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Biswal S, Panda M, Sahoo RK, Tripathi SK, Biswal BK. Tumour microenvironment and aberrant signaling pathways in cisplatin resistance and strategies to overcome in oral cancer. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 151:105697. [PMID: 37079976 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral cancer is the sixteenth most prevalent cancer in the world and the third-most in India. Despite of several treatment modalities, the cure rate of oral cancer is still low due to drug resistance mechanisms, which are caused by many reasons. It is necessary to improve the existing treatment strategies and discover neoteric therapy to kill cancer cells, which will give oral cancer's cure rate more success. So this review aims to delineate the molecular mechanisms behind cisplatin resistance, specifically the role of the tumor microenvironment, extracellular vesicles, and altered signaling pathways and its overcoming strategies in oral cancer. DESIGN This review was designed by searching words like cancer, oral cancer, cisplatin-resistance, tumor microenvironment, aberrant signalings, and extracellular vesicles, overcoming strategies for cisplatin resistance in databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, web science, and Scopus. Data available in this review is from 2017 to 2021. RESULTS After searching too much data, we found these 98 data appropriate for our review. From these data, we found that tumor microenvironment, extracellular vesicles, and altered signaling pathways like PI3K/AKT, EGFR, NOTCH, Ras, PTEN, Nf-κβ, and Wnt signaling have a crucial role in resistance development towards cisplatin in oral cancer. CONCLUSIONS Lastly, this review explores the alternative strategies to overcome cisplatin resistance likely, the combination therapy and targeted therapy by combining more than one chemotherapeutic drug or inhibitors of signaling pathways and also by using nanoparticle loaded drugs that will reduce the drug efflux, which gives new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuti Biswal
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Munmun Panda
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Rajeev K Sahoo
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Surya Kant Tripathi
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Bijesh K Biswal
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
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Choi HS, Kim YK, Yun PY. Assessing Gene Expression Related to Cisplatin Resistance in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060704. [PMID: 35745623 PMCID: PMC9228236 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin-based chemotherapy has been effectively used to treat oral cancer, but treatment often fails owing to the development of drug resistance. However, the important gene expression alterations associated with these resistances remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to identify the gene expressions related to cisplatin resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines. RNA samples were obtained from three cisplatin-resistant (YD-8/CIS, YD-9/CIS, and YD-38/CIS) and -sensitive (YD-8, YD-9, and YD-38) cell lines. Global gene expression was analyzed using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Differentially expressed genes were determined. Based on the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, functional enrichment and signaling pathways analyses were performed. Candidate genes selected from RNA-Seq analysis were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. The YD-8/CIS and YD-9/CIS samples had very similar expression patterns. qRT-PCR analysis was performed on selected genes commonly expressed between the two samples. The expression levels of 11 genes were changed in cisplatin-resistant samples compared with their parental samples; several of these genes were related to cell adhesion molecules and proteoglycans in cancer pathways. Our data provide candidate genes associated with cisplatin resistance in OSCC, but further study is required to determine which genes have an important role. Nevertheless, these results may provide new ideas to improve the clinical therapeutic outcomes of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Sim Choi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (H.S.C.); (Y.-K.K.)
| | - Young-Kyun Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (H.S.C.); (Y.-K.K.)
| | - Pil-Young Yun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (H.S.C.); (Y.-K.K.)
