal degenerative changes. For these diseases, MSC-CM can promote cell proliferation, reduce inflammation and vascular leakage, inhibit retinal cell degeneration and apoptosis, protect corneal and retinal structures, and further improves visual function. Hence, we summarize the production, composition and biological functions of MSC-CM and focus on describing its mechanisms in the treatment of ocular diseases. Furthermore, we look at the unexplored mechanisms and further research directions for MSC-CM based therapy in ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Luzhong Fa
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fanwen Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhuping Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
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Lenin R, Jha KA, Gentry J, Shrestha A, Culp EV, Vaithianathan T, Gangaraju R. Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Alleviates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Visual Deficits in Diabetic tie2-TNF Transgenic Mice via TGR5 Signaling. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2023; 39:159-174. [PMID: 36791327 PMCID: PMC10081728 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2022.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study evaluated if tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) alleviates pro-inflammatory and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated visual deficits in diabetic tie2-TNF transgenic mice via Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) receptor signaling. Methods: Adult tie2-TNF transgenic or age-matched C57BL/6J (wildtype, WT) mice were made diabetic and treated subcutaneously with TUDCA. After 4 weeks, visual function, vascular permeability, immunohistology, and molecular analyses were assessed. Human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) silenced for TGR5, followed by TNF and high glucose (HG) stress-mediated endothelial permeability, and transendothelial migration of activated leukocytes were assessed with TUDCA in vitro. Results: Compared with WT mice, tie2-TNF mice showed a decreased visual function correlated with a decrease in protein kinase C α (PKCα) in rod bipolar cells, and increased vascular permeability was further exacerbated in diabetic-tie2-TNF mice. Conversely, TUDCA alleviated these changes in diabetic mice. An increase in inflammation and ER stress in retina coincided with an increase in TGR5 expression in diabetic tie2-TNF mice that decreased with TUDCA. In vitro, HRECs exposed to TNF+HG demonstrated >2-fold increase in TGR5 expression, a 3-fold increase in leukocyte transmigration with a concomitant increase in permeability. Although TUDCA reversed these effects, HRECs silenced for TGR5 and challenged with TUDCA or TGR5 agonist failed to reverse the TNF+HG induced effects. Conclusions: Our data suggest that TUDCA will serve as an excellent therapeutic agent for diabetic complications addressing both vascular and neurodegenerative changes in the retina. Perturbation of the TGR5 receptor in the retina might play a role in linking retinal ER stress to neurovascular dysfunction in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji Lenin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kumar Abhiram Jha
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jordy Gentry
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Abhishek Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, and The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Erielle V. Culp
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, and The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thirumalini Vaithianathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, and The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rajashekhar Gangaraju
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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10
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Kennon AM, Stewart JA. Paracrine Signals in Calcified Conditioned Media Elicited Differential Responses in Primary Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and in Adventitial Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043599. [PMID: 36835011 PMCID: PMC9961433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Our goal was to determine if paracrine signals from different aortic layers can impact other cell types in the diabetic microenvironment, specifically medial vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and adventitial fibroblasts (AFBs). The diabetic hyperglycemic aorta undergoes mineral dysregulation, causing cells to be more responsive to chemical messengers eliciting vascular calcification. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)/AGE receptors (RAGEs) signaling has been implicated in diabetes-mediated vascular calcification. To elucidate responses shared between cell types, pre-conditioned calcified media from diabetic and non-diabetic VSMCs and AFBs were collected to treat cultured murine diabetic, non-diabetic, diabetic RAGE knockout (RKO), and non-diabetic RKO VSMCs and AFBs. Calcium assays, western blots, and semi-quantitative cytokine/chemokine profile kits were used to determine signaling responses. VSMCs responded to non-diabetic more than diabetic AFB calcified pre-conditioned media. AFB calcification was not significantly altered when VSMC pre-conditioned media was used. No significant changes in VSMCs signaling markers due to treatments were reported; however, genotypic differences existed. Losses in AFB α-smooth muscle actin were observed with diabetic pre-conditioned VSMC media treatment. Superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2) increased with non-diabetic calcified + AGE pre-conditioned VSMC media, while same treatment decreased diabetic AFBs levels. Overall, non-diabetic and diabetic pre-conditioned media elicited different responses from VSMCs and AFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M. Kennon
- Department of Investigational Cancer, Division of Cancer Medicine, U.T.M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James A. Stewart
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(662)-915-2309
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11
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Musa M, Zeppieri M, Enaholo ES, Salati C, Parodi PC. Adipose Stem Cells in Modern-Day Ophthalmology. Clin Pract 2023; 13:230-245. [PMID: 36826163 PMCID: PMC9955457 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract13010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) have evolved as an interesting and viable factor in ophthalmologic patient care in the past decades. SCs have been classified as either embryonic, mesenchymal, tissue-specific, or induced pluripotent cells. Multiple novel management techniques and clinical trials have been established to date. While available publications are predominantly animal-model-based, significant material is derived from human studies and case-selected scenarios. This possibility of explanting cells from viable tissue to regenerate/repair damaged tissue points to an exciting future of therapeutic options in all fields of medicine, and ophthalmology is surely not left out. Adipose tissue obtained from lipo-aspirates has been shown to produce mesenchymal SCs that are potentially useful in different body parts, including the oculo-visual system. An overview of the anatomy, physiology, and extraction process for adipose-tissue-derived stem cells (ADSC) is important for better understanding the potential therapeutic benefits. This review examines published data on ADSCs in immune-modulatory, therapeutic, and regenerative treatments. We also look at the future of ADSC applications for ophthalmic patient care. The adverse effects of this relatively novel therapy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutali Musa
- Department of Optometry, University of Benin, Benin City 300238, Nigeria
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Carlo Salati
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Pier Camillo Parodi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Seim RF, Willis ML, Wallet SM, Maile R, Coleman LG. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AS REGULATORS OF IMMUNE FUNCTION IN TRAUMATIC INJURIES AND SEPSIS. Shock 2023; 59:180-189. [PMID: 36516458 PMCID: PMC9940835 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Despite advancements in critical care and resuscitation, traumatic injuries are one of the leading causes of death around the world and can bring about long-term disabilities in survivors. One of the primary causes of death for trauma patients are secondary phase complications that can develop weeks or months after the initial insult. These secondary complications typically occur because of systemic immune dysfunction that develops in response to injury, which can lead to immunosuppression, coagulopathy, multiple organ failure, unregulated inflammation, and potentially sepsis in patients. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as mediators of these processes because their levels are increased in circulation after traumatic injury and they encapsulate cargo that can aggravate these secondary complications. In this review, we will discuss the role of EVs in the posttrauma pathologies that arise after burn injuries, trauma to the central nervous system, and infection. In addition, we will examine the use of EVs as biomarkers for predicting late-stage trauma outcomes and as therapeutics for reversing the pathological processes that develop after trauma. Overall, EVs have emerged as critical mediators of trauma-associated pathology and their use as a therapeutic agent represents an exciting new field of biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland F. Seim
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Micah L. Willis
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Shannon M. Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Robert Maile
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Leon G. Coleman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Sanie-Jahromi F, Mahmoudi A, Khalili MR, Nowroozzadeh MH. A Review on the Application of Stem Cell Secretome in the Protection and Regeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells; a Clinical Prospect in the Treatment of Optic Neuropathies. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:1463-1471. [PMID: 35876610 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2103153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are one the most specialized neural tissues in the body. They transmit (and further process) chemoelectrical information originating in outer retinal layers to the central nervous system. In fact, the optic nerve is composed of RGC axons. Like other neural cells, RGCs will not completely heal after the injury, leading to irreversible vision loss from disorders such as glaucoma that primarily affect these cells. Several methods have been developed to protect or regenerate RGCs during or after the insult has occurred. This study aims to review the most recent clinical, animal and laboratory experiments designed for the regeneration of RGC that apply the stem cell-derived secretome. METHODS We extracted the studies from Web of Science (ISI), Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Embase, and Google scholar from the first record to the last report registered in 2022, using the following keywords; "secretome" OR "conditioned medium" OR "exosome" OR "extracellular vesicle" AND "stem cell" AND "RGC" OR "optic neuropathy". Any registered clinical trials related to the subject were also extracted from clinicaltrial.gov. All published original studies that express the effect of stem cell secretome on RGC cells in optic neuropathy, whether in vitro, in animal studies, or in clinical trials were included in this survey. RESULTS In this review, we provided an update on the existing reports, and a brief description of the details applied in the procedure. Compared to cell transplant, applying stem cell-derived secretome has the advantage of minimized immunogenicity yet preserving efficacy via its rich content of growth factors. CONCLUSIONS Different sources of stem cell secretomes have distinct implications in the management of RGC injury, which is the main subject of the present article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sanie-Jahromi
