1
|
Zhang Q, Zhang C, Zhong H, He Q, Xia ZY, Hu Y, Liao YX, Yi L, Lu ZJ, Yu HZ. A Combinatorial Single-Molecule Real-Time and Illumina Sequencing Analysis of Postembryonic Gene Expression in the Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina citri. INSECTS 2024; 15:391. [PMID: 38921106 PMCID: PMC11203772 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a systemic plant disease caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas)' and transmitted by Diaphorina citri. D. citri acquires the CLas bacteria in the nymph stage and transmits it in the adult stage, indicating that molting from the nymph to adult stages is crucial for HLB transmission. However, the available D. citri reference genomes are incomplete, and gene function studies have been limited to date. In the current research, PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) and Illumina sequencing were performed to investigate the transcriptome of D. citri nymphs and adults. In total, 10,641 full-length, non-redundant transcripts (FLNRTs), 594 alternative splicing (AS) events, 4522 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), 1086 long-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), 281 transcription factors (TFs), and 4459 APA sites were identified. Furthermore, 3746 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between nymphs and adults were identified, among which 30 DEGs involved in the Hippo signaling pathway were found. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) further validated the expression levels of 12 DEGs and showed a positive correlation with transcriptome data. Finally, the spatiotemporal expression pattern of genes involved in the Hippo signaling pathway exhibited high expression in the D. citri testis, ovary, and egg. Silencing of the D. citri transcriptional co-activator (DcYki) gene significantly increased D. citri mortality and decreased the cumulative molting. Our results provide useful information and a reliable data resource for gene function research of D. citri.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Q.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.H.); (Z.-Y.X.); (Y.H.); (Y.-X.L.); (L.Y.); (Z.-J.L.)
| | - Can Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Q.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.H.); (Z.-Y.X.); (Y.H.); (Y.-X.L.); (L.Y.); (Z.-J.L.)
| | - Hong Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Q.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.H.); (Z.-Y.X.); (Y.H.); (Y.-X.L.); (L.Y.); (Z.-J.L.)
| | - Qing He
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Q.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.H.); (Z.-Y.X.); (Y.H.); (Y.-X.L.); (L.Y.); (Z.-J.L.)
| | - Zhao-Ying Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Q.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.H.); (Z.-Y.X.); (Y.H.); (Y.-X.L.); (L.Y.); (Z.-J.L.)
| | - Yu Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Q.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.H.); (Z.-Y.X.); (Y.H.); (Y.-X.L.); (L.Y.); (Z.-J.L.)
| | - Yu-Xin Liao
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Q.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.H.); (Z.-Y.X.); (Y.H.); (Y.-X.L.); (L.Y.); (Z.-J.L.)
| | - Long Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Q.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.H.); (Z.-Y.X.); (Y.H.); (Y.-X.L.); (L.Y.); (Z.-J.L.)
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Q.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.H.); (Z.-Y.X.); (Y.H.); (Y.-X.L.); (L.Y.); (Z.-J.L.)
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Hai-Zhong Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Q.Z.); (C.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.H.); (Z.-Y.X.); (Y.H.); (Y.-X.L.); (L.Y.); (Z.-J.L.)