- Department of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-787-7545; Fax: +82-31-787-4068
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Acquisition of paclitaxel resistance modulates the biological traits of gastric cancer AGS cells and facilitates epithelial to mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:515-533. [PMID: 35122114 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to develop a paclitaxel (PTX)-resistant gastric cancer AGS cells (AGS-R) and evaluate the mechanisms of drug resistance. METHODS AGS cells were successively treated with increasing PTX concentrations. Cross-resistance of established AGS-R, the molecular patterns of cell survival, evasion of apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the angiogenic potential were evaluated. RESULTS AGS-R was induced within six months of PTX exposure. Extension of the treatment resulted in PTX-resistance beyond clinical levels. The established AGS-R showed resistance to vincristine and doxorubicin but not cisplatin. Upon induction of resistance, the expressions of MDR-1 (P < 0.001) and MRP-1 (P < 0.01) genes and proteins significantly increased. AGS-R cells had elevated levels of BCL-2, pro-CASP3, cleaved-NOTCH1, HES1, HEY1, NF-κB, PI3K, p-AKT, HIF-1α, Cyclin A, and B1 as compared with parental cells (at least P < 0.01). The protein levels of BAX, CASP3, P53, and P21 (at least P < 0.01) as well as intracellular ROS (P < 0.001) were reduced in AGS-R. A relative arrest at the G2/M phase (15.8 ± 0.75 vs. 26.7 ± 1.67) of the cell cycle and enrichment of AGS-R cells for CD44 marker (9 ± 0.6 vs. 1 ± 0.8) (P < 0.001) were detected by flow cytometry. While the E-cadherin expression was reduced (P < 0.001), the protein levels of Vimentin, N-cadherin, SLUG, and SNAIL were increased (at least P < 0.05). The angiogenic activity and release of VEGF and MMP2/9 were increased in AGS-R cells relative to the AGS line (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION AGS-R cells could bypass chemotherapy stress by expressing the genes coding for efflux pumps and altering some key signaling in favor of survival, EMT, and angiogenesis.
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Solanes-Casado S, Cebrián A, Rodríguez-Remírez M, Mahíllo I, García-García L, Río-Vilariño A, Baños N, de Cárcer G, Monfort-Vengut A, Castellano V, Fernández-Aceñero MJ, García-Foncillas J, Del Puerto-Nevado L. Overcoming PLK1 inhibitor resistance by targeting mevalonate pathway to impair AXL-TWIST axis in colorectal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112347. [PMID: 34700228 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
New therapeutic targets are revolutionizing colorectal cancer clinical management, opening new horizons in metastatic patients' outcome. Polo Like Kinase1 (PLK1) inhibitors have high potential as antitumoral agents, however, the emergence of drug resistance is a major challenge for their use in clinical practice. Overcoming this challenge represents a hot topic in current drug discovery research. BI2536-resistant colorectal cancer cell lines HT29R, RKOR, SW837R and HCT116R, were generated in vitro and validated by IG50 assays and xenografts models by the T/C ratio. Exons 1 and 2 of PLK1 gene were sequenced by Sanger method. AXL pathway, Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Multidrug Resistance (MDR1) were studied by qPCR and western blot in resistant cells. Simvastatin as a re-sensitizer drug was tested in vitro and the drug combination strategies were validated in vitro and in vivo. PLK1 gene mutation R136G was found for RKOR. AXL pathway trough TWIST1 transcription factor was identified as one of the mechanisms involved in HT29R, SW837R and HCT116R lines, inducing EMT and upregulation of MDR1. Simvastatin was able to impair the mechanisms activated by adaptive resistance and its combination with BI2536 re-sensitized resistant cells in vitro and in vivo. Targeting the mevalonate pathway contributes to re-sensitizing BI2536-resistant cells in vitro and in vivo, raising as a new strategy for the clinical management of PLK1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Solanes-Casado
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha Cebrián
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Ignacio Mahíllo
- Department of Statistics, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura García-García
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anxo Río-Vilariño
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Baños
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo de Cárcer
- Cell Cycle & Cancer Biomarkers Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (IIBm) CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Monfort-Vengut
- Cell Cycle & Cancer Biomarkers Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (IIBm) CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Castellano
- Department of Pathology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jesús Fernández-Aceñero
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús García-Foncillas
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Del Puerto-Nevado
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.