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mahmoudi
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khalili
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Hossein Nowroozzadeh
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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14
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Rasiah PK, Jha KA, Gentry J, Del Mar NA, Townsend T, Torgbe KE, Reiner A, Gangaraju R. A Long-Term Safety and Efficacy Report on Intravitreal Delivery of Adipose Stem Cells and Secretome on Visual Deficits After Traumatic Brain Injury. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:1. [PMID: 36180031 PMCID: PMC9547363 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.10.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We compared intravitreal injection of human adipose stem cell concentrated conditioned media (ASC-CCM) to injection of live ASCs for their long-term safety and effectiveness against the visual deficits of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Methods We first tested different intravitreal ASC doses for safety. Other C57BL/6 mice then received focal cranial blast mTBI and were injected with the safe ASC dose (1000 cells/eye), ASC-CCM (∼200 ng protein/eye), or saline solution. At five and 10 months after blast injury, visual, molecular, and histological assessments evaluated treatment efficacy. Histological evaluation of eyes and other organs at 10 months after blast injury assessed safety. Results Human ASCs at 1000 cells/eye were found to be safe, with >10,000 cells causing retinal damage. Blast-injured mice showed significant vision deficits compared to sham blast mice up to 10 months. Blast mice receiving ASC or ASC-CCM showed improved vision at five months but marginal effects at 10 months, correlated with changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein and proinflammatory gene expression in retina. Immunostaining for human IgG failed to detect ASCs in retina. Peripheral organs examined histologically at 10 months after blast injury were normal. Conclusions Intravitreal injection of ASCs or ASC-CCM is safe and effective against the visual deficits of mTBI. Considering the unimproved glial response and the risk of retinal damage with live cells, our studies suggest that ASC-CCM has better safety and effectiveness than live cells for the treatment of visual dysfunction in mTBI. Translational Relevance This study demonstrates the safety and efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapeutics, supporting them for phase 1 clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratheepa Kumari Rasiah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kumar Abhiram Jha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jordy Gentry
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nobel A. Del Mar
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tanisha Townsend
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kwame E. Torgbe
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Anton Reiner
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rajashekhar Gangaraju
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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15
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A Comprehensive Profiling of Cellular Sphingolipids in Mammalian Endothelial and Microglial Cells Cultured in Normal and High-Glucose Conditions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193082. [PMID: 36231042 PMCID: PMC9563724 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SPLs) play a diverse role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Dysregulated SPL metabolism is associated with pathological changes in stressed and diseased cells. This study investigates differences in SPL metabolism between cultured human primary retinal endothelial (HREC) and murine microglial cells (BV2) in normal conditions (normal glucose, NG, 5 mM) and under high-glucose (HG, 25 mM)-induced stress by sphingolipidomics, immunohistochemistry, biochemical, and molecular assays. Measurable differences were observed in SPL profiles between HREC and BV2 cells. High-glucose treatment caused a >2.5-fold increase in the levels of Lactosyl-ceramide (LacCer) in HREC, but in BV2 cells, it induced Hexosyl-Ceramides (HexCer) by threefold and a significant increase in Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) compared to NG. Altered SPL profiles coincided with changes in transcript levels of inflammatory and vascular permeability mediators in HREC and inflammatory mediators in BV2 cells. Differences in SPL profiles and differential responses to HG stress between endothelial and microglial cells suggest that SPL metabolism and signaling differ in mammalian cell types and, therefore, their pathological association with those cell types.
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16
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Klimo KR, Stern-Green EA, Shelton E, Day E, Jordan L, Robich M, Racine J, McDaniel CE, VanNasdale DA, Yuhas PT. Structure and function of retinal ganglion cells in subjects with a history of repeated traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol 2022; 13:963587. [PMID: 36034275 PMCID: PMC9412167 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.963587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested whether repeated traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) alter the objective structure or the objective function of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in human subjects recruited from an optometry clinic. Case subjects (n = 25) with a history of repeated TBIs (4.12 ± 2.76 TBIs over 0-41 years) and healthy pair-matched control subjects (n = 30) were prospectively recruited. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was quantified with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, and scanning laser polarimetry measured RNFL phase retardation. Measurements of the photopic negative response were made using full-field flash electroretinography. There was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.42) in global RNFL thickness between the case cohort (96.6 ± 9.4 microns) and the control cohort (94.9 ± 7.0 microns). There was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.80) in global RNFL phase retardation between the case cohort (57.9 ± 5.7 nm) and the control cohort (58.2 ± 4.6 nm). There were no statistically significant differences in the peak time (p = 0.95) of the PhNR or in the amplitude (p = 0.11) of the PhNR between the case cohort (69.9 ± 6.9 ms and 24.1 ± 5.1 μV, respectively) and the control cohort (70.1 ± 8.9 ms and 27.8 ± 9.1 μV, respectively). However, PhNR amplitude was more variable (p < 0.025) in the control cohort than in the case cohort. Within the case cohort, there was a strong positive (r = 0.53), but not statistically significant (p = 0.02), association between time since last TBI and PhNR amplitude. There was also a modest positive (r = 0.45), but not statistically significant (p = 0.04), association between time since first TBI and PhNR amplitude. Our results suggest that there were no statistically significant differences in the objective structure or in the objective function of RGCs between the case cohort and the control cohort. Future large, longitudinal studies will be necessary to confirm our negative results and to more fully investigate the potential interaction between PhNR amplitude and time since first or last TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R. Klimo
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Erica Shelton
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Elizabeth Day
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lisa Jordan
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Matthew Robich
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Julie Racine
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Dean A. VanNasdale
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Phillip T. Yuhas
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Phillip T. Yuhas
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Pischiutta F, Caruso E, Cavaleiro H, Salgado AJ, Loane DJ, Zanier ER. Mesenchymal stromal cell secretome for traumatic brain injury: Focus on immunomodulatory action. Exp Neurol 2022; 357:114199. [PMID: 35952763 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The severity and long-term consequences of brain damage in traumatic brain injured (TBI) patients urgently calls for better neuroprotective/neuroreparative strategies for this devastating disorder. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) hold great promise and have been shown to confer neuroprotection in experimental TBI, mainly through paracrine mechanisms via secreted bioactive factors (i.e. secretome), which indicates significant potential for a cell-free neuroprotective approach. The secretome is composed of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, metabolites, and extracellular vesicles; it may offer advantages over MSCs in terms of delivery, safety, and variability of therapeutic response for brain injury. Immunomodulation by molecular factors secreted by MSCs is considered to be a key mechanism involved in their multi-potential therapeutic effects. Regulated neuroinflammation is required for healthy remodeling of central nervous system during development and adulthood. Moreover, immune cells and their secreted factors can also contribute to tissue repair and neurological recovery following acute brain injury. However, a chronic and maladaptive neuroinflammatory response can exacerbate TBI and contribute to progressive neurodegeneration and long-term neurological impairments. Here, we review the evidence for MSC-derived secretome as a therapy for TBI. Our framework incorporates a detailed analysis of in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the effects of the secretome on clinically relevant neurological and histopathological outcomes. We also describe the activation of immune cells after TBI and the immunomodulatory properties exerted by mediators released in the secretome. We then describe how ageing modifies central and systemic immune responses to TBI and discuss challenges and opportunities of developing secretome based neuroprotective therapies for elderly TBI populations. Finally, strategies aimed at modulating the secretome in order to boost its efficacy for TBI will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pischiutta
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Caruso
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy; Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Helena Cavaleiro
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal; Stemmatters, Biotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Antonio J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - David J Loane
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.
