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Bauer N, Liu D, Nguyen T, Wang B. Unraveling the Interplay of Dopamine, Carbon Monoxide, and Heme Oxygenase in Neuromodulation and Cognition. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:400-407. [PMID: 38214656 PMCID: PMC10853931 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic system plays important roles in neuromodulation, including prominent roles in complex neurological functions such as cognition, reward, motivation, and memory. Understandably, the highly complex nature of such physiological functions means that their regulation is intertwined with other signaling pathways, as has been demonstrated by numerous studies. Contrary to its public perception of being poisonous at all concentrations, carbon monoxide (CO) is produced endogenously from heme degradation by heme oxygenase (HO) as part of the physiological process of red blood cell turnover. Physiological concentrations of CO can reach high micromolar ranges in the hemoglobin bound form. Low-dose CO has shown therapeutic effects in numerous animal models, including traumatic brain injury via engaging various hemoprotein targets. As such, the HO-CO axis has been shown to offer beneficial effects in organ protection, anti-inflammation, and neuroprotection, among many others. Further, a large number of publications have shown the interactions among CO, HO, and the dopaminergic system. In this review, we critically examine such experimental evidence in a holistic fashion and in the context of a possible dopamine-HO-CO signaling axis. We hope that this Perspective will stimulate additional investigations into the molecular connectivity related to this possible axis and open doors to the development of novel therapeutics that impact the dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Bauer
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Dongning Liu
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - TanPhat Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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2
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Kim CH, Kim HY, Nah SY, Choi YK. The effects of Korean Red Ginseng on heme oxygenase-1 with a focus on mitochondrial function in pathophysiologic conditions. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:615-621. [PMID: 37720574 PMCID: PMC10499582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) plays a key role in heme oxygenase (HO)-1 induction under physical and moderate oxidative stress conditions. The transient and mild induction of HO-1 is beneficial for cell protection, mitochondrial function, regeneration, and intercellular communication. However, chronic HO-1 overexpression is detrimental in severely injured regions. Thus, in a chronic pathological state, diminishing HO-1-mediated ferroptosis is beneficial for a therapeutic approach. The molecular mechanisms by which KRG protects various cell types in the central nervous system have not yet been established, especially in terms of HO-1-mediated mitochondrial functions. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the multiple roles of KRG in the regulation of astrocytic HO-1 under pathophysiological conditions. More specifically, we discuss the role of the KRG-mediated astrocytic HO-1 pathway in regulating mitochondrial functions in acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases as well as physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hee Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahn Young Kim
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Chen H, Deng J, Gao H, Song Y, Zhang Y, Sun J, Zhai J. Involvement of the SIRT1-NLRP3 pathway in the inflammatory response. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:185. [PMID: 37507744 PMCID: PMC10375653 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The silent information regulator 2 homolog 1-NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (SIRT1-NLRP3) pathway has a crucial role in regulation of the inflammatory response, and is closely related to the occurrence and development of several inflammation-related diseases. NLRP3 is activated to produce the NLRP3 inflammasome, which leads to activation of caspase-1 and cleavage of pro-interleukin (IL)-1β and pro-IL-18 to their active forms: IL-1β and IL-18, respectively. They are proinflammatory cytokines which then cause an inflammatory response.SIRT1 can inhibit this inflammatory response through nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and nuclear factor-kappa B pathways. This review article focuses mainly on how the SIRT1-NLRP3 pathway influences the inflammatory response and its relationship with melatonin, traumatic brain injury, neuroinflammation, depression, atherosclerosis, and liver damage. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyue Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, , Jilin, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiayu Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Lequn Branch, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huan Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, , Jilin, China
| | - Yanqing Song
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, , Jilin, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Lequn Branch, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yueming Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, , Jilin, China
| | - Jingmeng Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, , Jilin, China
| | - Jinghui Zhai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, , Jilin, China.
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4
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Choi YK. An Altered Neurovascular System in Aging-Related Eye Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214104. [PMID: 36430581 PMCID: PMC9694120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye has a complex and metabolically active neurovascular system. Repeated light injuries induce aging and trigger age-dependent eye diseases. Damage to blood vessels is related to the disruption of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), altered cellular communication, disrupted mitochondrial functions, and exacerbated aggregated protein accumulation. Vascular complications, such as insufficient blood supply and BRB disruption, have been suggested to play a role in glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD), resulting in neuronal cell death. Neuronal loss can induce vision loss. In this review, we discuss the importance of the neurovascular system in the eye, especially in aging-related diseases such as glaucoma, AMD, and AD. Beneficial molecular pathways to prevent or slow down retinal pathologic processes will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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5
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Wang H, Wu S, Wang L, Gou X, Guo X, Liu Z, Li P. Association between serum total bilirubin and Alzheimer's disease: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2022; 103:104786. [PMID: 35961107 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2022.104786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). As a potent antioxidant, serum bilirubin is decreased in AD and may be related to its pathogenesis, but the causal association between serum bilirubin and AD has not been reported. This was investigated in the present study by bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Genetic instruments at the genome-wide significance level (P < 5 × 10-8) were selected from the United Kingdom Biobank (n = 342,829). Summary-level AD data were obtained from a large-scale genome-wide association study (n = 63,926). Causal estimates were evaluated using the inverse variance weighted (IVW) approach and other five complementary methods. MR-Egger, IVW and MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) methods were used for sensitivity analyses. The results showed that there was no significant association between serum total bilirubin and AD (odds ratio=1.003, 95% confidence interval: 0.967-1.041, P = 0.865). Inverse MR revealed that serum total bilirubin was increased in AD (beta = 0.009, SE = 0.003, P = 0.010). These results indicate that serum total bilirubin is not causally associated with AD and cannot be used for screening or diagnosis, but can potentially serve as a biomarker of disease severity, and it needs further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, 11 Renminxi Road, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China; Biobank, Foshan Fetal Medicine Research Institute, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Shuzhen Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, 11 Renminxi Road, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, 11 Renminxi Road, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gou
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, 11 Renminxi Road, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China; Biobank, Foshan Fetal Medicine Research Institute, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaoling Guo
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, 11 Renminxi Road, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Zhengping Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, 11 Renminxi Road, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China; Foshan Fetal Medicine Research Institute, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Pengsheng Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, 11 Renminxi Road, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China; Foshan Fetal Medicine Research Institute, Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China.