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Cheng Y, Li S, Gao L, Zhi K, Ren W. The Molecular Basis and Therapeutic Aspects of Cisplatin Resistance in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:761379. [PMID: 34746001 PMCID: PMC8569522 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.761379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a kind of malignant tumors with low survival rate and prone to have early metastasis and recurrence. Cisplatin is an alkylating agent which induces DNA damage through the formation of cisplatin-DNA adducts, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In the management of advanced OSCC, cisplatin-based chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy has been considered as the first-line treatment. Unfortunately, only a portion of OSCC patients can benefit from cisplatin treatment, both inherent resistance and acquired resistance greatly limit the efficacy of cisplatin and even cause treatment failure. Herein, this review outline the underlying mechanisms of cisplatin resistance in OSCC from the aspects of DNA damage and repair, epigenetic regulation, transport processes, programmed cell death and tumor microenvironment. In addition, this review summarizes the strategies applicable to overcome cisplatin resistance, which can provide new ideas to improve the clinical therapeutic outcome of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Cheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaoming Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Key Lab of Oral Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Keqian Zhi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Key Lab of Oral Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenhao Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Meng X, Lou QY, Yang WY, Wang YR, Chen R, Wang L, Xu T, Zhang L. The role of non-coding RNAs in drug resistance of oral squamous cell carcinoma and therapeutic potential. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:981-1006. [PMID: 34289530 PMCID: PMC8504146 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the eighth most prevalent cancer in the world, arises from the interaction of multiple factors including tobacco, alcohol consumption, and betel quid. Chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and paclitaxel have now become the first-line options for OSCC patients. Nevertheless, most OSCC patients eventually acquire drug resistance, leading to poor prognosis. With the discovery and identification of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), the functions of dysregulated ncRNAs in OSCC development and drug resistance are gradually being widely recognized. The mechanisms of drug resistance of OSCC are intricate and involve drug efflux, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, DNA damage repair, and autophagy. At present, strategies to explore the reversal of drug resistance of OSCC need to be urgently developed. Nano-delivery and self-cellular drug delivery platforms are considered as effective strategies to overcome drug resistance due to their tumor targeting, controlled release, and consistent pharmacokinetic profiles. In particular, the combined application of new technologies (including CRISPR systems) opened up new horizons for the treatment of drug resistance of OSCC. Hence, this review explored emerging regulatory functions of ncRNAs in drug resistance of OSCC, elucidated multiple ncRNA-meditated mechanisms of drug resistance of OSCC, and discussed the potential value of drug delivery platforms using nanoparticles and self-cells as carriers in drug resistance of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Meng
- Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Yue Lou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ying Yang
- Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Rong Wang
- Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, P. R. China
| | - Ran Chen
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Lab. of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, P. R. China
- Department of Periodontology, Anhui Stomatology Hospital affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, P. R. China
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7
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Choi HS, Kim YK, Yun PY. Cisplatin Plus Cetuximab Inhibits Cisplatin-Resistant Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Migration and Proliferation but Does Not Enhance Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158167. [PMID: 34360933 PMCID: PMC8348335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is among the most widely used anticancer drugs used in the treatment of several malignancies, including oral cancer. However, cisplatin treatment often promotes chemical resistance, subsequently causing treatment failure. Several studies have shown that epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) play a variety of roles in cancer progression and overcoming cisplatin resistance. Therefore, this study focused on EGFR inhibitors used in novel targeted therapies as a method to overcome this resistance. We herein aimed to determine whether the combined effects of cisplatin and cetuximab could enhance cisplatin sensitivity by inhibiting the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in cisplatin-resistant cells. In vitro analyses of three cisplatin-resistant oral squamous cell carcinoma cells, which included cell proliferation assay, combination index calculation, cell cytotoxicity assay, live/dead cell count assay, Western blot assay, propidium iodide staining assay, scratch assay, and qRT-PCR assay were then conducted. Our results showed that a cisplatin/cetuximab combination treatment inhibited cell proliferation, cell motility, and N-cadherin protein expression but induced E-cadherin and claudin-1 protein expression. Although the combination of cisplatin and cetuximab did not induce apoptosis of cisplatin-resistant cells, it may be useful in treating oral cancer patients with cisplatin resistance given that it controls cell motility and EMT-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Sim Choi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (H.S.C.); (Y.-K.K.)
| | - Young-Kyun Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (H.S.C.); (Y.-K.K.)