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18
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Xu Y, Liu Z, Xu S, Li C, Li M, Cao S, Sun Y, Dai H, Guo Y, Chen X, Liang W. Scientific Evidences of Calorie Restriction and Intermittent Fasting for Neuroprotection in Traumatic Brain Injury Animal Models: A Review of the Literature. Nutrients 2022; 14:1431. [PMID: 35406044 PMCID: PMC9002547 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It has widely been accepted that food restriction (FR) without malnutrition has multiple health benefits. Various calorie restriction (CR) and intermittent fasting (IF) regimens have recently been reported to exert neuroprotective effects in traumatic brain injury (TBI) through variable mechanisms. However, the evidence connecting CR or IF to neuroprotection in TBI as well as current issues remaining in this research field have yet to be reviewed in literature. The objective of our review was therefore to weigh the evidence that suggests the connection between CR/IF with recovery promotion following TBI. Medline, Google Scholar and Web of Science were searched from inception to 25 February 2022. An overwhelming number of results generated suggest that several types of CR/IF play a promising role in promoting post-TBI recovery. This recovery is believed to be achieved by alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction, promoting hippocampal neurogenesis, inhibiting glial cell responses, shaping neural cell plasticity, as well as targeting apoptosis and autophagy. Further, we represent our views on the current issues and provide thoughts on the future direction of this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.X.); (S.X.); (C.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Zejie Liu
- Department of Forensic Pathology and Forensic Clinical Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.L.); (H.D.)
| | - Shuting Xu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.X.); (S.X.); (C.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Chengxian Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.X.); (S.X.); (C.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Manrui Li
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Shuqiang Cao
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Yuwen Sun
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.X.); (S.X.); (C.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Hao Dai
- Department of Forensic Pathology and Forensic Clinical Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.L.); (H.D.)
| | - Yadong Guo
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China;
| | - Xiameng Chen
- Department of Forensic Pathology and Forensic Clinical Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.L.); (H.D.)
| | - Weibo Liang
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.L.); (S.C.)
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Reboussin É, Buffault J, Brignole-Baudouin F, Réaux-Le Goazigo A, Riancho L, Olmiere C, Sahel JA, Mélik Parsadaniantz S, Baudouin C. Evaluation of neuroprotective and immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells in an ex vivo retinal explant model. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:63. [PMID: 35236378 PMCID: PMC8892697 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02418-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a blinding degenerative neuropathy in which the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) causes progressive loss of visual field and eventually vision. Neuroinflammation appears to be a key event in the progression and spread of this disease. Thus, microglial immunomodulation represents a promising therapeutic approach in which mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) might play a crucial role. Their neuroprotective and regenerative potentials have already raised hope in animal models. Yet no definitive treatment has been developed, and some safety concerns have been reported in human trials. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective and immunomodulatory properties as well as the safety of MSCs in an ex vivo neuroretina explant model. METHODS Labeled rat bone marrow MSCs were placed in coculture with rat retinal explants after optic nerve axotomy. We analyzed the neuroprotective effect of MSCs on RGC survival by immunofluorescence using RBPMS, Brn3a, and NeuN markers. Gliosis and retinal microglial activation were measured by using GFAP, CD68, and ITGAM mRNA quantification and GFAP, CD68, and Iba1 immunofluorescence stainings. We also analyzed the mRNA expression of both 'M1' or classically activated state inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL1β, and IL6), and 'M2' or alternatively activated state microglial markers (Arginase 1, IL10, CD163, and TNFAIP6). RESULTS The number of RGCs was significantly higher in retinal explants cultured with MSCs compared to the control group at Day 7 following the optic nerve axotomy. Retinal explants cultured with MSCs showed a decrease in mRNA markers of gliosis and microglial activations, and immunostainings revealed that GFAP, Iba1, and CD68 were limited to the inner layers of the retina compared to controls in which microglial activation was observed throughout the retina. In addition, MSCs inhibited the M1 phenotype of the microglia. However, edema of the explants was observed in presence of MSCs, with an increase in fibronectin labeling at the surface of the explant corresponding to an epiretinal membrane-like phenotype. CONCLUSION Using an ex vivo neuroretina model, we demonstrated a neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effect of MSCs on RGCs. Unfortunately, the presence of MSCs also led to explant edema and epiretinal membrane formation, as described in human trials. Using the MSC secretome might offer the beneficial effects of MSCs without their potential adverse effects, through paracrine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élodie Reboussin
- Sorbonne Université UM80, INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Buffault
- Sorbonne Université UM80, INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France. .,Service 3, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012, Paris, France.
| | - Françoise Brignole-Baudouin
- Sorbonne Université UM80, INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,Laboratoire, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Annabelle Réaux-Le Goazigo
- Sorbonne Université UM80, INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Luisa Riancho
- Sorbonne Université UM80, INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | | | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université UM80, INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,Service 3, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Stéphane Mélik Parsadaniantz
- Sorbonne Université UM80, INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Sorbonne Université UM80, INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU FOReSIGHT, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,Service 3, CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012, Paris, France
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20
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Muhammad SA, Abbas AY, Imam MU, Saidu Y, Bilbis LS. Efficacy of stem cell secretome in the treatment of traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2894-2909. [PMID: 35230664 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02759-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a public health challenge and represents one of the major contributors to disability and mortality worldwide among all trauma-related injuries. This study aimed to determine a precise effect size of secretome intervention in TBI. We performed a systematic literature search through Cochrane, MEDLINE Complete, PubMed and Scopus databases for articles published until June 2021. The search terms used include cells OR stem cells OR mesenchymal stem cells AND secretome OR conditioned medium OR extracellular vesicles OR exosomes OR microvesicles AND traumatic brain injury OR head injury. Neurological deficits and neuroinflammation were the outcome measures assessed after the intervention. Thirty-one (31) studies involving mouse, rat and swine were enrolled for the meta-analysis. Secretome significantly improved structural and functional recovery when compared with control. The mean effect sizes were as follows: modified neurological severity score (mNSS) (-2.65, 95% CI: -3.42, -1.87, p < 0.00001), impact size (-3.02 mm3, 95% CI: -4.97, -1.08, p = 0.002) and latency to platform (-17.20 s, 95% CI: -23.91, -10.50, p < 0.00001). Similarly, intervention with secretome reduced neuroinflammation after TBI. The results of meta-regression showed that the source of secretome, TBI models and duration of follow-up did not influence the mNSS. Furthermore, the methodological quality of the studies was moderate as shown by the risk of bias assessment. Publication bias was observed for the mNSS. This meta-analysis provides preclinical evidence of secretome intervention in TBI, suggesting that it can be explored as a therapeutic agent for TBI and other neurological disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdullahi Yahya Abbas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Mustapha Umar Imam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Yusuf Saidu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Lawal Suleiman Bilbis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
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21
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Switching Roles: Beneficial Effects of Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Microglia and Their Implication in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020219. [PMID: 35204722 PMCID: PMC8961583 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, are often characterized by neuroinflammation, which is largely driven by microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Under these conditions, microglia are able to secrete neurotoxic substances, provoking neuronal cell death. However, microglia in the healthy brain carry out CNS-supporting functions. This is due to the ability of microglia to acquire different phenotypes that can play a neuroprotective role under physiological conditions or a pro-inflammatory, damaging one during disease. Therefore, therapeutic strategies focus on the downregulation of these neuroinflammatory processes and try to re-activate the neuroprotective features of microglia. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) of different origins have been shown to exert such effects, due to their immunomodulatory properties. In recent years, MSC derived from adipose tissue have been made the center of attention because of their easy availability and extraction methods. These cells induce a neuroprotective phenotype in microglia and downregulate neuroinflammation, resulting in an improvement of clinical symptoms in a variety of animal models for neurological pathologies, e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic brain injury and ischemic stroke. In this review, we will discuss the application of adipose tissue-derived MSC and their conditioned medium, including extracellular vesicles, in neurological disorders, their beneficial effect on microglia and the signaling pathways involved.
