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Ibrahim BMM, Darwish AB, Taleb SA, Mourad RM, Yassen NN, Hessin AF, Gad SA, Mohammed MA. Appraisal terpenoids rich Boswellia carterri ethyl acetate extract in binary cyclodextrin oligomer nano complex for improving respiratory distress. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16779. [PMID: 39039094 PMCID: PMC11263383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Boswellia carterii (BC) resins plants have a long historical background as a treatment for inflammation, as indicated by information originating from multiple countries. Twenty-seven diterpenoids have been identified in ethyl acetate and total methanol BC, comprising seventeen boscartins of the cembrane-type diterpenoids and ten boscartols of the prenylaromadendrane-type diterpenoids. Moreover, twenty-one known triterpenoids have also been found, encompassing nine tirucallane-type, six ursane-type, four oleanane-type, and two lupane-type. The cembrane-type diterpenoids hold a significant position in pharmaceutical chemistry and related industries due to their captivating biological characteristics and promising pharmacological potentials. Extraction of BC, creation and assessment of nano sponges loaded with either B. carterii plant extract or DEX, are the subjects of our current investigation. With the use of ultrasound-assisted synthesis, nano sponges were produced. The entrapment efficiency (EE%) of medications in nano sponges was examined using spectrophotometry. Nano sponges were characterized using a number of methods. Within nano sponges, the EE% of medicines varied between 98.52 ± 0.07 and 99.64 ± 1.40%. The nano sponges' particle sizes varied from 105.9 ± 15.9 to 166.8 ± 26.3 nm. Drugs released from nano sponges using the Korsmeyer-Peppas concept. In respiratory distressed rats, the effects of BC plant extract, DEX salt and their nano formulations (D1, D5, P1 and P1), were tested. Treatment significantly reduced ICAM-1, LTB4, and ILβ 4 levels and improved histopathologic profiles, when compared to the positive control group. Boswellia extract and its nano sponge formulation P1 showed promising therapeutic effects. The effect of P1 may be due to synergism between both the extract and the formulation. This effect was achieved by blocking both ICAM-1 and LTB4 pathways, therefore counteracting the effects of talc powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassant M M Ibrahim
- Pharmacology Department, Medical and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Badawy Darwish
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Sally Abou Taleb
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Reda M Mourad
- Polymers and Pigments Department, Chemical Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Noha Nazeeh Yassen
- Pathology Department, Medical and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Alyaa F Hessin
- Pharmacology Department, Medical and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa A Gad
- Pharmacology Department, Medical and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mona A Mohammed
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
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Liu R, Hou W, Li J, Gou X, Gao M, Wang H, Zhang Y, Deng H, Yang X, Zhang W. Co-assembly of cisplatin and dasatinib in hyaluronan nanogel to combat triple negative breast cancer with reduced side effects. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132074. [PMID: 38705320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Treatment for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a huge challenge due to the lack of targeted therapeutics and tumor heterogenicity. Cisplatin (Cis) have demonstrated favorable therapeutic response in TNBC and thus is used together with various kinase inhibitors to fight the heterogenicity of TNBC. The combination of Cis with SRC inhibitor dasatinib (DAS) has shown encouraging anti-TNBC efficacy although the additive toxicity was commonly observed. To overcome the severe side effects of this Cis involved therapy, here we co-encapsulated Cis and DAS into a self-assembled hyaluronan (HA) nanogel (designated as HA/Cis/DAS (HCD) nanogel) to afford the TNBC targeted delivery by using the 4T1 mouse model. The acquired HCD nanogel was around 181 nm in aqueous solution, demonstrating the pharmacological activities of both Cis and DAS. Taking advantages of HA's targeting capability towards CD44 that is overexpressed on many TNBC cells, the HCD could well maintain the anticancer efficacy of the Cis and DAS combination, significantly increase the maximum tolerated dose and relieve the renal toxicity in vivo. The current HCD nanogel provides a potent strategy to improve the therapeutic outcome of Cis and DAS combination and thus representing a new targeted treatment option for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runmeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Wei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Jiayi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Xiaorong Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Menghan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Huimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Yiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Hong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Xue Yang
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, PR China.
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China.
