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Chen H, Lou J, Dong M, Liu X, Yan S, Wen S, Zhou L, Liu X, Yuan X. Utilize multi-metabolic parameters as determinants for prediction of skeletal muscle mass quality in elderly type2 diabetic Chinese patients. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:325. [PMID: 38594634 PMCID: PMC11005128 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-04827-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia, an age-related disorder characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, is recently recognized as a complication in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Skeletal muscles play a crucial role in glycemic metabolism, utilizing around 80% of blood glucose. Accordingly, we aimed to explore the relationship between glucose metabolism and muscle mass in T2DM. METHODS We employed the AWGS 2019 criteria for diagnosing low muscle mass and 1999 World Health Organization (WHO) diabetes diagnostic standards. This study included data of 191 individuals aged 60 and above with T2DM of Shanghai Pudong Hospital from November 2021 to November 2022. Fasting C-peptide (FPCP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) and postprandial 2-hour C-peptide (PPCP), glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), glycated albumin (GA), serum lipids spectrum, renal and hepatic function, hemoglobin, and hormone were measured. Based on the findings of univariate analysis, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were established. RESULTS Participants with low muscle mass had significantly lower alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, and both FPCP and PPCP levels (P < 0.05). Compared with those without low muscle mass, low muscle mass group had significantly higher FPG, HbA1c, GA levels (P < 0.05). Body fat (BF, OR = 1.181) was an independent risk factor for low muscle mass. PPCP (OR = 0.497), BMI (OR = 0.548), and female (OR = 0.050) were identified as protective factors for low skeletal muscle. The AUC of BMI was the highest, followed by the PPCP, gender and BF (0.810, 0.675, 0.647, and 0.639, respectively), and the AUC of the combination of the above four parameters reached 0.895. CONCLUSIONS In this cross-sectional study, BMI, Female, and PPCP associated with T2DM were protective factors for low muscle mass. BF was associated with T2DM and risk factor for low muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201399, China
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Lou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Meiyuan Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Xintao Liu
- Department of General Medicine, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Shijie Yan
- Department of General Medicine, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Song Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201399, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Vascular Lesions Regulation and Remodeling, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingdang Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201399, China.
| | - Xinlu Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201399, China.
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Bandesh K, Pal M, Balakrishnan A, Gautam P, Jha P, Tandon N, Pillai B, Bharadwaj D. A novel antisense lncRNA, ARBAG harboring an RNA destabilizing GWAS variant for C-peptide dictates the transcript isoforms of GABRA6 in cerebellum. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:2929-2939. [PMID: 37498167 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human disease-associated genetic variations often map to long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes; however, elucidation of their functional impact is challenging. We previously identified a new genetic variant rs4454083 (A/G) residing in exon of an uncharacterized lncRNA ARBAG that strongly associates with plasma levels of C-peptide, a hormone that regulates insulin bioavailability. On the opposite strand, rs4454083 also corresponds to an intron of a cerebellum-specific GABA receptor subunit gene GABRA6 that mediates strengthening of inhibitory synapses by insulin. Here, we show that alleles of rs4454083 modulate transcript levels of the antisense gene, ARBAG, which then controls the expression of the sense gene, GABRA6. Predisposing to low C-peptide, GG (a minor allele genotype across ethnicities) stabilizes ARBAG lncRNA causing higher transcript levels in cerebellum. ARBAG lncRNA abundance leads to cleavage of GABRA6 mRNA at the complementary region, resulting in a dysfunctional GABRA6 protein that would not be recruited for synapse strengthening. Together, our findings in human cerebellar cell-line and induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) demonstrate biological role of a novel lncRNA in determining the ratio of mRNA isoforms of a protein-coding gene and the ability of an embedded variant in modulating lncRNA stability leading to inter-individual differences in protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushdeep Bandesh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Muneesh Pal
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110025, India
| | | | - Pradeep Gautam
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110025, India
| | - Punam Jha
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Nikhil Tandon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Beena Pillai
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Dwaipayan Bharadwaj
- Systems Genomics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Gorji AE, Ostaszewski P, Urbańska K, Sadkowski T. Does β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate Have Any Potential to Support the Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in Humans and Animals? Biomedicines 2023; 11:2329. [PMID: 37626825 PMCID: PMC10452677 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the protein reservoir of our body and an important regulator of glucose and lipid homeostasis. The dystrophin gene is the largest gene and has a key role in skeletal muscle construction and function. Mutations in the dystrophin gene cause Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy in humans, mice, dogs, and cats. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked neuromuscular condition causing progressive muscle weakness and premature death. β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) prevents deleterious muscle responses under pathological conditions, including tumor and chronic steroid therapy-related muscle losses. The use of HMB as a dietary supplement allows for increasing lean weight gain; has a positive immunostimulatory effect; is associated with decreased mortality; and attenuates sarcopenia in elderly animals and individuals. This study aimed to identify some genes, metabolic pathways, and biological processes which are common for DMD and HMB based on existing literature and then discuss the consequences of that interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolvahab Ebrahimpour Gorji
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.E.G.); (P.O.)