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Jha KA, Rasiah PK, Gentry J, Del Mar NA, Kumar R, Adebiyi A, Reiner A, Gangaraju R. Mesenchymal stem cell secretome protects against oxidative stress-induced ocular blast visual pathologies. Exp Eye Res 2022; 215:108930. [PMID: 35016886 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Visual deficits are a common concern among subjects with head trauma. Stem cell therapies have gained recent attention in treating visual deficits following head trauma. Previously, we have shown that adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) concentrated conditioned medium (ASC-CCM), when delivered via an intravitreal route, yielded a significant improvement in vision accompanied by a decrease in retinal neuroinflammation in a focal cranial blast model that indirectly injures the retina. The purpose of the current study is to extend our previous studies to a direct ocular blast injury model to further establish the preclinical efficacy of ASC-CCM. Adult C57BL/6J mice were subjected to repetitive ocular blast injury (rOBI) of 25 psi to the left eye, followed by intravitreal delivery of ASC-CCM (∼200 ng protein/2 μl) or saline within 2-3 h. Visual function and histological changes were measured 4 weeks after injury and treatment. In vitro, Müller cells were used to evaluate the antioxidant effect of ASC-CCM. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and b-wave amplitudes in rOBI mice receiving saline were significantly decreased compared with age-matched sham blast mice. Immunohistological analyses demonstrated a significant increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (a retinal injury marker) in Müller cell processes, DNA/RNA damage, and nitrotyrosine (indicative of oxidative stress) in the retina, while qPCR analysis revealed a >2-fold increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, ICAM1, and Ccl2) in the retina, as well as markers for microglia/macrophage activation (IL-1β and CD86). Remarkably, rOBI mice that received ASC-CCM demonstrated a significant improvement in visual function compared to saline-treated rOBI mice, with visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and b-wave amplitudes that were not different from those in sham mice. This improvement in visual function also was associated with a significant reduction in retinal GFAP, neuroinflammation markers, and oxidative stress compared to saline-treated rOBI mice. In vitro, Müller cells exposed to oxidative stress via increasing doses of hydrogen peroxide demonstrated decreased viability, increased GFAP mRNA expression, and reduced activity for the antioxidant catalase. On the other hand, oxidatively stressed Müller cells pre-incubated with ASC-CCM showed normalized GFAP, viability, and catalase activity. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that a single intravitreal injection of ASC-CCM in the rOBI can significantly rescue retinal injury and provide significant restoration of visual function. Our in vitro studies suggest that the antioxidant catalase may play a major role in the protective effects of ASC-CCM, uncovering yet another aspect of the multifaceted benefits of ASC secretome therapies in neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Abhiram Jha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite 769, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Pratheepa Kumari Rasiah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite 769, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Jordy Gentry
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite 769, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Nobel A Del Mar
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 317 Wittenborg Building, 875 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Avenue, Coleman Building, Suite C211, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Adebowale Adebiyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Avenue, Coleman Building, Suite C211, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Anton Reiner
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 522 Wittenborg Building, 875 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Rajashekhar Gangaraju
- Department of Ophthalmology, Anatomy & Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite 768, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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Jin N, Sha W, Gao L. Shaping the Microglia in Retinal Degenerative Diseases Using Stem Cell Therapy: Practice and Prospects. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:741368. [PMID: 34966736 PMCID: PMC8710684 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.741368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative disease (RDD) refers to a group of diseases with retinal degeneration that cause vision loss and affect people's daily lives. Various therapies have been proposed, among which stem cell therapy (SCT) holds great promise for the treatment of RDDs. Microglia are immune cells in the retina that have two activation phenotypes, namely, pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes. These cells play an important role in the pathological progression of RDDs, especially in terms of retinal inflammation. Recent studies have extensively investigated the therapeutic potential of stem cell therapy in treating RDDs, including the immunomodulatory effects targeting microglia. In this review, we substantially summarized the characteristics of RDDs and microglia, discussed the microglial changes and phenotypic transformation of M1 microglia to M2 microglia after SCT, and proposed future directions for SCT in treating RDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Jin
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Endocrinology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Sha
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lixiong Gao
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Modulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Enhanced Therapeutic Utility in Ischemic Vascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010249. [PMID: 35008675 PMCID: PMC8745455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent stem cells isolated from various tissue sources, including but not limited to bone marrow, adipose, umbilical cord, and Wharton Jelly. Although cell-mediated mechanisms have been reported, the therapeutic effect of MSCs is now recognized to be primarily mediated via paracrine effects through the secretion of bioactive molecules, known as the “secretome”. The regenerative benefit of the secretome has been attributed to trophic factors and cytokines that play neuroprotective, anti-angiogenic/pro-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory roles. The advancement of autologous MSCs therapy can be hindered when introduced back into a hostile/disease environment. Barriers include impaired endogenous MSCs function, limited post-transplantation cell viability, and altered immune-modulatory efficiency. Although secretome-based therapeutics have gained popularity, many translational hurdles, including the heterogeneity of MSCs, limited proliferation potential, and the complex nature of the secretome, have impeded the progress. This review will discuss the experimental and clinical impact of restoring the functional capabilities of MSCs prior to transplantation and the progress in secretome therapies involving extracellular vesicles. Modulation and utilization of MSCs–secretome are most likely to serve as an effective strategy for promoting their ultimate success as therapeutic modulators.
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TNF-α and IFN-γ Participate in Improving the Immunoregulatory Capacity of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: Importance of Cell-Cell Contact and Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179531. [PMID: 34502453 PMCID: PMC8431422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have an immunoregulatory capacity and have been used in different clinical protocols requiring control of the immune response. However, variable results have been obtained, mainly due to the effect of the microenvironment on the induction, increase, and maintenance of MSC immunoregulatory mechanisms. In addition, the importance of cell–cell contact for MSCs to efficiently modulate the immune response has recently been highlighted. Because these interactions would be difficult to achieve in the physiological context, the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their participation as intermediaries of communication between MSCs and immune cells becomes relevant. Therefore, this article focuses on analyzing immunoregulatory mechanisms mediated by cell contact, highlighting the importance of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and the participation of EVs. Moreover, the effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), the main cytokines involved in MSC activation, are examined. These cytokines, when used at the appropriate concentrations and times, would promote increases in the expression of immunoregulatory molecules in the cell and allow the acquisition of EVs enriched with these molecules. The establishment of certain in vitro activation guidelines will facilitate the design of conditioning protocols to obtain functional MSCs or EVs in different pathophysiological conditions.
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Extracellular Vesicles from Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Review of Common Cargos. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:854-901. [PMID: 33904115 PMCID: PMC8942954 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10155-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the interest in adipose tissue mesenchymal cell–derived extracellular vesicles (AT-MSC-EVs) has increasingly grown. Numerous articles support the potential of human AT-MSC-EVs as a new therapeutic option for treatment of diverse diseases in the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems, kidney, skin, and immune system, among others. This approach makes use of the molecules transported inside of EVs, which play an important role in cell communication and in transmission of macromolecules. However, to our knowledge, there is no database where essential information about AT-MSC-EVs cargo molecules is gathered for easy reference. The aim of this study is to describe the different molecules reported so far in AT-MSC- EVs, their main molecular functions, and biological processes in which they are involved. Recently, the presence of 591 proteins and 604 microRNAs (miRNAs) has been described in human AT-MSC-EVs. The main molecular function enabled by both proteins and miRNAs present in human AT-MSC-EVs is the binding function. Signal transduction and gene silencing are the biological processes in which a greater number of proteins and miRNAs from human AT-MSC-EVs are involved, respectively. In this review we highlight the therapeutics effects of AT-MSC-EVs related with their participation in relevant biological processes including inflammation, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration, among others.