- Department of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Pil-Young Yun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Section of Dentistry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (H.S.C.); (Y.-K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-787-7545
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Sayyed AA, Gondaliya P, Mali M, Pawar A, Bhat P, Khairnar A, Arya N, Kalia K. MiR-155 Inhibitor-Laden Exosomes Reverse Resistance to Cisplatin in a 3D Tumor Spheroid and Xenograft Model of Oral Cancer. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3010-3025. [PMID: 34176265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin resistance is one of the major concerns in the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Accumulating evidence suggests microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation as one of the mediators of chemoresistance. Toward this, our previous study revealed the role of exosomal microRNA-155 (miR-155) in cisplatin resistance via downregulation of FOXO3a, a direct target of miR-155, and induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in OSCC. In the present study, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of miR-155 inhibitor-laden exosomes in the sensitization of a cisplatin-resistant (cisRes) OSCC 3D tumor spheroid and xenograft mouse model. The cisRes OSSC 3D tumor spheroid model recapitulated the hallmarks of solid tumors such as enhanced hypoxia, reactive oxygen species, and secretory vascular endothelial growth factor. Further treatment with miR-155 inhibitor-loaded exosomes showed the upregulation of FOXO3a and induction of the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition with improved sensitization to cisplatin in cisRes tumor spheroids and xenograft mouse model. Moreover, the exosomal miR-155 inhibitor suppressed the stem-cell-like property as well as drug efflux transporter protein expression in cisplatin-resistant tumors. Taken together, our findings, for the first time, established that the miR-155 inhibitor-loaded exosomes reverse chemoresistance in oral cancer, thereby providing an alternative therapeutic strategy for the management of refractory oral cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Ali Sayyed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Piyush Gondaliya
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Mukund Mali
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Abhijeet Pawar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Palak Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Amit Khairnar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Neha Arya
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
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Czarnomysy R, Muszyńska A, Rok J, Rzepka Z, Bielawski K. Mechanism of Anticancer Action of Novel Imidazole Platinum(II) Complex Conjugated with G2 PAMAM-OH Dendrimer in Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5581. [PMID: 34070401 PMCID: PMC8197546 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal coordination compounds play an important role in the treatment of neoplastic diseases. However, due to their low selectivity and bioavailability, as well as the frequently occurring phenomenon of drug resistance, new chemical compounds that could overcome these phenomena are still being sought. The solution seems to be the synthesis of new metal complexes conjugated with drug carriers, e.g., dendrimers. Numerous literature data have shown that dendrimers improve the bioavailability of the obtained metal complexes, solving the problem of their poor solubility and stability in an aqueous environment and also breaking down inborn and acquired drug resistance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to synthesize a novel imidazole platinum(II) complex conjugated with and without the second-generation PAMAM dendrimer (PtMet2-PAMAM and PtMet2, respectively) and to evaluate its antitumor activity. Cell viability studies indicated that PtMet2-PAMAM exhibited higher cytotoxic activity than PtMet2 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells at relatively low concentrations. Moreover, our results indicated that PtMet2-PAMAM exerted antiproliferative effects in a zebrafish embryo model. Treatment with PtMet2-PAMAM substantially increased apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner via caspase-9 (intrinsic pathway) and caspase-8 (extrinsic pathway) activation along with pro-apoptotic protein expression modulation. Additionally, we showed that apoptosis can be induced by activating POX, which induces ROS production. Furthermore, our results also clearly showed that the tested compounds trigger autophagy through p38 pathway activation and increase Beclin-1, LC3, AMPK, and mTOR inhibition. The high pro-apoptotic activity and the ability to activate autophagy by the imidazole platinum(II) complex conjugated with a dendrimer may be due to its demonstrated ability to reverse multidrug resistance (MDR) and thereby increase cellular accumulation in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Czarnomysy
- Department of Synthesis and Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (A.M.); (K.B.)
| | - Anna Muszyńska
- Department of Synthesis and Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (A.M.); (K.B.)
| | - Jakub Rok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (J.R.); (Z.R.)
| | - Zuzanna Rzepka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (J.R.); (Z.R.)
| | - Krzysztof Bielawski
- Department of Synthesis and Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (A.M.); (K.B.)