| | - Piotr Ostaszewski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.E.G.); (P.O.)
| | - Kaja Urbańska
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Sadkowski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.E.G.); (P.O.)
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4
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Shen Y, Li M, Wang K, Qi G, Liu H, Wang W, Ji Y, Chang M, Deng C, Xu F, Shen M, Sun H. Diabetic Muscular Atrophy: Molecular Mechanisms and Promising Therapies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:917113. [PMID: 35846289 PMCID: PMC9279556 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.917113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a typical chronic disease that can be divided into 2 types, dependent on insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. Incidences of diabetic complications gradually increase as the disease progresses. Studies in diabetes complications have mostly focused on kidney and cardiovascular diseases, as well as neuropathy. However, DM can also cause skeletal muscle atrophy. Diabetic muscular atrophy is an unrecognized diabetic complication that can lead to quadriplegia in severe cases, seriously impacting patients' quality of life. In this review, we first identify the main molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy from the aspects of protein degradation and synthesis signaling pathways. Then, we discuss the molecular regulatory mechanisms of diabetic muscular atrophy, and outline potential drugs and treatments in terms of insulin resistance, insulin deficiency, inflammation, oxidative stress, glucocorticoids, and other factors. It is worth noting that inflammation and oxidative stress are closely related to insulin resistance and insulin deficiency in diabetic muscular atrophy. Regulating inflammation and oxidative stress may represent another very important way to treat diabetic muscular atrophy, in addition to controlling insulin signaling. Understanding the molecular regulatory mechanism of diabetic muscular atrophy could help to reveal new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Binhai County People’s Hospital affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Guangdong Qi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Binhai County People’s Hospital affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Haian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yanan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mengyuan Chang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chunyan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China
| | - Mi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hualin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Nanjing Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Technology, Nanjing, China
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5
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Rossiter JL, Redlinger LJ, Kolar GR, Samson WK, Yosten GLC. The actions of C-peptide in HEK293 cells are dependent upon insulin and extracellular glucose concentrations. Peptides 2022; 150:170718. [PMID: 34954230 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Connecting peptide, or C-peptide, is a part of the insulin prohormone and is essential for the proper folding and processing of the mature insulin peptide. C-peptide is released from the same beta cell secretory granules as insulin in equimolar amounts. However, due to their relative stabilities in plasma, the two peptides are detected in the circulation at ratios of approximately 4:1 to 6:1 (C-peptide to insulin), depending on metabolic state. C-peptide binds specifically to human cell membranes and induces intracellular signaling cascades, likely through an interaction with the G protein coupled receptor, GPR146. C-peptide has been shown to exert protective effects against the vascular, renal, and ocular complications of diabetes. The effects of C-peptide appear to be dependent upon the presence of insulin and the absolute, extracellular concentration of glucose. In this study, we employed HEK293 cells to further examine the interactive effects of C-peptide, insulin, and glucose on cell signaling. We observed that C-peptide's cellular effects are dampened significantly when cells are exposed to physiologically relevant concentrations of both insulin and C-peptide. Likewise, the actions of C-peptide on cFos and GPR146 mRNA expressions were affected by changes in extracellular glucose concentration. In particular, C-peptide induced significant elevations in cFos expression in the setting of high (25 mmol) extracellular glucose concentration. These data indicate that future experimentation on the actions of C-peptide should control for the presence or absence of insulin and the concentration of glucose. Furthermore, these findings should be considered prior to the development of C-peptide-based therapeutics for the treatment of diabetes-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L Rossiter
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Lauren J Redlinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Grant R Kolar
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Willis K Samson
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Gina L C Yosten
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO 63104, United States.