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Evans LP, Roghair AM, Gilkes NJ, Bassuk AG. Visual Outcomes in Experimental Rodent Models of Blast-Mediated Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:659576. [PMID: 33935648 PMCID: PMC8081965 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.659576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast-mediated traumatic brain injuries (bTBI) cause long-lasting physical, cognitive, and psychological disorders, including persistent visual impairment. No known therapies are currently utilized in humans to lessen the lingering and often serious symptoms. With TBI mortality decreasing due to advancements in medical and protective technologies, there is growing interest in understanding the pathology of visual dysfunction after bTBI. However, this is complicated by numerous variables, e.g., injury location, severity, and head and body shielding. This review summarizes the visual outcomes observed by various, current experimental rodent models of bTBI, and identifies data showing that bTBI activates inflammatory and apoptotic signaling leading to visual dysfunction. Pharmacologic treatments blocking inflammation and cell death pathways reported to alleviate visual deficits in post-bTBI animal models are discussed. Notably, techniques for assessing bTBI outcomes across exposure paradigms differed widely, so we urge future studies to compare multiple models of blast injury, to allow data to be directly compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy P. Evans
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ariel M. Roghair
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Noah J. Gilkes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Chinnapaka S, Yang KS, Samadi Y, Epperly MW, Hou W, Greenberger JS, Ejaz A, Rubin JP. Allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells mitigate acute radiation syndrome by the rescue of damaged bone marrow cells from apoptosis. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:1095-1114. [PMID: 33724714 PMCID: PMC8235137 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is the radiation toxicity that can affect the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems upon accidental radiation exposure within a short time. Currently, there are no effective and safe approaches to treat mass population exposure to ARS. Our study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of allogeneic adipose‐derived stem cells (ASCs) for total body irradiation (TBI)‐induced ARS and understand the underlying mitigation mechanism. We employed 9.25 Gy TBI dose to C57BL/6 mice and studied the effect of allogeneic ASCs on mice survival and regeneration of the hematopoietic system. Our results indicate that intraperitoneal‐injected ASCs migrated to the bone marrow, rescued hematopoiesis, and improved the survival of irradiated mice. Our transwell coculture results confirmed the migration of ASCs to irradiated bone marrow and rescue hematopoietic activity. Furthermore, contact coculture of ASCs improved the survival and hematopoiesis of irradiated bone marrow in vitro. Irradiation results in DNA damage, upregulation of inflammatory signals, and apoptosis in bone marrow cells, while coculture with ASCs reduces apoptosis via activation of DNA repair and the antioxidation system. Upon exposure to irradiated bone marrow cells, ASCs secrete prosurvival and hematopoietic factors, such as GM‐CSF, MIP1α, MIP1β, LIX, KC, 1P‐10, Rantes, IL‐17, MCSF, TNFα, Eotaxin, and IP‐10, which reduces oxidative stress and rescues damaged bone marrow cells from apoptosis. Our findings suggest that allogeneic ASCs therapy is effective in mitigating TBI‐induced ARS in mice and may be beneficial for clinical adaptation to treat TBI‐induced toxicities. Further studies will help to advocate the scale‐up and adaptation of allogeneic ASCs as the radiation countermeasure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaiah Chinnapaka
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine S Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yasamin Samadi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael W Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wen Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joel S Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Asim Ejaz
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J Peter Rubin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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29
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Castelli V, Antonucci I, d'Angelo M, Tessitore A, Zelli V, Benedetti E, Ferri C, Desideri G, Borlongan C, Stuppia L, Cimini A. Neuroprotective effects of human amniotic fluid stem cells-derived secretome in an ischemia/reperfusion model. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:251-266. [PMID: 33027557 PMCID: PMC7848376 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells offer the basis for the promotion of robust new therapeutic approaches for a variety of human disorders. There are still many limitations to be overcome before clinical therapeutic application, including a better understanding of the mechanism by which stem cell therapies may lead to enhanced recovery. In vitro investigations are necessary to dissect the mechanisms involved and to support the potential development in stem cell-based therapies. In spite of growing interest in human amniotic fluid stem cells, not much is known about the characteristics of their secretome and regarding the potential neuroprotective mechanism in different pathologies, including stroke. To get more insight on amniotic fluid cells therapeutic potential, signal transduction pathways activated by human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs)-derived secretome in a stroke in vitro model (ischemia/reperfusion [I/R] model) were investigated by Western blot. Moreover, miRNA expression in the exosomal fraction of the conditioned medium was analyzed. hAFSCs-derived secretome was able to activate pro-survival and anti-apoptotic pathways. MicroRNA analysis in the exosomal component revealed a panel of 16 overexpressed miRNAs involved in the regulation of coherent signaling pathways. In particular, the pathways of relevance in ischemia/reperfusion, such as neurotrophin signaling, and those related to neuroprotection and neuronal cell death, were analyzed. The results obtained strongly point toward the neuroprotective effects of the hAFSCs-conditioned medium in the in vitro stroke model here analyzed. This can be achieved by the modulation and activation of pro-survival processes, at least in part, due to the activity of secreted miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Ivana Antonucci
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences“G. d'Annunzio” UniversityChieti‐PescaraItaly
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)‘G. d'Annunzio’ UniversityChieti‐PescaraItaly
| | - Michele d'Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Alessandra Tessitore
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB)University of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Veronica Zelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB)University of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Claudio Ferri
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | | | - Cesar Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain RepairUniversity of South Florida College of MedicineTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Liborio Stuppia
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences“G. d'Annunzio” UniversityChieti‐PescaraItaly
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)‘G. d'Annunzio’ UniversityChieti‐PescaraItaly
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Centre for BiotechnologyTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Kingsbury C, Stuppia L. Stem cell secretome derived from human amniotic fluid affords neuroprotection in an ischemic model. Brain Circ 2021; 7:18-22. [PMID: 34084972 PMCID: PMC8057106 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs) are growing in interest; yet, little is understood about their secretome and neuroprotective actions in different diseases, including stroke. When stem cells are grown in vitro, they release an array of cytokines and growth factors that can stimulate neuroprotective processes. Furthermore, administering secretome rather than cells may be a safer route for patients who are at risk for rejection, promoting innate restorative processes. Current literature implicates that the miRNA contents of such secretome, more specifically exosomes, may regulate the effectiveness of secretome administration. In this review, we explore what factors may promote pro-survival and pro-apoptotic pathways after the administration of hAFSCs-derived secretome in ischemic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase Kingsbury
- Judy Genshaft Honors College, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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31
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Roura S, Monguió-Tortajada M, Munizaga-Larroudé M, Clos-Sansalvador M, Franquesa M, Rosell A, Borràs FE. Potential of Extracellular Vesicle-Associated TSG-6 from Adipose Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186761. [PMID: 32942629 PMCID: PMC7554813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) represent a promising strategy for a variety of medical applications. Although only a limited number of MSC engraft and survive after in vivo cellular infusion, MSC have shown beneficial effects on immunomodulation and tissue repair. This indicates that the contribution of MSC exists in paracrine signaling, rather than a cell-contact effect of MSC. In this review, we focus on current knowledge about tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) and mechanisms based on extracellular vesicles (EV) that govern long-lasting immunosuppressive and regenerative activity of MSC. In this context, in particular, we discuss the very robust set of findings by Jha and colleagues, and the opportunity to potentially extend their research focus on EV isolated in concentrated conditioned media (CCM) from adipose tissue derived MSC (ASC). Particularly, the authors showed that ASC-CCM mitigated visual deficits after mild traumatic brain injury in mice. TSG-6 knockdown ASC were, then, used to generate TSG-6-depleted CCM that were not able to replicate the alleviation of abnormalities in injured animals. In light of the presented results, we envision that the infusion of much distilled ASC-CCM could enhance the alleviation of visual abnormalities. In terms of EV research, the advantages of using size-exclusion chromatography are also highlighted because of the enrichment of purer and well-defined EV preparations. Taken together, this could further delineate and boost the benefit of using MSC-based regenerative therapies in the context of forthcoming clinical research testing in diseases that disrupt immune system homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Roura
- ICREC Research Program, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (M.M.-T.); (M.M.-L.)
- CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (F.E.B.); Tel.: +34-93-033-63-51 (F.E.B.); Fax: +34-93-497-86-54 (F.E.B.)
| | - Marta Monguió-Tortajada
- ICREC Research Program, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (M.M.-T.); (M.M.-L.)
| | - Micaela Munizaga-Larroudé
- ICREC Research Program, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (M.M.-T.); (M.M.-L.)
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Clos-Sansalvador
- REMAR-IVECAT Group, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (M.C.-S.); (M.F.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Marcella Franquesa
- REMAR-IVECAT Group, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (M.C.-S.); (M.F.)
- Nephrology Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Anna Rosell
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
| | - Francesc E. Borràs
- REMAR-IVECAT Group, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (M.C.-S.); (M.F.)
- Nephrology Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (F.E.B.); Tel.: +34-93-033-63-51 (F.E.B.); Fax: +34-93-497-86-54 (F.E.B.)
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32
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Teixeira-Pinheiro LC, Toledo MF, Nascimento-Dos-Santos G, Mendez-Otero R, Mesentier-Louro LA, Santiago MF. Paracrine signaling of human mesenchymal stem cell modulates retinal microglia population number and phenotype in vitro. Exp Eye Res 2020; 200:108212. [PMID: 32910940 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cellular therapy with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is emerging as an effective option to treat optic neuropathies. In models of retinal degeneration, MSC injected in the vitreous body protects injured retinal ganglion cells and stimulate their regeneration, however the mechanism is still unknown. Considering the immunomodulating proprieties of MSC and the controversial role of microglial contribution on retinal regeneration, we developed an in vitro co-culture model to analyze the effect of MSC on retinal microglia population. METHODS We used whole adult rat retinal explants in co-culture with human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) separated by a transwell membrane and analyzed hMSC effect on both retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and retinal microglia. RESULTS hMSC in co-culture protected RGCs after 3 days in vitro by paracrine signaling. In addition, hMSC reduced microglia population and inhibited the pro-inflammatory phenotype of the remaining microglia. CONCLUSIONS Using a co-culture model, we demonstrated the paracrine effect of hMSC on RGC survival after injury concomitant with a reduction of microglial population. Paracrine signaling of hMSC also changed microglia phenotype and the expression of antiinflammatory factors in the retina. Our results are consistent with a detrimental effect of microglia on RGC survival and regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro C Teixeira-Pinheiro
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa, Brazil.
| | - Maria F Toledo
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa, Brazil
| | | | - Rosalia Mendez-Otero
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa, Brazil
| | - Louise A Mesentier-Louro
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil; Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA
| | - Marcelo F Santiago
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa, Brazil
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome Enhancement by Nicotinamide and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A New Therapeutic Approach for Retinal Degenerative Diseases. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:9463548. [PMID: 32676122 PMCID: PMC7336242 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9463548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) secrete neuroprotective molecules that may be useful as an alternative to cell transplantation itself. Our purpose was to develop different pharmaceutical compositions based on conditioned medium (CM) of adipose MSC (aMSC) stimulated by and/or combined with nicotinamide (NIC), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), or both factors; and to evaluate in vitro their proliferative and neuroprotective potential. Nine pharmaceutical compositions were developed from 3 experimental approaches: (1) unstimulated aMSC-CM collected and combined with NIC, VIP, or both factors (NIC+VIP), referred to as the aMSC-CM combined composition; (2) aMSC-CM collected just after stimulation with the mentioned factors and containing them, referred to as the aMSC-CM stimulated-combined composition; and (3) aMSC-CM previously stimulated with the factors, referred to as the aMSC stimulated composition. The potential of the pharmaceutical compositions to increase cell proliferation under oxidative stress and neuroprotection were evaluated in vitro by using a subacute oxidative stress model of retinal pigment epithelium cells (line ARPE-19) and spontaneous degenerative neuroretina model. Results showed that oxidatively stressed ARPE-19 cells exposed to aMSC-CM stimulated and stimulated-combined with NIC or NIC+VIP tended to have better recovery from the oxidative stress status. Neuroretinal explants cultured with aMSC-CM stimulated-combined with NIC+VIP had better preservation of the neuroretinal morphology, mainly photoreceptors, and a lower degree of glial cell activation. In conclusion, aMSC-CM stimulated-combined with NIC+VIP contributed to improving the proliferative and neuroprotective properties of the aMSC secretome. Further studies are necessary to evaluate higher concentrations of the drugs and to characterize specifically the aMSC-secreted factors related to neuroprotection. However, this study supports the possibility of improving the potential of new effective pharmaceutical compositions based on the secretome of MSC plus exogenous factors or drugs without the need to inject cells into the eye, which can be very useful in retinal pathologies.
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Evans LP, Woll AW, Wu S, Todd BP, Hehr N, Hedberg-Buenz A, Anderson MG, Newell EA, Ferguson PJ, Mahajan VB, Harper MM, Bassuk AG. Modulation of Post-Traumatic Immune Response Using the IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Anakinra for Improved Visual Outcomes. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1463-1480. [PMID: 32056479 PMCID: PMC7249480 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize acute changes in inflammatory pathways in the mouse eye after blast-mediated traumatic brain injury (bTBI) and to determine whether modulation of these pathways could protect the structure and function of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). The bTBI was induced in C57BL/6J male mice by exposure to three 20 psi blast waves directed toward the head with the body shielded, with an inter-blast interval of one hour. Acute cytokine expression in retinal tissue was measured through reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) four hours post-blast. Increased retinal expression of interleukin (lL)-1β, IL-1α, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α was observed in bTBI mice exposed to blast when compared with shams, which was associated with activation of microglia and macroglia reactivity, assessed via immunohistochemistry with ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, respectively, one week post-blast. Blockade of the IL-1 pathway was accomplished using anakinra, an IL-1RI antagonist, administered intra-peritoneally for one week before injury and continuing for three weeks post-injury. Retinal function and RGC layer thickness were evaluated four weeks post-injury using pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), respectively. After bTBI, anakinra treatment resulted in a preservation of RGC function and RGC structure when compared with saline treated bTBI mice. Optic nerve integrity analysis demonstrated a trend of decreased damage suggesting that IL-1 blockade also prevents axonal damage after blast. Blast exposure results in increased retinal inflammation including upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of resident microglia and macroglia. This may explain partially the RGC loss we observed in this model, as blockade of the acute inflammatory response after injury with the IL-1R1 antagonist anakinra resulted in preservation of RGC function and RGC layer thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy P Evans
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Addison W Woll
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Shu Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Brittany P Todd
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Nicole Hehr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Adam Hedberg-Buenz
- The Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael G Anderson
- The Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Polly J Ferguson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Matthew M Harper
- The Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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The Cellular and Molecular Patterns Involved in the Neural Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1298:23-41. [PMID: 32514816 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Injuries to the nervous system cause serious problems among affected patients by preventing them from the possibility of living a normal life. As this tissue possesses a reduced capacity of self-regeneration currently, lots of different strategies are being developed in order to make the regeneration in the nervous system possible. Among them, tissue engineering and stem cell-based therapies are to date very exploded fields and tremendous progress has been made in this direction. As the two main components of the nervous system, react differently to injuries and behave different during disease, it is clear that two separate regeneration approaches have been taken into consideration during development of treatment. Special attention is constantly given to the potential of adipose-derived stem cells for this kind of application. Due to the fact that they present remarkable properties, they can easily be obtained and have demonstrated that are capable of engaging in neural and glial lineages, adipose-derived stem cells are promising tools for the field of nervous system regeneration. Moreover, new insights into epigenetic control and modifications during the differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells towards the neural liege could provide new methods to maximize the regeneration process. In this review, we summarize the current applications of adipose-derived stem cells for neural regeneration and discuss in-depth molecular patterns involved in the differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells in neuron-like cells and Schwann-like cells.