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10
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Integrated analysis and identification of nine-gene signature associated to oral squamous cell carcinoma pathogenesis. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:215. [PMID: 33928003 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the leading cancers with poor disease survival rate. Herein, we explored molecular basis, in silico identification and in vitro verification of genes associated with OSCC. Five gene expression series including, GSE30784, GSE13601, GSE9844, GSE23558 and GSE37991 were screened for differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were enriched by cluster Profiler. Further, protein-protein interaction network was analysed and hub genes were verified. A total of 6476 (up-regulated: 2848; down-regulated: 3628) DEGs were identified among OSCC patients and healthy controls. Gene Ontology analysis indicated DEGs enrichment in cellular motility, invasion and adhesion processes. KEGG analysis revealed enrichment of PI3K-Akt signalling, focal adhesion and regulation of actin cytoskeleton pathways. Subsequently, nine DEGs including APP, EHMT1, ACACB, PCNA, PLAU, FST, HMGA2, LAMC2 and SPP1 were correlated with TCGA expression data along with significant association towards patient's survival, recognized as hub genes. This dysregulated mRNA signature of genes was validated in two OSCC cell lines with an anti-cancer agent, fisetin. Fisetin inhibited the expression of APP, EHMT1, PCNA, PLAU, FST, HMGA2, LAMC2, SPP1 and upregulated the expression of ACACB gene which were associated with growth inhibition of both the OSCC cell lines. The regulatory effect of fisetin supported crucial role of nine hub genes identified in OSCC. This study signified that hub genes and pathways might influence the aggressiveness of OSCC. Thus, the proposed hub genes could be potential diagnostic biomarker and drug targets for OSCC. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02737-4.
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Increased FOXM1 Expression by Cisplatin Inhibits Paclitaxel-Related Apoptosis in Cisplatin-Resistant Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238897. [PMID: 33255409 PMCID: PMC7727786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin and paclitaxel are commonly used to treat oral cancer, but their use is often limited because of acquired drug resistance. Here, we tested the effects of combined cisplatin and paclitaxel on three parental (YD-8, YD-9, and YD-38) and three cisplatin-resistant (YD-8/CIS, YD-9/CIS, and YD-38/CIS) oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines using cell proliferation assays and combination index analysis. We detected forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) mRNA and protein expression via real-time qPCR and Western blot assays. Cell death of the cisplatin-resistant cell lines in response to these drugs with or without a FOXM1 inhibitor (forkhead domain inhibitory compound 6) was then measured by propidium iodide staining and TdT dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays. In all six OSCC cell lines, cell growth was more inhibited by paclitaxel alone than combination therapy. Cisplatin-induced overexpression of FOXM1 showed the same trend only in cisplatin-resistant cell lines, indicating that it was associated with inhibition of paclitaxel-related apoptosis. In summary, these results suggest that, in three cisplatin-resistant cell lines, the combination of cisplatin and paclitaxel had an antagonistic effect, likely because cisplatin blocks paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Cisplatin-induced FOXM1 overexpression may explain the failure of this combination.