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saberi E, Mondal M, Paredes-Montero JR, Nawaz K, Brown JK, Qureshi JA. Optimal dsRNA Concentration for RNA Interference in Asian Citrus Psyllid. INSECTS 2024; 15:58. [PMID: 38249064 PMCID: PMC10816725 DOI: 10.3390/insects15010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) is a citrus pest and insect vector of "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus", the causal agent of citrus greening disease. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) biopesticides that trigger RNA interference (RNAi) offer an alternative to traditional insecticides. Standardized laboratory screening of dsRNA requires establishing the minimal effective concentration(s) that result in effective RNAi "penetrance" and trigger RNAi, resulting in one or more measurable phenotypes, herein, significant gene knockdown and the potential for mortality. In this study, knockdown was evaluated for a range of dsRNA concentrations of three ACP candidate genes, clathrin heavy chain (CHC), vacuolar ATPase subunit A (vATPase-A), and sucrose non-fermenting protein 7 (Snf7). Gene knockdown was quantified for ACP teneral adults and 3rd instar nymphs allowed a 48 h ingestion-access period (IAP) on 10, 50,100, 200, and 500 ng/µL dsRNA dissolved in 20% sucrose followed by a 5-day post-IAP on orange jasmine shoots. Significant gene knockdown (p < 0.05) in ACP third instar nymphs and adults ranged from 12-34% and 18-39%, 5 days post-IAP on dsRNA at 10-500 and 100-500 ng/µL, respectively. The threshold concentration beyond which no significant gene knockdown and adult mortality was observed post-48 h IAP and 10-day IAP, respectively, was determined as 200 ng/µL, a concentration indicative of optimal RNAi penetrance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Saberi
- Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, IFAS, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA;
| | - Mosharrof Mondal
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (M.M.); (K.N.)
- RNAissance Ag, LLC, Saint Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Jorge R. Paredes-Montero
- Biology Department, Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, MI 48710, USA;
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil EC090112, Ecuador
| | - Kiran Nawaz
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (M.M.); (K.N.)
- RNAissance Ag, LLC, Saint Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Judith K. Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (M.M.); (K.N.)
| | - Jawwad A. Qureshi
- Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, IFAS, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu A, Beck M, Merzendorfer H, Yang Q. Advances in understanding insect chitin biosynthesis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 164:104058. [PMID: 38072083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, a natural polymer of N-acetylglucosamine chains, is a principal component of the apical extracellular matrix in arthropods. Chitin microfibrils serve as structural components of natural biocomposites present in the extracellular matrix of a variety of invertebrates including sponges, molluscs, nematodes, fungi and arthropods. In this review, we summarize the frontier advances of insect chitin synthesis. More specifically, we focus on the chitin synthase (CHS), which catalyzes the key biosynthesis step. CHS is also known as an attractive insecticidal target in that this enzyme is absent in mammals, birds or plants. As no insect chitin synthase structure have been reported so far, we review recent studies on glycosyltransferase domain structures derived from fungi and oomycetes, which are conserved in CHS from all species containing chitin. Auxiliary proteins, which coordinate with CHS in chitin biosynthesis and assembly, are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Yu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Marius Beck
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany.
| | - Qing Yang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Z, Long G, Zhu H, Jin D, Yang H, Zhou C. Silencing of Glutamine: Fructose-6-Phosphate Aminotransferase Impairs Growth and Development in Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Biomolecules 2023; 13:1433. [PMID: 37892115 PMCID: PMC10604220 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT), the fourth enzyme in the chitin synthesis pathway, exerts wide-ranging effects on the growth and development of organisms. However, the role of GFAT in Sogatella furcifera remains unknown. In this study, the functional significance of the GFAT gene of S. furcifera was analyzed using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and RNA interference (RNAi) analyses. The complementary DNA sequence of SfGFAT was 3162 bp in length and contained a 2067 bp open reading frame encoding 688 amino acid residues. Structural domain analysis indicated that the SfGFAT protein consisted of one glutamine aminotransferase class 2 domain and two sugar isomerase domains. Expression profile analysis revealed that SfGFAT was expressed throughout the egg, nymph, and adult phases and was strongly expressed on the first day of each nymph stage and in the integuments of five tissues. RNAi results revealed that SfGFAT gene silencing significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of the target gene and resulted in severe mortality among S. furcifera. In summary, these findings demonstrate that SfGFAT plays a critical role in the development of S. furcifera. Moreover, these results may aid in the development of methods to control the spread of S. furcifera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- College of Environment and Life Sciences, Kaili University, Kaili 556011, China; (Z.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Guiyun Long
- School of Ethnic-Minority Medicine, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Huan Zhu
- College of Environment and Life Sciences, Kaili University, Kaili 556011, China; (Z.W.); (H.Z.)