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Kubota Y, Hoshiko T, Higashi T, Motoyama K, Okada S, Kimura S. Folate-Appended Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Induces Autophagic Cell Death in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16720. [PMID: 38069042 PMCID: PMC10706821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogenous myeloid neoplasm that remains challenging to treat. Because intensive conventional chemotherapy reduces survival rates in elderly patients, drugs with lower toxicity and fewer side effects are needed urgently. 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CyD) is used clinically as a pharmaceutical excipient for poorly water-soluble drugs. Previously, we showed that HP-β-CyD exerts antitumor activity by disrupting cholesterol homeostasis. Recently, we developed folate-conjugated HP-β-CyD (FA-HP-β-CyD) and demonstrated its potential as a new antitumor agent that induces not only apoptosis, but also autophagic cell death; however, we do not know whether FA-HP-β-CyD exerts these effects against AML. Here, we investigated the effects of FA-HP-β-CyD on folate receptor (FR)-expressing AML cells. We found that the cytotoxic activity of FA-HP-β-CyD against AML cells was stronger than that of HP-β-CyD. Also, FA-HP-CyD induced the formation of autophagosomes in AML cell lines. FA-HP-β-CyD increased the inhibitory effects of cytarabine and a BCL-2-selective inhibitor, Venetoclax, which are commonly used treat elderly AML patients. Notably, FA-HP-β-CyD suppressed the proliferation of AML cells in BALB/c nude recombinase-activating gene-2 (Rag-2)/Janus kinase 3 (Jak3) double-deficient mice with AML. These results suggest that FA-HP-β-CyD acts as a potent anticancer agent for AML chemotherapy by regulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kubota
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan;
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe 350-8550, Japan
| | - Toshimi Hoshiko
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan;
| | - Taishi Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (T.H.); (K.M.)
| | - Keiichi Motoyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (T.H.); (K.M.)
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan;
| | - Shinya Kimura
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan;
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Preclinical Ultrasonography in Rodent Models of Neuromuscular Disorders: The State of the Art for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054976. [PMID: 36902405 PMCID: PMC10003358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonography is a safe, non-invasive imaging technique used in several fields of medicine, offering the possibility to longitudinally monitor disease progression and treatment efficacy over time. This is particularly useful when a close follow-up is required, or in patients with pacemakers (not suitable for magnetic resonance imaging). By virtue of these advantages, ultrasonography is commonly used to detect multiple skeletal muscle structural and functional parameters in sports medicine, as well as in neuromuscular disorders, e.g., myotonic dystrophy and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The recent development of high-resolution ultrasound devices allowed the use of this technique in preclinical settings, particularly for echocardiographic assessments that make use of specific guidelines, currently lacking for skeletal muscle measurements. In this review, we describe the state of the art for ultrasound skeletal muscle applications in preclinical studies conducted in small rodents, aiming to provide the scientific community with necessary information to support an independent validation of these procedures for the achievement of standard protocols and reference values useful in translational research on neuromuscular disorders.
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Colonic budesonide delivery by multistimuli alginate/Eudragit® FS 30D/inulin-based microspheres as a paediatric formulation. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 302:120422. [PMID: 36604084 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop an oral paediatric formulation of budesonide (BUD) for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. A formulation realized as microspheres using the prilling/vibration technique is proposed as an innovative drug delivery system ensuring BUD-specific colonic release in response to different triggers, such as pH, transit time, and resident microbiota. BUD, or the inclusion complex BUD/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, was loaded into microspheres consisting of different ratios of alginate, Eudragit® FS 30D, with or without inulin. Sixteen formulations are produced that show high yields and encapsulation efficiencies, ensuring a homogenous distribution of BUD into the matrix. Microsphere diameters of <655 μm and promising flow properties make these systems suitable for oral administration to children. Swelling and drug release studies in simulated gastrointestinal fluid are used to demonstrate the response of microspheres to time and pH triggers. Studies in faecal medium highlight that drug release from microspheres with inulin is also influenced by microbiota.