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Establishment of Acquired Cisplatin Resistance in Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines Characterized by Enriched Metastatic Properties with Increased Twist Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207613. [PMID: 33076245 PMCID: PMC7589258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal of the gynecologic cancers, and platinum-based treatment is a part of the standard first-line chemotherapy regimen. However, rapid development of acquired cisplatin resistance remains the main cause of treatment failure, and the underlying mechanism of resistance in OC treatment remains poorly understood. Faced with this problem, our aim in this study was to generate cisplatin-resistant (CisR) OC cell models in vitro and investigate the role of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcription factor Twist on acquired cisplatin resistance in OC cell models. To achieve this aim, OC cell lines OV-90 and SKOV-3 were exposed to cisplatin using pulse dosing and stepwise dose escalation methods for a duration of eight months, and a total of four CisR sublines were generated, two for each cell line. The acquired cisplatin resistance was confirmed by determination of 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and clonogenic survival assay. Furthermore, the CisR cells were studied to assess their respective characteristics of metastasis, EMT phenotype, DNA repair and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cell death. We found the IC50 of CisR cells to cisplatin was 3–5 times higher than parental cells. The expression of Twist and metastatic ability of CisR cells were significantly greater than those of sensitive cells. The CisR cells displayed an EMT phenotype with decreased epithelial cell marker E-cadherin and increased mesenchymal proteins N-cadherin and vimentin. We observed that CisR cells showed significantly higher expression of DNA repair proteins, X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 (XRCC1) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases 1 (PARP1), with significantly reduced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated cell death. Moreover, Twist knockdown reduced metastatic ability of CisR cells by suppressing EMT, DNA repair and inducing ER stress-induced cell death. In conclusion, we highlighted the utilization of an acquired cisplatin resistance model to identify the potential role of Twist as a therapeutic target to reverse acquired cisplatin resistance in OC.
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Wei W, Ma XD, Jiang GM, Shi B, Zhong W, Sun CL, Zhao L, Hou YJ, Wang H. The AKT/GSK3-Mediated Slug Expression Contributes to Oxaliplatin Resistance in Colorectal Cancer via Upregulation of ERCC1. Oncol Res 2020; 28:423-438. [PMID: 32331534 PMCID: PMC7851510 DOI: 10.3727/096504020x15877284857868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although oxaliplatin serves as one of the first-line drugs prescribed for treating colorectal cancer (CRC), the therapeutic effect is disappointing due to drug resistance. So far, the molecular mechanisms mediating oxaliplatin resistance remain unclear. In this study, we found the chemoresistance in oxaliplatin-resistant HCT116 cells (HCT116/OXA) was mediated by the upregulation of ERCC1 expression. In addition, the acquisition of resistance induced epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT) as well as the Slug overexpression. On the contrary, Slug silencing reversed the EMT phenotype, decreased ERCC1 expression, and ameliorated drug resistance. Further mechanistical studies revealed the enhanced Slug expression resulted from the activation of AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) signaling. Moreover, in CRC patients, coexpression of Slug and ERCC1 was observed, and increased Slug expression was significantly correlated with clinicopathological factors and prognosis. Taken together, the simultaneous inhibition of the AKT/GSK3/Slug axis may be of significance for surmounting metastasis and chemoresistance, thereby improving the therapeutic outcome of oxaliplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- *Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Ma
- †Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Guan-Min Jiang
- ‡Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, P.R. China
| | - Bin Shi
- §Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhong
- ¶Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Lei Sun
- §Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- *Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Jiao Hou
- *Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- *Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
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14
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Yuan Y, Li E, Zhao J, Wu B, Na Z, Cheng W, Jing H. Highly penetrating nanobubble polymer enhances LINC00511-siRNA delivery for improving the chemosensitivity of triple-negative breast cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2020; 32:178-188. [PMID: 32826414 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound-mediated nanobubble destruction (UMND), which can utilize the physical energy of ultrasound irradiation to improve the transfer efficiency to target cells is becoming one of the most promising carriers for gene delivery. The purpose of this study was to establish cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-loaded nanobubbles (CNBs) connected with long intergenic nonprotein coding RNA 00511-small interfering RNA (LINC00511-siRNA) and evaluate its feasibility for improving the chemosensitivity of triple-negative breast cancer in vitro. First, fluorescence imaging confirmed the loading of siLINC00511 on CNBs, and the CNBs-siLINC00511 were characterized by the Zetasizer Nano ZS90 analyzer and transmission electron microscopy. Next, cell counting kit 8 assay was used to detect the inhibitory activity of cisplatin on the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells, and the 50% inhibition concentration value before and after transfer was calculated. Finally, the silencing effect of siLINC00511 was evaluated in vitro using an apoptosis assay, transwell assay, real time-PCR and western blotting. UMND combined with CNBs could effectively transfer the siRNA to MDA-MB-231 cells, thus evidently reducing the expression of LINC00511. Furthermore, inhibitory activity of cisplatin on MDA-MB-231 cells was enhanced after downregulation of LINC00511 expression. Downregulation of LINC00511 alters expression of cell cycle-related (CDK 6) and apoptosis-related (Bcl-2 and Bax) proteins in MDA-MB-231 cells. These results suggested that siRNA-CNBs may be an ideal vector for the treatment of tumors, with high efficiency RNA interference under the combined action of UMND. It may provide a new therapeutic method for triple negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchi Yuan