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36
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Fui LW, Lok MPW, Govindasamy V, Yong TK, Lek TK, Das AK. Understanding the multifaceted mechanisms of diabetic wound healing and therapeutic application of stem cells conditioned medium in the healing process. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:2218-2233. [PMID: 31648415 DOI: 10.1002/term.2966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation seems to be a promising new therapy for diabetic wound healing (DWH), and currently, arrays of MSCs from various sources ranging from umbilical, adipose to dental sources are available as a treatment modality for this disease. However, it now appears that only a fraction of transplanted cells actually assimilate and survive in host tissues suggesting that the major mechanism by which stem cells participate in tissue repair are most likely related to their secretome level. These include a wide range of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines, which can be found from the conditioned medium (CM) used to culture the cells. Basic studies and preclinical work confirm that the therapeutic effect of CMs are comparable with the application of stem cells. This review describes in detail the wound healing process in diabetes and the cellular and biological factors that influence the process. Subsequently, through a comprehensive literature search of studies related to wound healing in diabetics, we aim to provide an overview of scientific merits of using MSCs-CM in the treatment of diabetic wound as well as the significant caveats, which restricts its potential use in clinical set-ups. To our best knowledge, this is one of the first review papers that collect the importance of stem cells as an alternative treatment to the DWH. We anticipate that the success of this treatment will have a significant clinical impact on diabetic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Woon Fui
- School of Bioscience, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University (Main Campus), Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | | | - Vijayendran Govindasamy
- School of Bioscience, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University (Main Campus), Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Then Kong Yong
- Department of Research and Development, CryoCord Sdn Bhd, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
| | - Then Khong Lek
- Department of Research and Development, CryoCord Sdn Bhd, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
| | - Anjan Kumar Das
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University (Main Campus), Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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37
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Adipose Stem Cell-Based Clinical Strategy for Neural Regeneration: A Review of Current Opinion. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:8502370. [PMID: 31827536 PMCID: PMC6885831 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8502370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve injury is a critical problem in the clinic. Nerve injury causes serious clinic issues including pain and dysfunctions for patients. The disconnection between damaged neural fibers and muscles will result in muscle atrophy in a few weeks if no treatment is applied. Moreover, scientists have discovered that nerve injury can affect the osteogenic differentiation of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) and the fracture repairing. In plastic surgery, muscle atrophy and bone fracture after nerve injury have plagued clinicians for many years. How to promote neural regeneration is the core issue of research in the recent years. Without obvious effects of traditional neurosurgical treatments, research on stem cells in the past 10 years has provided a new therapeutic strategy for us to address this problem. Adipose stem cells (ASCs) are a kind of mesenchymal stem cells that have differentiation potential in adipose tissue. In the recent years, ASCs have become the focus of regenerative medicine. They play a pivotal role in tissue regeneration engineering. As a type of stem cell, ASCs are becoming popular for neuroregenerative medicine due to their advantages and characteristics. In the various diseases of the nervous system, ASCs are gradually applied to treat the related diseases. This review article focuses on the mechanism and clinical application of ASCs in nerve regeneration as well as the related research on ASCs over the past decades.
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38
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Jha KA, Pentecost M, Lenin R, Gentry J, Klaic L, Del Mar N, Reiner A, Yang CH, Pfeffer LM, Sohl N, Gangaraju R. TSG-6 in conditioned media from adipose mesenchymal stem cells protects against visual deficits in mild traumatic brain injury model through neurovascular modulation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:318. [PMID: 31690344 PMCID: PMC6833275 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal inflammation affecting the neurovascular unit may play a role in the development of visual deficits following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). We have shown that concentrated conditioned media from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASC-CCM) can limit retinal damage from blast injury and improve visual function. In this study, we addressed the hypothesis that TNFα-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6), an anti-inflammatory protein released by mesenchymal cells, mediates the observed therapeutic potential of ASCs via neurovascular modulation. METHODS About 12-week-old C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to 50-psi air pulse on the left side of the head overlying the forebrain resulting in an mTBI. Age-matched sham blast mice served as control. About 1 μl of ASC-CCM (siControl-ASC-CCM) or TSG-6 knockdown ASC-CCM (siTSG-6-ASC-CCM) was delivered intravitreally into both eyes. One month following injection, the ocular function was assessed followed by molecular and immunohistological analysis. In vitro, mouse microglial cells were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of ASC-CCM. Efficacy of ASC-CCM in normalizing retinal vascular permeability was assessed using trans-endothelial resistance (TER) and VE-cadherin expression in the presence of TNFα (1 ng/ml). RESULTS We show that intravitreal injection of ASC-CCM (siControl-ASC-CCM) but not the TSG-6 knockdown ASC-CCM (siTSG-6-ASC-CCM) mitigates the loss of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, retinal expression of genes associated with microglial and endothelial activation, and retinal GFAP immunoreactivity at 4 weeks after blast injury. In vitro, siControl-ASC-CCM but not the siTSG-6-ASC-CCM not only suppressed microglial activation and STAT3 phosphorylation but also protected against TNFα-induced endothelial permeability as measured by transendothelial electrical resistance and decreased STAT3 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that ASCs respond to an inflammatory milieu by secreting higher levels of TSG-6 that mediates the resolution of the inflammatory cascade on multiple cell types and correlates with the therapeutic potency of the ASC-CCM. These results expand our understanding of innate mesenchymal cell function and confirm the importance of considering methods to increase the production of key analytes such as TSG-6 if mesenchymal stem cell secretome-derived biologics are to be developed as a treatment solution against the traumatic effects of blast injuries and other neurovascular inflammatory conditions of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Abhiram Jha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Mickey Pentecost
- Cell Care Therapeutics, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Present Address: Pathways to Stem Cell Science, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Raji Lenin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Jordy Gentry
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Lada Klaic
- Cell Care Therapeutics, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nobel Del Mar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 855 Monroe Avenue, Suite#515, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Anton Reiner
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 855 Monroe Avenue, Suite#515, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Chuan He Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 19 South Manassas Street, Suite#214, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Lawrence M Pfeffer
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 19 South Manassas Street, Suite#214, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Nicolas Sohl
- Cell Care Therapeutics, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rajashekhar Gangaraju
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA. .,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 855 Monroe Avenue, Suite#515, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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39
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Muhammad SA. Mesenchymal stromal cell secretome as a therapeutic strategy for traumatic brain injury. Biofactors 2019; 45:880-891. [PMID: 31498511 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global health problem that is a common cause of disability and mortality. Despite the availability of many treatment options, none is capable of restoring functional and structural recovery of the damaged brain. Both the results of preclinical and clinical studies suggest the use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as a therapeutic strategy for structural and functional recovery in TBI. However, recent evidence shows that the neuroprotective potential of MSCs is due to multiple secretions of bioactive molecules that modulate tissue microenvironment for tissue repair and regeneration. The results of preclinical studies indicate the therapeutic benefits of MSC secretome in TBI. Soluble bioactive molecules and extracellular vesicles are the various factors secreted by MSCs that can induce neurogenesis, angiogenesis, neovascularization, and anti-inflammatory activities. This review highlights the neuroprotective effect of MSC secretome for the treatment of TBI. In addition, the possible challenges of secretome as biotherapeutics are identified and how some of the issues raised could be overcome for effective clinical application are also discussed.