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Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Di-Alanine Supplementation in Aged Mice: A Translational Study on Sarcopenia. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020330. [PMID: 36678201 PMCID: PMC9861351 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In age-related sarcopenia, the gradual loss of skeletal muscle mass, function and strength is underpinned by an imbalanced rate of protein synthesis/breakdown. Hence, an adequate protein intake is considered a valuable strategy to mitigate sarcopenia. Here, we investigated the effects of a 12-week oral supplementation with branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine, and valine) with recognized anabolic properties, in 17-month-old (AGED) C57BL/6J male mice. BCAAs (2:1:1) were formulated in drinking water, alone or plus two L-Alanine equivalents (2ALA) or dipeptide L-Alanyl-L-Alanine (Di-ALA) to boost BCAAs bioavailability. Outcomes were evaluated on in/ex vivo readouts vs. 6-month-old (ADULT) mice. In vivo hind limb plantar flexor torque was improved in AGED mice treated with BCAAs + Di-ALA or 2ALA (recovery score, R.S., towards ADULT: ≥20%), and all mixtures significantly increased hind limb volume. Ex vivo, myofiber cross-sectional areas were higher in gastrocnemius (GC) and soleus (SOL) muscles from treated mice (R.S. ≥ 69%). Contractile indices of isolated muscles were improved by the mixtures, especially in SOL muscle (R.S. ≥ 20%). The latter displayed higher mTOR protein levels in mice supplemented with 2ALA/Di-ALA-enriched mixtures (R.S. ≥ 65%). Overall, these findings support the usefulness of BCAAs-based supplements in sarcopenia, particularly as innovative formulations potentiating BCAAs bioavailability and effects.
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Formulation Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Amorphous Solid Dispersions of Dasatinib. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112450. [PMID: 36432641 PMCID: PMC9698804 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to improve the physicochemical properties and oral bioavailability of dasatinib (DST) by the amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) approach using cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) as a carrier. Various formulations of ASD (DST:CAB 1:1 to 1:5) were prepared by the solvent evaporation method. ASDs were characterized for physicochemical attributes, stability and pharmacokinetics. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transformed infrared, X-ray powder diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry confirmed the transformation of the crystalline drug into amorphous phase. ASD formation resulted in a 3.7−4.9 fold increase in dissolution compared to DST or physical mixture. The ASDs formulation exhibited relative stability against transformation from the unstable amorphous phase to a stable crystalline phase that was indicated by spectral and X-ray powder diffraction data, and insignificant (p > 0.05) decrease in dissolution. Tmax, Cmax and AUC0-∞ of ASD were 4.3-fold faster and 2.0 and 1.5 fold higher than the corresponding physical mixture. In conclusion, the ASD of DST significantly improved dissolution and oral bioavailability which may be translated into a reduction in dose and adverse events.
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Fadel H, Lotfy S, El-aleem FA, Ahmed MS, Asfour M, Taleb SA, Saad R. Preparation and evaluation of a functional effervescent powder based on inclusion complexes of orange oil and β-cyclodextrin derivatives.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2226110/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Flavoured functional effervescent powders are becoming increasingly popular by consumers due to their health benefits and easy dissolution. In present study, orange flavoured effervescent powders having functional properties were prepared. Orange oil (O) was blended with different essential oils (EOs) having high antioxidant activity. The orange oil and the O-EOs blends were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and evaluation of radical scavenging activity. Combinations of two water soluble β-cyclodextrine polymers, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrine (2-HP-β-CD) and epihydrin-β-cyclodextrin (EPI-β-CD) were prepared at different molar ratios (3: 1 and 1: 3, F1 and F2, respectively). The O-EOs blends that showed the highest antioxidant activities and best odour qualities were encapsulated with F1 and F2, separately. The orange flavoured inclusion complexes were prepared by freeze drying method. The particle sizes of the inclusion complex powders were in the nanoscale. Characterization of the inclusion complexes nanoparticles were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FT-IR). The results confirmed the successful formation of the inclusion complexes. However, inclusion complex of O-EOs blend with F1 (O-F1C-IC) showed the smallest particle size (113.9 ± 15.9 nm), the more negative zeta potential (-27.1 ± 1.27 mV), the highest encapsulation efficiency (95.51%) and best odour quality. Therefore, it was mixed with an effervescent powder having high acceptable characteristics. The orange flavoured effervescent powder showed superior flowability.