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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15
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Lu X, Wang Z, Huang H, Wang H. Hedgehog signaling promotes multidrug resistance by regulation of ABC transporters in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2020; 49:897-906. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwan Lu
- School of Life Sciences Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | | | - Hongxing Huang
- School of Life Sciences Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Guanghua School of Stomotology Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
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16
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Zhou J, Chen C, Chen X, Fei Y, Jiang L, Wang G. Vitamin C Promotes Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:976. [PMID: 32587830 PMCID: PMC7298137 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is currently ranked as the eighth most prevalent type of cancer. Despite recent advances in cancer research, the 8-year survival rate for oral squamous cell carcinoma remains only 50–60%. Therefore, markers for early detection, identification of efficient chemotherapeutic agents, and post-therapeutic monitoring are the immediate needs. With this background, this study was designed to investigate the anticancer effects of vitamin C (VC) in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Our results showed that VC had an anticancer effect on the oral squamous cell lines used in this study. VC also showed an inhibitory effect on xenograft tumors in nude mice in vitro and had a synergistic effect with cisplatin to induce cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, VC caused a significant increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which led to induced genotoxic (DNA damage) and metabolic (ATP depletion) stresses, inhibited Bcl-2 expression, and promoted Bax expression and caspase-3 cleavage. VC also caused cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase in OSCC cells, which is related to the activation of tumor suppressor p53 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. In conclusion, VC bears considerable therapeutic potential for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Fei
- Department of Stomatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Hushmandi K, Kalantari M, Mohammadinejad R, Javaheri T, Sethi G. Association of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) with Cisplatin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4002. [PMID: 32503307 PMCID: PMC7312011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapy resistance is a characteristic of cancer cells that significantly reduces the effectiveness of drugs. Despite the popularity of cisplatin (CP) as a chemotherapeutic agent, which is widely used in the treatment of various types of cancer, resistance of cancer cells to CP chemotherapy has been extensively observed. Among various reported mechanism(s), the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process can significantly contribute to chemoresistance by converting the motionless epithelial cells into mobile mesenchymal cells and altering cell-cell adhesion as well as the cellular extracellular matrix, leading to invasion of tumor cells. By analyzing the impact of the different molecular pathways such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, nuclear factor-κB (NF-ĸB), phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related protein kinase (PI3K)/Akt, mammalian target rapamycin (mTOR), and Wnt, which play an important role in resistance exhibited to CP therapy, we first give an introduction about the EMT mechanism and its role in drug resistance. We then focus specifically on the molecular pathways involved in drug resistance and the pharmacological strategies that can be used to mitigate this resistance. Overall, we highlight the various targeted signaling pathways that could be considered in future studies to pave the way for the inhibition of EMT-mediated resistance displayed by tumor cells in response to CP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran;
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
- Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417414418, Iran;
- Kazerun Health Technology Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 1433671348, Iran
| | - Mahshad Kalantari
- Department of Genetic Science, Tehran Medical Science Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 19168931813, Iran;
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 1355576169, Iran
| | - Tahereh Javaheri
- Health Informatics Lab, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore;