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6
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Liu J, Yu D, Xu M, Feng R, Sun Y, Yin X, Lai H, Wang C, Liu J. β-Cell function is associated with osteosarcopenia in middle-aged and older nonobese patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study. Open Med (Wars) 2021; 16:1583-1590. [PMID: 34722893 PMCID: PMC8530249 DOI: 10.1515/med-2021-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a strong risk tfactor for osteosarcopenia. The relationship between musculoskeletal index and β-cell function remains controversial. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of osteosarcopenia and to explore the association between osteosarcopenia and β-cell function, as well as insulin resistance in patients with T2DM. A total of 150 middle-aged and older nonobese patients with T2DM were recruited. Bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition were measured by the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and Matsuda index were used to evaluate insulin resistance status. β-Cell function was estimated by the area under the curve insulin/glucose (AUC-Ins/Glu) and the area under the curve C-peptide/glucose (AUC-CP/Glu). T2DM patients with osteosarcopenia had lower body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage, AUC-Ins/Glu, and AUC-CP/Glu. Both AUC-Ins/Glu (OR = 0.634, P = 0.008) and AUC-CP/Glu (OR = 0.491, P = 0.009) were negatively associated with the presence of osteosarcopenia. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that β-cell function was positively associated with the skeletal muscle mass index, whereas it showed no correlation with lumbar or hip BMD. β-Cell function is associated with osteosarcopenia in middle-aged and older nonobese patients with T2DM. These findings suggest that β-cell function might be a protective factor against osteosarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province medicine & health, Jinan, 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Dongqing Yu
- Department III of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Mingyue Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province medicine & health, Jinan, 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Ruiying Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province medicine & health, Jinan, 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yujing Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province medicine & health, Jinan, 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiaofei Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province medicine & health, Jinan, 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hong Lai
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province medicine & health, Jinan, 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province medicine & health, Jinan, 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province medicine & health, Jinan, 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, 250012, China
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Mahmoud AR, Kamel EO, Ahmed MA, Ahmed EA, Abd-Elhamid TH. Alleviation of Simvastatin-Induced Myopathy in Rats by the Standardized Extract of Ginkgo Biloba (EGb761): Insights into the Mechanisms of Action. Cells Tissues Organs 2020; 208:158-176. [PMID: 32369804 DOI: 10.1159/000507048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are the most widely prescribed cholesterol-lowering drugs to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Statin-induced myopathy is the major side effect of this class of drugs. Here, we studied whether standardized leaf extracts of ginkgo biloba (EGb761) would improve simvastatin (SIM)-induced muscle changes. Sixty Wistar rats were allotted into six groups: control group, vehicle group receiving 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for 30 days, SIM group receiving 80 mg/kg/day SIM in 0.5% CMC orally for 30 days, SIM withdrawal group treated with SIM for 16 days and sacrificed 14 days later, and EGb761-100 and EGb761-200 groups posttreated with either 100 or 200 mg/kg/day EGb761 orally. Muscle performance on the rotarod, serum creatine kinase (CK), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), serum and muscle nitrite, muscle malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were estimated. Additionally, muscle samples were processed for histopathological evaluation. We found that SIM decreased muscle performance on the rotarod, serum CoQ10, as well as muscle SOD and CAT activities while it increased serum CK, serum and muscle nitrite, as well as muscle MDA levels. SIM also induced sarcoplasmic vacuolation, splitting of myofibers, disorganization of sarcomeres, and disintegration of myofilaments. In contrast, posttreatment with EGb761 increased muscle performance, serum CoQ10, as well as muscle SOD and CAT activities while it reduced serum CK as well as serum and muscle nitrite levels in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, EGb761 reversed SIM-induced histopathological changes with better results obtained by its higher dose. Interestingly, SIM withdrawal increased muscle performance on the rotarod, reduce serum CK and CoQ10, and reduced serum and muscle nitrite while it reversed SIM-induced histopathological changes. However, SIM withdrawal was not effective enough to restore their normal values. Additionally, SIM withdrawal did not improve SIM-induce muscle MDA, SOD, or CAT activities during the period studied. Our results suggest that EGb761 posttreatment reversed SIM-induces muscle changes possibly through its antioxidant effects, elevation of CoQ10 levels, and antagonizing mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany R Mahmoud
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Anatomy Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam Omar Kamel
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Esraa A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek Hamdy Abd-Elhamid
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt,
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