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Nakagawa Y, Caballo CB, Szeto HH, Deng XH, Rodeo SA. Evaluation of SS-31 as a Potential Strategy for Tendinopathy Treatment: An In Vitro Model. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:2805-2816. [PMID: 35862638 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221107943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in our laboratory have demonstrated mitochondrial dysfunction in human and animal models of supraspinatus tendinopathy. SS-31 (elamipretide) has been reported to improve mitochondrial function and to be effective in clinical trials for several diseases. The potential of SS-31 in treating tendinopathy has not been explored. HYPOTHESIS SS-31 would improve mitochondrial function in human tenocytes sampled from patients with tendinopathy. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Healthy tenocytes were obtained from normal hamstring tendon biopsy specimens in 9 patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and tenocytes were collected from degenerative supraspinatus tendon biopsy specimens in 9 patients undergoing rotator cuff repair. Tenocytes were cultured, used at passage 1, and assigned to 4 groups: healthy tenocytes, healthy tenocytes with 1μM SS-31 treatment for 72 hours, degenerative tenocytes, and degenerative tenocytes with 1μM SS-31 treatment for 72 hours. The outcomes included measurements of mitochondrial potential, mitochondrial morphology by transmission electron microscopy imaging, reactive oxygen species and superoxidative dismutase activity, gene expression, and cell viability. RESULTS An increase in the cell fraction with depolarized mitochondria was found in degenerative tenocytes (P = .014), followed by a decrease after SS-31 treatment (P = .018). Transmission electron microscopy images demonstrated morphological changes with a decreased number and size of mitochondria per cell in the degenerative tenocytes (P = .018) and with improvement after SS-31 treatment. There was no significant difference in the level of reactive oxygen species between healthy and degenerative tenocytes in culture, but superoxidative dismutase activity was significantly decreased in the degenerative group (P = .006), which then increased after SS-31 treatment (P = .012). These findings suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction may be reversed by SS-31 treatment. The gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (matrix remodeling, P = .029) and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (fatty infiltration, P = .046) was significantly upregulated in the degenerative tenocytes and reduced by SS-31 treatment (P = .048; P = .007). Gene expression for hypoxia-inducible factor1 α and the proapoptotic regulator Bcl-2-associated X protein was increased in the degenerative tenocytes. There was a significant decrease in cell viability in degenerative tenocytes as compared with the healthy tenocytes, with small improvement after treatment with SS-31. CONCLUSION There are changes in mitochondrial structure and function in tenocytes derived from degenerative tendons, and SS-31, as a mitochondrial protectant, could improve mitochondrial function and promote the healing of tendinopathy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Mitochondrial dysfunction appears to play a role in the development of tendinopathy, and SS-31, as a mitochondrial protective agent, may be a therapeutic agent in the treatment of tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhang
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Meng Zhang
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yusuke Nakagawa
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Camila B Caballo
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hazel H Szeto
- Social Profit Network Research Lab, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Xiang-Hua Deng
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Scott A Rodeo
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
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Choi YK, Kim YM. Beneficial and Detrimental Roles of Heme Oxygenase-1 in the Neurovascular System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137041. [PMID: 35806040 PMCID: PMC9266949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) has both beneficial and detrimental effects via its metabolites, including carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin or bilirubin, and ferrous iron. HO-1 is an inducible form of HO that is upregulated by oxidative stress, nitric oxide, CO, and hypoxia, whereas HO-2 is a constitutive form that regulates vascular tone and homeostasis. In brains injured by trauma, ischemia-reperfusion, or Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the long-term expression of HO-1 can be detected, which can lead to cytotoxic ferroptosis via iron accumulation. In contrast, the transient induction of HO-1 in the peri-injured region may have regenerative potential (e.g., angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and mitochondrial biogenesis) and neurovascular protective effects through the CO-mediated signaling pathway, the antioxidant properties of bilirubin, and the iron-mediated ferritin synthesis. In this review, we discuss the dual roles of HO-1 and its metabolites in various neurovascular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, ischemia-reperfusion injury, traumatic brain injury, Gilbert’s syndrome, and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Kyung Choi
- Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.K.C.); (Y.-M.K.); Tel.: +82-2-450-0558 (Y.K.C.); +82-33-250-8831 (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.K.C.); (Y.-M.K.); Tel.: +82-2-450-0558 (Y.K.C.); +82-33-250-8831 (Y.-M.K.)
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8
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Krukowska K, Magierowski M. Carbon monoxide (CO)/heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in gastrointestinal tumors pathophysiology and pharmacology - possible anti- and pro-cancer activities. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 201:115058. [PMID: 35490732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers pose a significant pharmacological challenge for researchers in terms of the discovery of molecular agents and the development of targeted therapies. Although many ongoing clinical trials have brought new perspectives, there is still a lack of successful long-term treatment. Several novel pharmacological and molecular agents are being studied in the prevention and treatment of GI cancers. On the other hand, pharmacological tools designed to release an endogenous gaseous mediator, carbon monoxide (CO), were shown to prevent the gastric mucosa against various types of injuries and exert therapeutic properties in the treatment of GI pathologies. In this review, we summarized the current evidence on the role of CO and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) as a CO producing enzyme in the pathophysiology of GI tumors. We focused on a beneficial role of HO-1 and CO in biological systems and common pathological conditions. We further discussed the complex and ambiguous function of the HO-1/CO pathway in cancer cells with a special emphasis on molecular and cellular pro-cancerous and anti-cancer mechanisms. We also focused on the role that HO-1/CO plays in GI cancers, especially within upper parts such as esophagus or stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Krukowska
- Cellular Engineering and Isotope Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
| | - Marcin Magierowski
- Cellular Engineering and Isotope Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland.
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9
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Reymond S, Vujić T, Schvartz D, Sanchez JC. Morphine-induced modulation of Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway in primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4588. [PMID: 35301408 PMCID: PMC8931063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine is one of the most potent opioid analgesic used for pain treatment. Morphine action in the central nervous system requires crossing the blood-brain barrier. Due to the controversial relationship between morphine and oxidative stress, the potential pro- or antioxidant effects of morphine in the blood-brain barrier is important to be understood, as oxidative stress could cause its disruption and predispose to neurodegenerative diseases. However, investigation is scarce in human brain endothelial cells. Therefore, the present study evaluated the impact of morphine exposure at three different concentrations (1, 10 and 100 µM) for 24 h and 48 h on primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells. A quantitative data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry strategy was used to analyze proteome modulations. Almost 3000 proteins were quantified of which 217 were reported to be significantly regulated in at least one condition versus untreated control. Pathway enrichment analysis unveiled dysregulation of the Nrf2 pathway involved in oxidative stress response. Seahorse assay underlined mitochondria dysfunctions, which were supported by significant expression modulations of relevant mitochondrial proteins. In conclusion, our study revealed the dysregulation of the Nrf2 pathway and mitochondria dysfunctions after morphine exposure, highlighting a potential redox imbalance in human brain endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Reymond
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Vujić
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Domitille Schvartz
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Charles Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, Geneva, Switzerland.