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Ricci F, Racaniello GF, Lopedota A, Laquintana V, Arduino I, Lopalco A, Cutrignelli A, Franco M, Sigurdsson HH, Denora N. Chitosan/sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin based nanoparticles coated with thiolated hyaluronic acid for indomethacin ophthalmic delivery. Int J Pharm 2022; 622:121905. [PMID: 35697201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Indomethacin (IND) is topically administered for the treatment of the anterior segment diseases such as conjunctivitis, uveitis, and inflammation prevention for post-cataract surgery, as well as posterior segment diseases as macular edema. Currently IND is available as 0.1% w/v hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-based eye drop formulation and its bioavailability is limited by several drawbacks such as the nasolacrimal duct draining, the reflex blinking and the low volume of the conjunctival sac. In this study, chitosan (CS)/sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) based nanoparticles (NPs) with a mean diameter of 340 (±7) nm, a ζ-potential value of +18.3 (±0.5) mV and coated with thiolated low molecular weight hyaluronic acid were formulated to improve both the solubility and the residential time in the conjunctival sac of the loaded drug IND. The NPs were prepared through the ionotropic gelation technique, exploiting the interaction between the positively charged amino group of CS and the negatively charged sulfonic group of SBE-β-CD. The mucoadhesive properties of the NPs were evaluated on chicken trachea and esophagus tissues using a texture analyser. The irritability effects of NPs were disclaimed with Hecam test. The developed coated NPs showed increased residential time in the conjunctival sac, displayed no irritancy or toxicity for local administration, making them an optimal and innovative drug delivery system for the treatment of anterior segment inflammation diseases. On the other hand, the uncoated NPs displayed better permeating properties since they are smaller and could be further exploited for the treatment of posterior segment diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Ricci
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Angela Lopedota
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Valentino Laquintana
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Arduino
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Lopalco
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cutrignelli
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Franco
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Mantuano P, Boccanegra B, Conte E, De Bellis M, Cirmi S, Sanarica F, Cappellari O, Arduino I, Cutrignelli A, Lopedota AA, Mele A, Denora N, De Luca A. β-Dystroglycan Restoration and Pathology Progression in the Dystrophic mdx Mouse: Outcome and Implication of a Clinically Oriented Study with a Novel Oral Dasatinib Formulation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1742. [PMID: 34827740 PMCID: PMC8615430 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
ROS-activated cSrc tyrosine kinase (TK) promotes the degradation of β-dystroglycan (β-DG), a dystrophin-glycoprotein complex component, which may reinforce damaging signals in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Therefore, cSrc-TK represents a promising therapeutic target. In mdx mice, a 4-week subcutaneous treatment with dasatinib (DAS), a pan-Src-TKs inhibitor approved as anti-leukemic agent, increased muscle β-DG, with minimal amelioration of morphofunctional indices. To address possible dose/pharmacokinetic (PK) issues, a new oral DAS/hydroxypropyl(HP)-β-cyclodextrin(CD) complex was developed and chronically administered to mdx mice. The aim was to better assess the role of β-DG in pathology progression, meanwhile confirming DAS mechanism of action over the long-term, along with its efficacy and tolerability. The 4-week old mdx mice underwent a 12-week treatment with DAS/HP-β-CD10% dissolved in drinking water, at 10 or 20 mg/kg/day. The outcome was evaluated via in vivo/ex vivo disease-relevant readouts. Oral DAS/HP-β-CD efficiently distributed in mdx mice plasma and tissues in a dose-related fashion. The new DAS formulation confirmed its main upstream mechanism of action, by reducing β-DG phosphorylation and restoring its levels dose-dependently in both diaphragm and gastrocnemius muscle. However, it modestly improved in vivo neuromuscular function, ex vivo muscle force, and histopathology, although the partial recovery of muscle elasticity and the decrease of CK and LDH plasma levels suggest an increased sarcolemmal stability of dystrophic muscles. Our clinically oriented study supports the interest in this new, pediatric-suitable DAS formulation for proper exposure and safety and for enhancing β-DG expression. This latter mechanism is, however, not sufficient by itself to impact on pathology progression. In-depth analyses will be dedicated to elucidating the mechanism limiting DAS effectiveness in dystrophic settings, meanwhile assessing its potential synergy with dystrophin-based molecular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Mantuano
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, Orabona 4—Campus, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.M.); (B.B.); (E.C.); (M.D.B.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (O.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Brigida Boccanegra
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, Orabona 4—Campus, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.M.); (B.B.); (E.C.); (M.D.B.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (O.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Elena Conte
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, Orabona 4—Campus, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.M.); (B.B.); (E.C.); (M.D.B.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (O.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Michela De Bellis
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, Orabona 4—Campus, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.M.); (B.B.); (E.C.); (M.D.B.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (O.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Santa Cirmi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, Orabona 4—Campus, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.M.); (B.B.); (E.C.); (M.D.B.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (O.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Francesca Sanarica
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, Orabona 4—Campus, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.M.); (B.B.); (E.C.); (M.D.B.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (O.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Ornella Cappellari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, Orabona 4—Campus, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.M.); (B.B.); (E.C.); (M.D.B.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (O.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Ilaria Arduino
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, Orabona 4—Campus, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (I.A.); (A.C.); (A.A.L.); (N.D.)