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40
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Mufti O, Mathew S, Harris A, Siesky B, Burgett KM, Verticchio Vercellin AC. Ocular changes in traumatic brain injury: A review. Eur J Ophthalmol 2019; 30:867-873. [PMID: 31378077 DOI: 10.1177/1120672119866974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is represented by a penetrating or non-penetrating head injury, which causes disruption in the normal functioning of the brain. Traumatic brain injury has been an ardently debated topic of discussion due to its prevalence in media centric persons such as military personnel and athletes. Current assessments for traumatic brain injury have looked at vestibulo-ocular and vascular parameters to aid in diagnosis. Innovations in non-invasive ophthalmic imaging have allowed for the visualization of specific tissue structure/function relationships in a variety of ophthalmic and neurodegenerative diseases. As the eye and brain share significant embryological and physiological pathways, ocular imaging modalities may provide a novel and impactful tool in advancing assessment of traumatic brain injury. Herein, we examined the available literature and data on visual fields, mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, retinal ganglion cell layer thickness, and cerebral blood flow following traumatic brain injury. This review of published individual and population-based studies was performed in order to explore the feasibility and importance of considering ocular imaging biomarkers following traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Mufti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sunu Mathew
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alon Harris
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brent Siesky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kendall M Burgett
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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41
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Neuroprotection, Recovery of Function and Endogenous Neurogenesis in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Following Transplantation of Activated Adipose Tissue. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040329. [PMID: 30965679 PMCID: PMC6523261 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disease, which leads to paralysis and is associated to substantially high costs for the individual and society. At present, no effective therapies are available. Here, the use of mechanically-activated lipoaspirate adipose tissue (MALS) in a murine experimental model of SCI is presented. Our results show that, following acute intraspinal MALS transplantation, there is an engraftment at injury site with the acute powerful inhibition of the posttraumatic inflammatory response, followed by a significant progressive improvement in recovery of function. This is accompanied by spinal cord tissue preservation at the lesion site with the promotion of endogenous neurogenesis as indicated by the significant increase of Nestin-positive cells in perilesional areas. Cells originated from MALS infiltrate profoundly the recipient cord, while the extra-dural fat transplant is gradually impoverished in stromal cells. Altogether, these novel results suggest the potential of MALS application in the promotion of recovery in SCI.
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42
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Nebbioso M, Lambiase A, Cerini A, Limoli PG, La Cava M, Greco A. Therapeutic Approaches with Intravitreal Injections in Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Current Drugs and Potential Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071693. [PMID: 30987401 PMCID: PMC6479480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review focuses on recent clinical trials that analyze the efficacy of intravitreal therapeutic agents for the treatment of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), such as neuroprotective drugs, and complement inhibitors, also called immunomodulatory or anti-inflammatory agents. A systematic literature search was performed to identify randomized controlled trials published prior to January 2019. Patients affected by dry AMD treated with intravitreal therapeutic agents were included. Changes in the correct visual acuity and reduction in geographic atrophy progression were evaluated. Several new drugs have shown promising results, including those targeting the complement cascade and neuroprotective agents. The potential action of the two groups of drugs is to block complement cascade upregulation of immunomodulating agents, and to prevent the degeneration and apoptosis of ganglion cells for the neuroprotectors, respectively. Our analysis indicates that finding treatments for dry AMD will require continued collaboration among researchers to identify additional molecular targets and to fully interrogate the utility of pluripotent stem cells for personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Nebbioso
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Umberto I Policlinic, Sapienza University of Rome, p. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Lambiase
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Umberto I Policlinic, Sapienza University of Rome, p. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alberto Cerini
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Umberto I Policlinic, Sapienza University of Rome, p. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Maurizio La Cava
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Umberto I Policlinic, Sapienza University of Rome, p. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Umberto I Policlinic, Sapienza University of Rome, p. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Baez-Jurado E, Hidalgo-Lanussa O, Barrera-Bailón B, Sahebkar A, Ashraf GM, Echeverria V, Barreto GE. Secretome of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Its Potential Protective Effects on Brain Pathologies. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6902-6927. [PMID: 30941733 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a fundamental role in the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues. There is strong evidence showing that much of the beneficial effects of these cells are due to the secretion of bioactive molecules-besides microRNAs, hormones, and neurotrophins-with anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, angiogenic, and trophic effects. These factors have been reported by many studies to possess protective effects on the nervous tissue. Although the beneficial effects of the secretory factors of MSCs have been suggested for various neurological diseases, their actions on astrocytic cells are not well understood. Hence, it is important to recognize the specific effects of MSCs derived from adipose tissue, in addition to the differences presented by the secretome, depending on the source and methods of analysis. In this paper, the different sources of MSCs and their main characteristics are described, as well as the most significant advances in regeneration and protection provided by the secretome of MSCs. Also, we discuss the possible neuroprotective mechanisms of action of the MSC-derived biomolecules, with special emphasis on the effect of MSCs derived from adipose tissue and their impact on glial cells and brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Baez-Jurado
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Oscar Hidalgo-Lanussa
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Biviana Barrera-Bailón
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastian, Lientur 1457, 4080871, Concepción, Chile.,Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, 33744, USA
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.
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44
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Elshaer SL, Evans W, Pentecost M, Lenin R, Periasamy R, Jha KA, Alli S, Gentry J, Thomas SM, Sohl N, Gangaraju R. Adipose stem cells and their paracrine factors are therapeutic for early retinal complications of diabetes in the Ins2 Akita mouse. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:322. [PMID: 30463601 PMCID: PMC6249931 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-stage diabetic retinopathy (DR) is characterized by neurovascular defects. In this study, we hypothesized that human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) positive for the pericyte marker CD140b, or their secreted paracrine factors, therapeutically rescue early-stage DR features in an Ins2Akita mouse model. METHODS Ins2Akita mice at 24 weeks of age received intravitreal injections of CD140b-positive ASCs (1000 cells/1 μL) or 20× conditioned media from cytokine-primed ASCs (ASC-CM, 1 μL). Age-matched wildtype mice that received saline served as controls. Visual function experiments and histological analyses were performed 3 weeks post intravitreal injection. Biochemical and molecular analyses assessed the ASC-CM composition and its biological effects. RESULTS Three weeks post-injection, Ins2Akita mice that received ASCs had ameliorated decreased b-wave amplitudes and vascular leakage but failed to improve visual acuity, whereas Ins2Akita mice that received ASC-CM demonstrated amelioration of all aforementioned visual deficits. The ASC-CM group demonstrated partial amelioration of retinal GFAP immunoreactivity and DR-related gene expression but the ASC group did not. While Ins2Akita mice that received ASCs exhibited occasional (1 in 8) hemorrhagic retinas, mice that received ASC-CM had no adverse complications. In vitro, ASC-CM protected against TNFα-induced retinal endothelial permeability as measured by transendothelial electrical resistance. Biochemical and molecular analyses demonstrated several anti-inflammatory proteins including TSG-6 being highly expressed in cytokine-primed ASC-CM. CONCLUSIONS ASCs or their secreted factors mitigate retinal complications of diabetes in the Ins2Akita model. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether ASCs or their secreted factors are safe and effective therapeutic modalities long-term as current locally delivered therapies fail to effectively mitigate the progression of early-stage DR. Nonetheless, our study sheds new light on the therapeutic mechanisms of adult stem cells, with implications for assessing relative risks/benefits of experimental regenerative therapies for vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally L. Elshaer
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - William Evans
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | | | - Raji Lenin
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Ramesh Periasamy
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Kumar Abhiram Jha
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Shanta Alli
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Jordy Gentry
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Samuel M. Thomas
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Nicolas Sohl
- Cell Care Therapeutics, Inc., Monrovia, CA 91016 USA
| | - Rajashekhar Gangaraju
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
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