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10
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Ye Q, Li L, Shao Z, Xu M, Li L, Yan Q, Huang B, Zhao T. Association between lncRNAs in plasma exosomes and diabetic retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:987488. [PMID: 36187126 PMCID: PMC9519175 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.987488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in plasma exosomes is a potential non-invasive diagnostic biomarker for diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, the changes in plasma exosomal lncRNAs and diagnostic relevance in patients with DR patients remain unclear. METHODS A case-control study with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and patients with comorbid DR were enrolled, and their clinical information and blood samples were collected. Plasma exosomes were extracted, and the relative expression levels of representative differentially expressed exosomal lncRNAs were determined. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationships of DR with relative lncRNA expression and DR-related factors, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the value of exosomal lncRNAs for DR diagnosis. RESULTS Sixty-two patients with T2DM and sixty-two patients with DR were matched by age, sex, and disease duration. The fasting blood glucose concentration, glycosylated hemoglobin level (HbA1c), and relative expression of the plasma exosomal lncRNA DLX6-AS1 were significantly higher in the DR group than in the T2DM group, whereas the 2-h C-peptide concentration and relative expression of the lncRNAs PRINS and FAM190A-3 were lower in the DR group. After adjusting for relevant confounders, the fasting blood glucose concentration, HbA1c level, 2-h C-peptide concentration, and relative expression of lncRNA DLX6-AS1, PRINS, and FAM190A-3 were found to be associated with DR. Both DLX6-AS1 [area under the curve (AUC): 0.658 (0.562-0.754)], PRINS [AUC: 0.798 (0.722-0.873)], and FAM190A-3 [AUC: 0.603 (0.503-0.702)] expression had predictive value for DR diagnosis. The combination of DLX6-AS1 and PRINS yielded an AUC of 0.813 (0.740-0.886). In males, the combination of DLX6-AS1 and PRINS yielded an AUC of 0.860 (0.780-0.940). CONCLUSION The fasting blood glucose concentration, HbA1c level, and exosomal DLX6-AS1 expression were identified as risk factors for DR, whereas the 2-h C-peptide concentration and exosomal PRINS and FAM190A-3 were identified as protective against DR. The combination of exosomal DLX6-AS1 and PRINS had good diagnostic value for DR in the general population and males. More attention should be paid to the role of exosomal PRINS expression as a predictive and diagnostic DR biomarker in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Ye
- Clinical Laboratory, Beilun District People’s Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Prevention and Control, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhoujie Shao
- Clinical Laboratory, Beilun District People’s Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Ningbo First hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Ningbo First hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Qianqian Yan
- Department of Global Health, Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beilun District People’s Hospital, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Huang, ; Tian Zhao,
| | - Tian Zhao
- Department of Global Health, Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Huang, ; Tian Zhao,
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11
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Kim M, Mok H, Yeo WS, Ahn JH, Choi YK. Role of ginseng in the neurovascular unit of neuroinflammatory diseases focused on the blood-brain barrier. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:599-609. [PMID: 34803430 PMCID: PMC8587512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has long been considered as an herbal medicine. Recent data suggest that ginseng has anti-inflammatory properties and can improve learning- and memory-related function in the central nervous system (CNS) following the development of CNS neuroinflammatory diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia, and other neurological disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of ginseng in the neurovascular unit, which is composed of endothelial cells surrounded by astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, neural stem cells, oligodendrocytes, and neurons, especially their blood-brain barrier maintenance, anti-inflammatory effects and regenerative functions. In addition, cell-cell communication enhanced by ginseng may be attributed to regeneration via induction of neurogenesis and angiogenesis in CNS diseases. Thus, ginseng may have therapeutic potential to exert cognitive improvement in neuroinflammatory diseases such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsu Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Mok
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Seok Yeo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Jayanti S, Moretti R, Tiribelli C, Gazzin S. Bilirubin: A Promising Therapy for Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6223. [PMID: 34207581 PMCID: PMC8228391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the increase in life expectancy, the prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) as the most common movement disorder is expected to rise. Despite the incredibly huge efforts in research to find the definitive biomarker, to date, the diagnosis of PD still relies mainly upon clinical symptoms. A wide range of treatments is available for PD, mainly alleviating the clinical symptoms. However, none of these current therapies can stop or even slow down the disease evolution. Hence, disease-modifying treatment is still a paramount unmet medical need. On the other side, bilirubin and its enzymatic machinery and precursors have offered potential benefits by targeting multiple mechanisms in chronic diseases, including PD. Nevertheless, only limited discussions are available in the context of neurological conditions, particularly in PD. Therefore, in this review, we profoundly discuss this topic to understand bilirubin's therapeutical potential in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Jayanti
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (C.T.); (S.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
- Molecular Biomedicine Ph.D. Program, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Rita Moretti
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34139 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (C.T.); (S.G.)
| | - Silvia Gazzin
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (C.T.); (S.G.)