| | - Annalisa Cutrignelli
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, Orabona 4—Campus, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (I.A.); (A.C.); (A.A.L.); (N.D.)
| | - Angela Assunta Lopedota
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, Orabona 4—Campus, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (I.A.); (A.C.); (A.A.L.); (N.D.)
| | - Antonietta Mele
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, Orabona 4—Campus, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.M.); (B.B.); (E.C.); (M.D.B.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (O.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, Orabona 4—Campus, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (I.A.); (A.C.); (A.A.L.); (N.D.)
| | - Annamaria De Luca
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, Orabona 4—Campus, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.M.); (B.B.); (E.C.); (M.D.B.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (O.C.); (A.M.)
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Racaniello GF, Laquintana V, Summonte S, Lopedota A, Cutrignelli A, Lopalco A, Franco M, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Denora N. Spray-dried mucoadhesive microparticles based on S-protected thiolated hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin for budesonide nasal delivery. Int J Pharm 2021; 603:120728. [PMID: 34029665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Budesonide (BUD) is used as first choice therapy for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, a chronic allergic-immune condition with an increased incidence in the pediatric population. The main problem of BUD nasal formulations is related to its poor aqueous solubility (S0 = 5.03·10-5 M), sometimes compensated by the administration of high doses of the drug. The ability of thiolated hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP- β -CD-SH, 100 mM) to increase the water solubility of BUD (SHP- β-CD-SH = 10.9·10-3 M) more than pristine hydroxypropyl- β -cyclodextrin (HP- β-CD, SHP- β-CD = 4.3·10-3 M) has been previously demonstrated. Considering that S-protected thiomers have the advantage of increasing the stability of thiols over a wide pH range prolonging their residence time at the target site, 2-mercapto-nicotinic acid (MNA) was used in this study to protect the free thiol groups on HP- β -CD-SH generating the corresponding S-protected cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD-MNA). Besides, given the increased stability and processability of HP-β-CD-MNA, mucoadhesive microparticles (MPs) were prepared via spray-drying of aqueous solutions of the inclusion complex HP-β-CD-MNA/BUD. MPs were morphologically and dimensionally homogeneous exhibiting an average diameter of 3.24 ± 0.57 µm. Over time these MPs formed larger aggregates with an average diameter of 10-50 μm, suitable for the design of intranasal delivery systems. Differential scanning calorimetry analyses revealed the absence of crystalline BUD from spray-dried complexes. Dissolution studies shown that spray-dried MPs dissolved quickly and the complexed drug was completely solubilized within the first 20 min of the dissolution process. Cell viability assay indicated that spray-dried complexes are safe. In vitro mucoadhesion studies on freshly excised porcine nasal mucosa showed a 1.4- and 2.3-fold prolonged mucosal residence time of HP- β -CD-SH/BUD and HP-β-CD-MNA/BUD in comparison to the unmodified cyclodextrin (CD), respectively. Rheological behaviour of spray-dried MPs complexes/mucus mixtures confirmed the results of the mucoadhesion studies, as the dynamic viscosity of the spray-dried inclusion complexes HP-β-CD-SH/BUD and HP-β-CD-MNA/BUD was 1.1-fold and 2.4 fold increased in comparison to the unmodified HP-β-CD/BUD complex. According to these results, MPs comprising HP- β -CD-MNA/BUD might be a promising tool for nasal delivery of poorly water-soluble corticosteroids such as BUD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentino Laquintana
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Simona Summonte
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy; Thiomatrix Forschungs- und Beratungs GmbH, Research Center Innsbruck, Trientlgasse 65, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Angela Lopedota
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cutrignelli
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Lopalco
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Franco
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Thiomatrix Forschungs- und Beratungs GmbH, Research Center Innsbruck, Trientlgasse 65, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy.