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The Role of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma : Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Cutaneous SCC. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2020; 21:47. [PMID: 32350682 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-020-00735-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The capacity of cells to modify their phenotypes from epithelial to mesenchymal (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT) and vice versa provides them with a dynamic plasticity essential for human life, from embryogenesis to wound healing. Current knowledge about carcinogenetic mechanisms leaves little doubts on the pivotal participation of these interchangeable processes in cancer development, and their influence has been quite clearly established in the progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. A complex and ordered interplay of signals induces the shift between both phenotypes, providing cells with the most suitable state at every moment to face the next step in tumor invasion and dissemination. Some stimulatory triggers have opposite effects according to the biological context and in many cases exert collateral functions. This scenario makes finding an ideal therapeutic target difficult but provides the opportunity to intervene simultaneously at many different levels with small actions such as targeting the tumor environment. In any case, advances in knowledge of the EMT mechanisms and their influence on carcinogenesis and drug resistance will greatly influence the therapeutic strategies for many human tumors, including cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
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19
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Sun L, Wang Y, Zhang H, Min C, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Xin Z, Zhu S, Yang Y, Burge RE, Yuan X. Graphene-Based Confocal Refractive Index Microscopy for Label-Free Differentiation of Living Epithelial and Mesenchymal Cells. ACS Sens 2020; 5:510-518. [PMID: 31927913 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Label-free imaging and investigation of living cells are significant for many biomedical studies. It has been challenging to detect the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cells in situ without affecting cellular activity. Here, we present a common-path differential confocal microscope based on the polarization-sensitive absorption of graphene to realize high-performance refractive index imaging and differentiation of living colorectal cancer cells (HCT116) with large detecting depth (1.29 μm), excellent refractive index resolution (2.86 × 10-5 RIU), and high spatial resolution (727 nm) simultaneously. Compared with epithelial (parental HCT116) cells, mesenchymal (paclitaxel-resistant HCT116) cells manifest generally lower refractive index values through the refractive index statistics, which is due to the stronger migration ability and weaker surface adherence of mesenchymal cells. The graphene-based microscopy provides an effective label-free approach to high-resolution imaging and study of living cell kinetics, and we expect it to be widely used in the research fields of pathology, tumorigenesis, and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixun Sun
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yijia Wang
- Laboratory of Oncologic Molecular Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Huiqin Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Changjun Min
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuquan Zhang
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chonglei Zhang
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ziqiang Xin
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Siwei Zhu
- Laboratory of Oncologic Molecular Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ronald E. Burge
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Xiaocong Yuan
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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20
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Wu T, Zhang SY, Dong WJ, Wang M, Sun YB. The potential influence of long non-coding RNA PRKG1-AS1 on oral squamous cell carcinoma: A comprehensive study based on bioinformatics and in vitro validation. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 49:409-416. [PMID: 31788859 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most frequent malignancies in oral cancer. Herein, we aimed to investigate the influence of lncRNA protein kinase cGMP-dependent type I-Antisense RNA 1 (PRKG1-AS1) in OSCC progression. METHODS Basing on the data acquired from TCGA database, the expression and prognostic value of PRKG1-AS1 in OSCC patients were assessed. The expression of PRKG1-AS1 in OSCC cells was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell growth was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) and colony-forming assays. Transwell assay was employed to test cell invasion and migration. The protein expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS The consequences displayed that PRKG1-AS1 was highly expressed in OSCC tissues and high expression of PRKG1-AS1 predicted poor outcomes. The expression of PRKG1-AS1 was higher in CAL27, SCC-9, and SCC-4 than that in normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOK). The results of biological experiments showed that deficiency of PRKG1-AS1 suppressed cell growth, invasion, and migration in CAL27 cells, and over-expression of PRKG1-AS1 accelerated cell growth, invasion, and migration in SCC-4 cells. Finally, silencing of PRKG1-AS1 obviously facilitated the protein expression levels of E-cadherin and reduced levels of N-cadherin, Vimentin, and Snail in CAL27 cells whereas over-expression of PRKG1-AS1 led to opposite results in SCC-4 cells. CONCLUSION These outcomes indicated that PRKG1-AS1 functioned as a facilitator in OSCC cell growth, migration, and invasion, which all might be achieved by regulating EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Department of Dental, Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Shi-Yang Zhang
- Department of Dental, Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Wen-Jie Dong
- Department of Dental, Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Yu-Bin Sun
- Medical Examination Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
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