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Choi YK, Kim YM. Regulation of Endothelial and Vascular Functions by Carbon Monoxide via Crosstalk With Nitric Oxide. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:649630. [PMID: 33912601 PMCID: PMC8071856 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.649630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO), generated by heme oxygenase (HO), has been considered a signaling molecule in both the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. The biological function of the HO/CO axis is mostly related to other gaseous molecules, including nitric oxide (NO), which is synthesized by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Healthy blood vessels are essential for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and whole-body metabolism; however, decreased or impaired vascular function is a high-risk factor of cardiovascular and neuronal diseases. Accumulating evidence supports that the interplay between CO and NO plays a crucial role in vascular homeostasis and regeneration by improving endothelial function. Moreover, endothelial cells communicate with neighboring cells, such as, smooth muscle cells, immune cells, pericytes, and astrocytes in the periphery and neuronal vascular systems. Endogenous CO could mediate the cell-cell communication and improve the physiological functions of the cardiovascular and neurovascular systems via crosstalk with NO. Thus, a forward, positive feedback circuit between HO/CO and NOS/NO pathways can maintain cardiovascular and neurovascular homeostasis and prevent various human diseases. We discussed the crucial role of CO-NO crosstalk in the cardiovascular and neurovascular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Vidal C, Zhang L. An Analysis of the Neurological and Molecular Alterations Underlying the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030546. [PMID: 33806317 PMCID: PMC7998384 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal loss. Unfortunately, despite decades of studies being performed on these histological alterations, there is no effective treatment or cure for AD. Identifying the molecular characteristics of the disease is imperative to understanding the pathogenesis of AD. Furthermore, uncovering the key causative alterations of AD can be valuable in developing models for AD treatment. Several alterations have been implicated in driving this disease, including blood–brain barrier dysfunction, hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, glucose hypometabolism, and altered heme homeostasis. Although these alterations have all been associated with the progression of AD, the root cause of AD has not been identified. Intriguingly, recent studies have pinpointed dysfunctional heme metabolism as a culprit of the development of AD. Heme has been shown to be central in neuronal function, mitochondrial respiration, and oxidative stress. Therefore, dysregulation of heme homeostasis may play a pivotal role in the manifestation of AD and its various alterations. This review will discuss the most common neurological and molecular alterations associated with AD and point out the critical role heme plays in the development of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Zhang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-972-883-5757
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Bakalarz D, Surmiak M, Yang X, Wójcik D, Korbut E, Śliwowski Z, Ginter G, Buszewicz G, Brzozowski T, Cieszkowski J, Głowacka U, Magierowska K, Pan Z, Wang B, Magierowski M. Organic carbon monoxide prodrug, BW-CO-111, in protection against chemically-induced gastric mucosal damage. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:456-475. [PMID: 33643824 PMCID: PMC7893125 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-based carbon monoxide (CO)-releasing molecules have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties maintaining gastric mucosal integrity. We are interested in further development of metal-free CO-based therapeutics for oral administration. Thus, we examine the protective effect of representative CO prodrug, BW-CO-111, in rat models of gastric damage induced by necrotic ethanol or aspirin, a representative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Treatment effectiveness was assessed by measuring the microscopic/macroscopic gastric damage area and gastric blood flow by laser flowmetry. Gastric mucosal mRNA and/or protein expressions of HMOX1, HMOX2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, COX1, COX2, iNos, Anxa1 and serum contents of TGFB1, TGFB2, IL1B, IL2, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL10, IL12, tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ, and GM-CSF were determined. CO content in gastric mucosa was assessed by gas chromatography. Pretreatment with BW-CO-111 (0.1 mg/kg, i.g.) increased gastric mucosal content of CO and reduced gastric lesions area in both models followed by increased GBF. These protective effects of the CO prodrug were supported by changes in expressions of molecular biomarkers. However, because the pathomechanisms of gastric damage differ between topical administration of ethanol and aspirin, the possible protective and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of BW-CO-111 may be somewhat different in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Bakalarz
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Research, Cracow 31-033, Poland
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Dagmara Wójcik
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Edyta Korbut
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Śliwowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Ginter
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Buszewicz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-093, Poland
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Jakub Cieszkowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Urszula Głowacka
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Magierowska
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Zhixiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Marcin Magierowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
- Corresponding authors.
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Toxic effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on corneas in vitro and in vivo. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:5020-5033. [PMID: 33534781 PMCID: PMC7950276 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely used in a variety of areas. However, TiO2 NPs possess cytotoxicity which involves oxidative stress. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key molecule preventing cells from oxidative stress damage. In the current study, we explored the effect of Nrf2 signaling pathway in TiO2 NPs-induced corneal endothelial cell injury. Firstly, we found TiO2 NPs inhibited proliferation and damaged morphology and mitochondria of mouse primary corneal endothelial cells. Moreover, TiO2 NPs-induced oxidative damage of mouse primary corneal endothelial cells was inhibited by antioxidant NAC by evaluating production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Next, flow cytometry analysis showed TiO2 NPs promoted apoptosis and cell cycle G2/M phase arrest of mouse primary corneal endothelial cells. Further investigation suggested that Nrf2 signaling pathway activation and the downregulation of ZO-1, β-catenin and Na-K-ATPase were involved in TiO2 NPs-induced mouse primary corneal endothelial cell injury. Our research highlighted the toxic effect of TiO2 NPs on corneas in vitro and in vivo, providing an alternative insight into TiO2 NPs-induced corneal endothelial cell injury.
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Tian L, Ri H, Qi J, Fu P. Berberine elevates mitochondrial membrane potential and decreases reactive oxygen species by inhibiting the Rho/ROCK pathway in rats with diabetic encephalopathy. Mol Pain 2021; 17:1744806921996101. [PMID: 33632015 PMCID: PMC7934021 DOI: 10.1177/1744806921996101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diabetic encephalopathy (DE) is a serious complication of diabetes mainly occurring in the elderly patients. Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloids extracted from Coptis chinensis that is applied in the treatment of diabetes clinically. This study explored the possible mechanism of BBR in relieving DE. METHODS Wistar rats were injected with streptozotocin and fed a high fat diet to establish the model of DE. The model rats were treated with BBR. The body weight, blood glucose and insulin of rats were measured, and Morris water maze test was conducted to evaluate the learning and memory abilities. The pathological conditions of cortical tissues were detected. The cortical mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were monitored. The expressions of Rho/ROCK pathway-related genes of rat cortex were detected. The changes of MMP and ROS were detected after the treatment of Rho/ROCK pathway activator. RESULTS The body weight of model rats changed little, and levels of blood glucose and insulin were increased. The spatial learning and memory abilities were impaired, with disordered cortical neurons, and obvious neurons apoptosis and glia proliferation. BBR alleviated cognitive dysfunction and pathological damage in rats with DE. BBR enhanced cortical MMP and suppressed ROS. BBR treatment inhibited the Rho/ROCK pathway. Activation of the Rho/ROCK pathway reversed the effects of BBR on MMP and ROS. CONCLUSION BBR elevated MMP and reduced ROS in rats with DE by inhibiting the Rho/ROCK pathway. This study may offer novel insights for the management of DE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tian
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Hong Ri
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Jiping Qi