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12
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Zhu Q, Zhang B, Wang Y, Liu X, Li W, Su F, Li S. Self‐assembled micelles prepared from poly(
D
,
L
‐lactide‐co‐glycolide)‐poly(ethylene glycol) block copolymers for sustained release of valsartan. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco‐chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Baogang Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Polymers Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yuandou Wang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco‐chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Xinghua Liu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco‐chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco‐chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Feng Su
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco‐chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Institute of High Performance Polymers Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Suming Li
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM UMR 5635 Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM Montpellier France
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13
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Lopalco A, Denora N. Paediatric Formulation: Design and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197118. [PMID: 32992469 PMCID: PMC7583834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of medicines designed for children can be challenging since this distinct patient population requires specific needs. A formulation designed for paediatric patients must consider the following aspects: patient population variability; dose flexibility; route of administration; patient compliance; drug and excipient tolerability. The purpose of this Special Issue entitled "Paediatric Formulation: Design and Development" is to provide an update on both state-of-the-art methodology and operational challenges in the design and development of paediatric formulations. It aims at re-evaluating what is needed for more progress in the design and development of age-appropriate treatments for paediatric diseases, focusing on: formulation development; drug delivery design; efficacy, safety, and tolerability of drugs and excipients. This editorial, briefly, summarizes the objects of nine original research and review papers published in this Special Issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lopalco
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (N.D.); Tel.: +39-080-544-2764 (A.L.); +39-080-544-2767 (N.D.)
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (N.D.); Tel.: +39-080-544-2764 (A.L.); +39-080-544-2767 (N.D.)
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14
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Hydroxy-Propil-β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes of two Biphenylnicotinamide Derivatives: Formulation and Anti-Proliferative Activity Evaluation in Pancreatic Cancer Cell Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186545. [PMID: 32906812 PMCID: PMC7576480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies, with poor outcomes largely due to its unique microenvironment, which is responsible for the low response to drugs and drug-resistance phenomena. This clinical need led us to explore new therapeutic approaches for systemic PDAC treatment by the utilization of two newly synthesized biphenylnicotinamide derivatives, PTA73 and PTA34, with remarkable antitumor activity in an in vitro PDAC model. Given their poor water solubility, inclusion complexes of PTA34 and PTA73 in Hydroxy-Propil-β-Cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) were prepared in solution and at the solid state. Complexation studies demonstrated that HP-β-CD is able to form stable host–guest inclusion complexes with PTA34 and PTA73, characterized by a 1:1 apparent formation constant of 503.9 M−1 and 369.2 M−1, respectively (also demonstrated by the Job plot), and by an increase in aqueous solubility of about 150 times (from 1.95 µg/mL to 292.5 µg/mL) and 106 times (from 7.16 µg/mL to 762.5 µg/mL), in the presence of 45% w/v of HP-β-CD, respectively. In vitro studies confirmed the high antitumor activity of the complexed PTA34 and PTA73 towards PDAC cells, the strong G2/M phase arrest followed by induction of apoptosis, and thus their eligibility for PDAC therapy.
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15
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Carofiglio F, Lopalco A, Lopedota A, Cutrignelli A, Nicolotti O, Denora N, Stefanachi A, Leonetti F. Bcr-Abl Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Pediatric CML. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124469. [PMID: 32586039 PMCID: PMC7352889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic approach to Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) has changed since the advent of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) imatinib, which was then followed by the second generation TKIs dasatinib, nilotinib, and, finally, by ponatinib, a third-generation drug. At present, these therapeutic options represent the first-line treatment for adults. Based on clinical experience, imatinb, dasatinib, and nilotinib have been approved for children even though the studies that were concerned with efficacy and safety toward pediatric patients are still awaiting more specific and high-quality data. In this scenario, it is of utmost importance to prospectively validate data extrapolated from adult studies to set a standard therapeutic management for pediatric CML by employing appropriate formulations on the basis of pediatric clinical trials, which allow a careful monitoring of TKI-induced adverse effects especially in growing children exposed to long-term therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Child
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Prognosis
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Angela Stefanachi
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (F.L.); Tel.: +39-08-0544-2783 (A.S.); +39-08-0544-2784 (F.L.)
| | - Francesco Leonetti
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (F.L.); Tel.: +39-08-0544-2783 (A.S.); +39-08-0544-2784 (F.L.)
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16
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Parvataneni DM, Devraj R, Mangamoori LN. Micelles entrapped microparticles technology: a novel approach to resolve dissolution and bioavailability problems of poorly water soluble drugs. J Microencapsul 2020; 37:254-269. [PMID: 32052664 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2020.1729883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Aim of this study was to design a solid oral delivery system for a weakly basic drug such as dasatinib (DAS), so as to achieve pH-independent dissolution and improved oral bioavailability.Methods: DAS was solubilised using sodium lauryl sulphate as an aqueous micellar system and such a system containing lactose monohydrate as carrier was spray-dried to obtain a solid mass. Subsequently, the DAS-solid was converted into a tablet using conventional tableting methods.Results: The dissolution study revealed pH-independent dissolution over a wide range of pH conditions. An in vivo bioavailability testing on rats revealed an improved Cmax and AUC0-24. Similarly, viability assay showed a better inhibitory effect of spray-dried dasatinib over the DAS.Conclusions: Micellar solubilisation and spray-drying technology can be approached to resolve poor dissolution and bioavailability of drugs belonging to biopharmaceutical classification system II and III. This technology is amenable to scale-up and has commercial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rambhau Devraj
- Formulation Research and Development, Natco Research Centre, Natco Pharma Limited, Hyderabad, India
| | - Lakshmi Narasu Mangamoori
- Centre for Biotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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17
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Thiolated hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as mucoadhesive excipient for oral delivery of budesonide in liquid paediatric formulation. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Sanarica F, Mantuano P, Conte E, Cozzoli A, Capogrosso RF, Giustino A, Cutrignelli A, Cappellari O, Rolland JF, De Bellis M, Denora N, Camerino GM, De Luca A. Proof-of-concept validation of the mechanism of action of Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors in dystrophic mdx mouse muscle: in vivo and in vitro studies. Pharmacol Res 2019; 145:104260. [PMID: 31059789 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Src tyrosine kinase (TK), a redox-sensitive protein overexpressed in dystrophin-deficient muscles, can contribute to damaging signaling by phosphorylation and degradation of β-dystroglycan (β-DG). We performed a proof-of-concept preclinical study to validate this hypothesis and the benefit-safety ratio of a pharmacological inhibition of Src-TK in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Src-TK inhibitors PP2 and dasatinib were administered for 5 weeks to treadmill-exercised mdx mice. The outcome was evaluated in vivo and ex vivo on functional, histological and biochemical disease-related parameters. Considering the importance to maintain a proper myogenic program, the potential cytotoxic effects of both compounds, as well as their cytoprotection against oxidative stress-induced damage, was also assessed in C2C12 cells. In line with the hypothesis, both compounds restored the level of β-DG and reduced its phosphorylated form without changing basal expression of genes of interest, corroborating a mechanism at post-translational level. The histological profile of gastrocnemius muscle was slightly improved as well as the level of plasma biomarkers. However, amelioration of in vivo and ex vivo functional parameters was modest, with PP2 being more effective than dasatinib. Both compounds reached appreciable levels in skeletal muscle and liver, supporting proper animal exposure. Dasatinib exerted a greater concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect on C2C12 cells than the more selective PP2, while being less protective against H2O2 cytotoxicity, even though at concentrations higher than those experienced during in vivo treatments. Our results support the interest of Src-TK as drug target in dystrophinopathies, although further studies are necessary to assess the therapeutic potential of inhibitors in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sanarica
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - P Mantuano
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - E Conte
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - A Cozzoli
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - R F Capogrosso
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy; Department of Chemical, Toxicological and Pharmacological Drug Studies, Catholic University "Our Lady of Good Counsel", Tirana, Albania
| | - A Giustino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121, Bari, Italy
| | - A Cutrignelli
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - O Cappellari
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK
| | - J F Rolland
- AXXAM S.p.A., Openzone, 20091, Bresso, Milan, Italy
| | - M De Bellis
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - N Denora
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - G M Camerino
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - A De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy.
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