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Peng Fu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
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Zhou Y, Ye H, Lu W. Serum Substance P Concentration in Children With Traumatic Brain Injury: A First Report. World Neurosurg 2020; 147:e200-e205. [PMID: 33307260 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the clinic value and severity assessment of serum substance P (SP) concentration in children with different degrees of traumatic brain injury (TBI) through analyzing correlations with outcomes. METHODS One hundred thirty-nine children with TBI who were diagnosed and treated at Nanjing Medical University for longer than 72 hours between June 2017 and 2019 were analyzed. Blood samples were obtained within 24 hours after TBI to measure SP concentration. The endpoint was discharge mortality. Thirty healthy children composed the control group. Comparative analyses of differences in SP concentration were conducted for the different groups. Both the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores and Pediatric Clinical Illness Score (PCIS) were measured on admission and used in univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS The serum SP (89.10 ± 64.32) pmol/L) level in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group (21.84 ± 2.09) pmol/L (t = 5.71, P < 0.05). The serum SP (182.81 ± 58.39) pmol/L) level in the deceased group was significantly higher than that in the survival group (59.93 ± 27.90) pmol/L (t = 16.52, P < 0.05). A negative correlation existed between serum SP concentration and Glasgow Coma Scale score in the severe, moderate, and mild groups (r = -0.72, P < 0.05). Serum SP concentration was identified as an independent risk factor for mortality (odds ratio >1, 95% confidence interval = 1.04-1.28, P < 0.01). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis suggested that serum SP concentration had the same calibrating power as SOFA and PCIS in discriminating the risk of death of children. CONCLUSIONS Serum SP concentration was associated with severity in children with TBI, and extremely high levels indicated a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weifeng Lu
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Jayanti S, Vítek L, Tiribelli C, Gazzin S. The Role of Bilirubin and the Other "Yellow Players" in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E900. [PMID: 32971784 PMCID: PMC7555389 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin is a yellow endogenous derivate of the heme catabolism. Since the 1980s, it has been recognized as one of the most potent antioxidants in nature, able to counteract 10,000× higher intracellular concentrations of H2O2. In the recent years, not only bilirubin, but also its precursor biliverdin, and the enzymes involved in their productions (namely heme oxygenase and biliverdin reductase; altogether the "yellow players"-YPs) have been recognized playing a protective role in diseases characterized by a chronic prooxidant status. Based on that, there is an ongoing effort in inducing their activity as a therapeutic option. Nevertheless, the understanding of their specific contributions to pathological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) and their role in these diseases are limited. In this review, we will focus on the most recent evidence linking the role of the YPs specifically to neurodegenerative and neurological conditions. Both the protective, as well as potentially worsening effects of the YP's activity will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Jayanti
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (S.J.); (C.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
- Molecular Biomedicine Ph.D. Program, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Libor Vítek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, and 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty General Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (S.J.); (C.T.)
| | - Silvia Gazzin
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (S.J.); (C.T.)
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Regional Brain Recovery from Acute Synaptic Injury in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques Associates with Heme Oxygenase Isoform Expression. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01102-20. [PMID: 32669339 PMCID: PMC7495379 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01102-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injury induced by acute simian (or human) immunodeficiency virus infection may persist or spontaneously resolve in different brain regions. Identifying the host factor(s) that promotes spontaneous recovery from such injury may reveal targets for therapeutic drug strategies for promoting recovery from acute neuronal injury. The gradual recovery from such injury observed in many, but not all, brain regions in the rhesus macaque model is consistent with the possible existence of a therapeutic window of opportunity for intervening to promote recovery, even in those regions not showing spontaneous recovery. In persons living with human immunodeficiency virus infection, such neuroprotective treatments could ultimately be considered as adjuncts to the initiation of antiretroviral drug therapy. Brain injury occurs within days in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and some recovery may occur within weeks. Inflammation and oxidative stress associate with such injury, but what drives recovery is unknown. Chronic HIV infection associates with reduced brain frontal cortex expression of the antioxidant/anti-inflammatory enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and increased neuroinflammation in individuals with cognitive impairment. We hypothesized that acute regional brain injury and recovery associate with differences in regional brain HO-1 expression. Using SIV-infected rhesus macaques, we analyzed multiple brain regions through acute and chronic infection (90 days postinfection [dpi]) and quantified viral (SIV gag RNA), synaptic (PSD-95; synaptophysin), axonal (neurofilament/neurofilament light chain [NFL]), inflammatory, and antioxidant (enzymes, including heme oxygenase isoforms [HO-1, HO-2]) markers. PSD-95 was reduced in the brainstem, basal ganglia, neocortex, and cerebellum within 13 dpi, indicating acute synaptic injury throughout the brain. All areas except the brainstem recovered. Unchanged NFL was consistent with no acute axonal injury. SIV RNA expression was highest in the brainstem throughout infection, and it associated with neuroinflammation. Surprisingly, during the synaptic injury and recovery phases, HO-2, and not HO-1, progressively decreased in the brainstem. Thus, acute SIV synaptic injury occurs throughout the brain, with spontaneous recovery in regions other than the brainstem. Within the brainstem, the high SIV load and inflammation, along with reduction of HO-2, may impair recovery. In other brain regions, stable HO-2 expression, with or without increasing HO-1, may promote recovery. Our data support roles for heme oxygenase isoforms in modulating recovery from synaptic injury in SIV infection and suggest their therapeutic targeting for promoting neuronal recovery. IMPORTANCE Brain injury induced by acute simian (or human) immunodeficiency virus infection may persist or spontaneously resolve in different brain regions. Identifying the host factor(s) that promotes spontaneous recovery from such injury may reveal targets for therapeutic drug strategies for promoting recovery from acute neuronal injury. The gradual recovery from such injury observed in many, but not all, brain regions in the rhesus macaque model is consistent with the possible existence of a therapeutic window of opportunity for intervening to promote recovery, even in those regions not showing spontaneous recovery. In persons living with human immunodeficiency virus infection, such neuroprotective treatments could ultimately be considered as adjuncts to the initiation of antiretroviral drug therapy.
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Morris G, Puri BK, Maes M, Olive L, Berk M, Carvalho AF. The role of microglia in neuroprogressive disorders: mechanisms and possible neurotherapeutic effects of induced ketosis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 99:109858. [PMID: 31923453 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review of molecular mechanisms involved in the promotion and maintenance of distinct microglia phenotypes is provided. The acquisition and perpetuation of predominantly pro-inflammatory microglial phenotypes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of several neuroprogressive diseases and is associated with reduced ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation, increased ATP generation by glycolysis, elevated oxidative and nitrosative stress and other metabolic, inflammatory and hormonal insults. Microglia can also adopt a predominantly anti-inflammatory phenotypes with neuroprotective properties. Strategies that promote and maintain a predominantly anti-inflammatory phenotype may hold promise as novel therapeutic opportunities for neuroprogressive illness. Induced ketosis may promote a transition towards predominantly anti-inflammatory microglial states/phenotypes by several mechanisms, including inhibition of glycolysis and increased NAD+ production; engagement of microglial GPR109A receptors; histone deacetylase inhibition; and elevated n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels. Since microglia activation can now be assessed in vivo, these data provide a clear rationale for the design of transdiagnostic randomized controlled trials of the ketogenic diet and other ketosis-inducing strategies for neuroprogressive diseases, which may also provide mechanistic insights through the assessment of "target engagement".
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa Olive
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Deakin University, CMMR Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Garza R, Gill AJ, Bastien BL, Garcia-Mesa Y, Gruenewald AL, Gelman BB, Tsima B, Gross R, Letendre SL, Kolson DL. Heme oxygenase-1 promoter (GT) n polymorphism associates with HIV neurocognitive impairment. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 7:7/3/e710. [PMID: 32277015 PMCID: PMC7176253 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective To determine whether regulatory variations in the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) promoter (GT)n dinucleotide repeat length could identify unique population genetic risks for neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in persons living with HIV (PLWH), we genotyped 528 neurocognitively assessed PLWH of European American and African American descent and linked genotypes to cognitive status. Methods In this cross-sectional study of PLWH (the CNS HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Effect Research cohort), we determined HO-1 (GT)n repeat lengths in 276 African Americans and 252 European Americans. Using validated criteria for HIV-associated NCI (HIV NCI), we found associations between allele length genotypes and HIV NCI and between genotypes and plasma markers of monocyte activation and inflammation. For comparison of HO-1 (GT)n allele frequencies with another population of African ancestry, we determined HO-1 (GT)n allele lengths in African PLWH from Botswana (n = 428). Results PLWH with short HO-1 (GT)n alleles had a lower risk for HIV NCI (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.42–0.94). People of African ancestry had a lower prevalence of short alleles and higher prevalence of long alleles compared with European Americans, and in subgroup analyses, the protective effect of the short allele was observed in African Americans and not in European Americans. Conclusions Our study identified the short HO-1 (GT)n allele as partially protective against developing HIV NCI. It further suggests that this clinical protective effect is particularly relevant in persons of African ancestry, where the lower prevalence of short HO-1 (GT)n alleles may limit induction of HO-1 expression in response to inflammation and oxidative stress. Therapeutic strategies that enhance HO-1 expression may decrease HIV-associated neuroinflammation and limit HIV NCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Garza
- From the Department of Neurology (R. Garza, A.J.G., B.L.B., Y.G.-M., A.L.G., D.L.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Pathology (B.B.G.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Family Medicine & Public Health (B.T.), University of Botswana, Gaborone; Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics (R. Gross), Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Medicine (S.L.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Alexander J Gill
- From the Department of Neurology (R. Garza, A.J.G., B.L.B., Y.G.-M., A.L.G., D.L.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Pathology (B.B.G.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Family Medicine & Public Health (B.T.), University of Botswana, Gaborone; Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics (R. Gross), Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Medicine (S.L.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Brandon L Bastien
- From the Department of Neurology (R. Garza, A.J.G., B.L.B., Y.G.-M., A.L.G., D.L.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Pathology (B.B.G.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Family Medicine & Public Health (B.T.), University of Botswana, Gaborone; Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics (R. Gross), Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Medicine (S.L.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Yoelvis Garcia-Mesa
- From the Department of Neurology (R. Garza, A.J.G., B.L.B., Y.G.-M., A.L.G., D.L.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Pathology (B.B.G.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Family Medicine & Public Health (B.T.), University of Botswana, Gaborone; Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics (R. Gross), Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Medicine (S.L.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Analise L Gruenewald
- From the Department of Neurology (R. Garza, A.J.G., B.L.B., Y.G.-M., A.L.G., D.L.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Pathology (B.B.G.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Family Medicine & Public Health (B.T.), University of Botswana, Gaborone; Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics (R. Gross), Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Medicine (S.L.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Benjamin B Gelman
- From the Department of Neurology (R. Garza, A.J.G., B.L.B., Y.G.-M., A.L.G., D.L.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Pathology (B.B.G.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Family Medicine & Public Health (B.T.), University of Botswana, Gaborone; Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics (R. Gross), Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Medicine (S.L.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Billy Tsima
- From the Department of Neurology (R. Garza, A.J.G., B.L.B., Y.G.-M., A.L.G., D.L.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Pathology (B.B.G.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Family Medicine & Public Health (B.T.), University of Botswana, Gaborone; Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics (R. Gross), Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Medicine (S.L.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Robert Gross
- From the Department of Neurology (R. Garza, A.J.G., B.L.B., Y.G.-M., A.L.G., D.L.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Pathology (B.B.G.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Family Medicine & Public Health (B.T.), University of Botswana, Gaborone; Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics (R. Gross), Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Medicine (S.L.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Scott L Letendre
- From the Department of Neurology (R. Garza, A.J.G., B.L.B., Y.G.-M., A.L.G., D.L.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Pathology (B.B.G.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Family Medicine & Public Health (B.T.), University of Botswana, Gaborone; Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics (R. Gross), Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Medicine (S.L.L.), University of California, San Diego
| | - Dennis L Kolson
- From the Department of Neurology (R. Garza, A.J.G., B.L.B., Y.G.-M., A.L.G., D.L.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Pathology (B.B.G.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Department of Family Medicine & Public Health (B.T.), University of Botswana, Gaborone; Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics (R. Gross), Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Medicine (S.L.L.), University of California, San Diego.
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Regenerative Potential of Carbon Monoxide in Adult Neural Circuits of the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072273. [PMID: 32218342 PMCID: PMC7177523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of adult neural circuits after an injury is limited in the central nervous system (CNS). Heme oxygenase (HO) is an enzyme that produces HO metabolites, such as carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin and iron by heme degradation. CO may act as a biological signal transduction effector in CNS regeneration by stimulating neuronal intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms as well as mitochondrial biogenesis. CO may give directions by which the injured neurovascular system switches into regeneration mode by stimulating endogenous neural stem cells and endothelial cells to produce neurons and vessels capable of replacing injured neurons and vessels in the CNS. The present review discusses the regenerative potential of CO in acute and chronic neuroinflammatory diseases of the CNS, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease and the role of signaling pathways and neurotrophic factors. CO-mediated facilitation of cellular communications may boost regeneration, consequently forming functional adult neural circuits in CNS injury.
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Canesin G, Hejazi SM, Swanson KD, Wegiel B. Heme-Derived Metabolic Signals Dictate Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:66. [PMID: 32082323 PMCID: PMC7005208 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is one of the most abundant molecules in the body acting as the functional core of hemoglobin/myoglobin involved in the O2/CO2 carrying in the blood and tissues, redox enzymes and cytochromes in mitochondria. However, free heme is toxic and therefore its removal is a significant priority for the host. Heme is a well-established danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), which binds to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to induce immune responses. Heme-derived metabolites including the bile pigments, biliverdin (BV) and bilirubin (BR), were first identified as toxic drivers of neonatal jaundice in 1800 but have only recently been appreciated as endogenous drivers of multiple signaling pathways involved in protection from oxidative stress and regulators of immune responses. The tissue concentration of heme, BV and BR is tightly controlled. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, encoded by HMOX1) produces BV by heme degradation, while biliverdin reductase-A (BLVR-A) generates BR by the subsequent conversion of BV. BLVR-A is a fascinating protein that possesses a classical protein kinase domain, which is activated in response to BV binding to its enzymatic site and initiates the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. This links BLVR-A activity to cell growth and survival pathways. BLVR-A also contains a bZip DNA binding domain and a nuclear export sequence (NES) and acts as a transcription factor to regulate the expression of immune modulatory genes. Here we will discuss the role of heme-related immune response and the potential for targeting the heme system for therapies directed toward hepatitis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Canesin
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Research Institute and Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Seyed M. Hejazi
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Research Institute and Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kenneth D. Swanson
- Brain Tumor Center and Neuro-Oncology Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Barbara Wegiel
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Research Institute and Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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25
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Kim S, Lee M, Choi YK. The Role of a Neurovascular Signaling Pathway Involving Hypoxia-Inducible Factor and Notch in the Function of the Central Nervous System. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:45-57. [PMID: 31484285 PMCID: PMC6939687 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the neurovascular unit, the neuronal and vascular systems communicate with each other. O2 and nutrients, reaching endothelial cells (ECs) through the blood stream, spread into neighboring cells, such as neural stem cells, and neurons. The proper function of neural circuits in adults requires sufficient O2 and glucose for their metabolic demands through angiogenesis. In a central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as glioma, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease, damaged ECs can contribute to tissue hypoxia and to the consequent disruption of neuronal functions and accelerated neurodegeneration. This review discusses the current evidence regarding the contribution of oxygen deprivation to CNS injury, with an emphasis on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated pathways and Notch signaling. Additionally, it focuses on adult neurological functions and angiogenesis, as well as pathological conditions in the CNS. Furthermore, the functional interplay between HIFs and Notch is demonstrated in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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26
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Wang B, Huang C, Chen L, Xu D, Zheng G, Zhou Y, Wang X, Zhang X. The Emerging Roles of the Gaseous Signaling Molecules NO, H2S, and CO in the Regulation of Stem Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 6:798-812. [PMID: 33464852 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Chongan Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Lijie Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, China
| | - Daoliang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yifei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Chinese Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Society, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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27
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The Nrf2/HO-1 Axis as Targets for Flavanones: Neuroprotection by Pinocembrin, Naringenin, and Eriodictyol. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4724920. [PMID: 31814878 PMCID: PMC6878820 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4724920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Flavanones are a group of flavonoids that derive from their immediate chalcone precursors through the action of chalcone isomerase enzymes. The Aromatic A and B rings, C4-keto group, and the 15-carbon flavonoid skeleton are all evident in flavanones, but a notable absence of C2-C3 double bond and a lack of oxygenation at C-3 position of the C-ring makes them distinctively different from other groups such as flavonols (e.g., quercetin). On the basis of oxygenation level in the B ring, flavanones can vary from each other as exemplified by pinocembrin (no oxygenation), naringenin (4′-hydroxyl), or eriodictyol (3′,4′-dihydroxyl substitution). These groups are generally weaker free radical scavengers as compared to quercetin and derivatives though eriodictyol has a better free radical scavenging profile within the group due to the presence of the catechol functional moiety. In this communication, their antioxidant potential through the induction of antioxidant defenses is scrutinized. These compounds as exemplified by pinocembrin could induce the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2- (Nrf2-) heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) axis leading to amelioration of oxidative stress in cellular and animal models. Their neuroprotective effect through such mechanism is discussed.
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Duvigneau JC, Esterbauer H, Kozlov AV. Role of Heme Oxygenase as a Modulator of Heme-Mediated Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100475. [PMID: 31614577 PMCID: PMC6827082 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heme oxygenase (HO) system is essential for heme and iron homeostasis and necessary for adaptation to cell stress. HO degrades heme to biliverdin (BV), carbon monoxide (CO) and ferrous iron. Although mostly beneficial, the HO reaction can also produce deleterious effects, predominantly attributed to excessive product formation. Underrated so far is, however, that HO may exert effects additionally via modulation of the cellular heme levels. Heme, besides being an often-quoted generator of oxidative stress, plays also an important role as a signaling molecule. Heme controls the anti-oxidative defense, circadian rhythms, activity of ion channels, glucose utilization, erythropoiesis, and macrophage function. This broad spectrum of effects depends on its interaction with proteins ranging from transcription factors to enzymes. In degrading heme, HO has the potential to exert effects also via modulation of heme-mediated pathways. In this review, we will discuss the multitude of pathways regulated by heme to enlarge the view on HO and its role in cell physiology. We will further highlight the contribution of HO to pathophysiology, which results from a dysregulated balance between heme and the degradation products formed by HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Catharina Duvigneau
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Harald Esterbauer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrey V Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria.
- Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, Department of Human Pathology, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
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29
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Antioxidant Defence Systems and Oxidative Stress in Poultry Biology: An Update. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8070235. [PMID: 31336672 PMCID: PMC6680731 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8070235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry in commercial settings are exposed to a range of stressors. A growing body of information clearly indicates that excess ROS/RNS production and oxidative stress are major detrimental consequences of the most common commercial stressors in poultry production. During evolution, antioxidant defence systems were developed in poultry to survive in an oxygenated atmosphere. They include a complex network of internally synthesised (e.g., antioxidant enzymes, (glutathione) GSH, (coenzyme Q) CoQ) and externally supplied (vitamin E, carotenoids, etc.) antioxidants. In fact, all antioxidants in the body work cooperatively as a team to maintain optimal redox balance in the cell/body. This balance is a key element in providing the necessary conditions for cell signalling, a vital process for regulation of the expression of various genes, stress adaptation and homeostasis maintenance in the body. Since ROS/RNS are considered to be important signalling molecules, their concentration is strictly regulated by the antioxidant defence network in conjunction with various transcription factors and vitagenes. In fact, activation of vitagenes via such transcription factors as Nrf2 leads to an additional synthesis of an array of protective molecules which can deal with increased ROS/RNS production. Therefore, it is a challenging task to develop a system of optimal antioxidant supplementation to help growing/productive birds maintain effective antioxidant defences and redox balance in the body. On the one hand, antioxidants, such as vitamin E, or minerals (e.g., Se, Mn, Cu and Zn) are a compulsory part of the commercial pre-mixes for poultry, and, in most cases, are adequate to meet the physiological requirements in these elements. On the other hand, due to the aforementioned commercially relevant stressors, there is a need for additional support for the antioxidant system in poultry. This new direction in improving antioxidant defences for poultry in stress conditions is related to an opportunity to activate a range of vitagenes (via Nrf2-related mechanisms: superoxide dismutase, SOD; heme oxygenase-1, HO-1; GSH and thioredoxin, or other mechanisms: Heat shock protein (HSP)/heat shock factor (HSP), sirtuins, etc.) to maximise internal AO protection and redox balance maintenance. Therefore, the development of vitagene-regulating nutritional supplements is on the agenda of many commercial companies worldwide.
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30
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Arioz BI, Tastan B, Tarakcioglu E, Tufekci KU, Olcum M, Ersoy N, Bagriyanik A, Genc K, Genc S. Melatonin Attenuates LPS-Induced Acute Depressive-Like Behaviors and Microglial NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Through the SIRT1/Nrf2 Pathway. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1511. [PMID: 31327964 PMCID: PMC6615259 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a crucial component of various stress-induced responses that contributes to the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). Depressive-like behavior (DLB) is characterized by decreased mobility and depressive behavior that occurs in systemic infection induced by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in experimental animals and is considered as a model of exacerbation of MDD. We assessed the effects of melatonin on behavioral changes and inflammatory cytokine expression in hippocampus of mice in LPS-induced DLB, as well as its effects on NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, oxidative stress and pyroptotic cell death in murine microglia in vitro. Intraperitoneal 5 mg/kg dose of LPS was used to mimic depressive-like behaviors and melatonin was given at a dose of 500 mg/kg for 4 times with 6 h intervals, starting at 2 h before LPS administration. Behavioral assessment was carried out at 24 h post-LPS injection by tail suspension and forced swimming tests. Additionally, hippocampal cytokine and NLRP3 protein levels were estimated. Melatonin increased mobility time of LPS-induced DLB mice and suppressed NLRP3 expression and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) cleavage in the hippocampus. Immunofluorescence staining of hippocampal tissue showed that NLRP3 is mainly expressed in ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) -positive microglia. Our results show that melatonin prevents LPS and Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in murine microglia in vitro, evidenced by inhibition of NLRP3 expression, Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) speck formation, caspase-1 cleavage and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) maturation and secretion. Additionally, melatonin inhibits pyroptosis, production of mitochondrial and cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling. The beneficial effects of melatonin on NLRP3 inflammasome activation were associated with nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Silent information regulator 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) activation, which were reversed by Nrf2 siRNA and SIRT1 inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bora Tastan
- Izmir Biomedicine Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | | | - Melis Olcum
- Izmir Biomedicine Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nevin Ersoy
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Alper Bagriyanik
- Izmir Biomedicine Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kursad Genc
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sermin Genc
- Izmir Biomedicine Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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Kim Y, Park J, Choi YK. The Role of Astrocytes in the Central Nervous System Focused on BK Channel and Heme Oxygenase Metabolites: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8050121. [PMID: 31060341 PMCID: PMC6562853 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8050121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes outnumber neurons in the human brain, and they play a key role in numerous functions within the central nervous system (CNS), including glutamate, ion (i.e., Ca2+, K+) and water homeostasis, defense against oxidative/nitrosative stress, energy storage, mitochondria biogenesis, scar formation, tissue repair via angiogenesis and neurogenesis, and synapse modulation. After CNS injury, astrocytes communicate with surrounding neuronal and vascular systems, leading to the clearance of disease-specific protein aggregates, such as β-amyloid, and α-synuclein. The astrocytic big conductance K+ (BK) channel plays a role in these processes. Recently, potential therapeutic agents that target astrocytes have been tested for their potential to repair the brain. In this review, we discuss the role of the BK channel and antioxidant agents such as heme oxygenase metabolites following CNS injury. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of astrocytes’ functions in the healthy and diseased brains will greatly contribute to the development of therapeutic approaches following CNS injury, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghee Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Jinhong Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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32
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Pilipović I, Stojić-Vukanić Z, Prijić I, Leposavić G. Role of the End-Point Mediators of Sympathoadrenal and Sympathoneural Stress Axes in the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:921. [PMID: 31993021 PMCID: PMC6970942 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of stress effector systems in the initiation and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most commonly used experimental model of MS, has strongly been suggested. To corroborate this notion, alterations in activity of the sympathoadrenal and sympathoneural axes of sympathoadrenal system (a major communication pathway between the central nervous system and the immune system), mirrored in altered release of their end-point mediators (adrenaline and noradrenaline, respectively), are shown to precede (in MS) and/or occur during development of MS and EAE in response to immune cell activation (in early phase of disease) and disease-related damage of sympathoadrenal system neurons and their projections (in late phase of disease). To add to the complexity, innate immunity cells and T-lymphocytes synthesize noradrenaline that may be implicated in a local autocrine/paracrine self-amplifying feed-forward loop to enhance myeloid-cell synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory injury. Furthermore, experimental manipulations targeting noradrenaline/adrenaline action are shown to influence clinical outcome of EAE, in a disease phase-specific manner. This is partly related to the fact that virtually all types of cells involved in the instigation and progression of autoimmune inflammation and target tissue damage in EAE/MS express functional adrenoceptors. Although catecholamines exert majority of immunomodulatory effects through β2-adrenoceptor, a role for α-adrenoceptors in EAE pathogenesis has also been indicated. In this review, we summarize all aforementioned aspects of immunopathogenetic action of catecholamines in EAE/MS as possibly important for designing new strategies targeting their action to prevent/mitigate autoimmune neuroinflammation and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pilipović
- Branislav Jankovic Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Virology, Torlak Vaccines and Sera, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Prijić
- Branislav Jankovic Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Virology, Torlak Vaccines and Sera, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Gordana Leposavić
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