| | - Daochao Jin
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions and Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions and Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Cao Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang C, Ding Y, Zhou M, Tang Y, Chen R, Chen Y, Wen Y, Wang S. RNAi-mediated CHS-2 silencing affects the synthesis of chitin and the formation of the peritrophic membrane in the midgut of Aedes albopictus larvae. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:259. [PMID: 37533099 PMCID: PMC10394979 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05865-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes are an important vector of viral transmission, and due to the complexity of the pathogens they transmit, vector control may be the most effective strategy to control mosquito-borne diseases. Chitin is required for insect growth and development and is absent in higher animals and plants, so regulating the chitin synthesis pathway can serve as a potentially effective means to control vector insects. Most of the current research on the chitin synthase (CHS) gene is focused on chitin synthase-1 (CHS-1), while relatively little is known about chitin synthase-2 (CHS-2). RESULTS The CHS-2 gene of Ae. albopictus is highly conserved and closely related to that of Aedes aegypti. The expression of CHS-2 in the third-instar larvae and pupal stage of Ae. albopictus was relatively high, and CHS-2 expression in adult mosquitoes reached the highest value 24 h after blood-feeding. In the fourth-instar larvae of Ae. albopictus, CHS-2 expression was significantly higher in the midgut than in the epidermis. Silencing CHS-2 in Ae. albopictus larvae had no effect on larval survival and emergence. The expression of four genes related to chitin synthesis enzymes was significantly upregulated, the expression level of three genes was unchanged, and only the expression level of GFAT was significantly downregulated. The expression of chitin metabolism-related genes was also upregulated after silencing. The level of chitin in the midgut of Ae. albopictus larvae was significantly decreased, while the chitinase activity was unchanged. The epithelium of the midgut showed vacuolization, cell invagination and partial cell rupture, and the structure of the peritrophic membrane was destroyed or even absent. METHODS The expression of CHS-2 in different developmental stages and tissues of Aedes albopictus was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR). After silencing CHS-2 of the fourth-instar larvae of Ae. albopictus by RNA interference (RNAi), the expression levels of genes related to chitin metabolism, chitin content and chitinase activity in the larvae were detected. The structure of peritrophic membrane in the midgut of the fourth-instar larvae after silencing was observed by paraffin section and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. CONCLUSION CHS-2 can affect midgut chitin synthesis and breakdown by regulating chitin metabolic pathway-related genes and is involved in the formation of the midgut peritrophic membrane in Ae. albopictus, playing an important role in growth and development. It may be a potential target for enhancing other control methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Min Zhou
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya Tang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rufei Chen
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Yating Wen
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shigui Wang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gong C, Hasnain A, Wang Q, Liu D, Xu Z, Zhan X, Liu X, Pu J, Sun M, Wang X. Eco-friendly deacetylated chitosan base siRNA biological-nanopesticide loading cyromazine for efficiently controlling Spodoptera frugiperda. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124575. [PMID: 37100329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda is a serious threat to various crops, such as corn and rice, and results in severe economic losses. Herein, a chitin synthase sfCHS highly expressed in the epidermis of S. frugiperda was screened, and when interfered by an sfCHS-siRNA nanocomplex, most individuals could not ecdysis (mortality rate 53.3 %) or pupate (abnormal pupation 80.6 %). Based on the results of structure-based virtual screening, cyromazine (CYR, binding free energy -57.285 kcal/mol) could inhibit ecdysis (LC50, 19.599 μg/g). CYR-CS/siRNA nanoparticles encapsulating CYR and SfCHS-siRNA with chitosan (CS) were successfully prepared, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and 74.9 mg/g CYR was characterized in the core of CYR-CS/siRNA by high-performance liquid chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Small amounts of prepared CYR-CS/siRNA containing only 1.5 μg/g CYR could better inhibit chitin synthesis in the cuticle and peritrophic membrane (mortality rate 84.4 %). Therefore, chitosan/siRNA nanoparticle-loaded pesticides were useful for pesticide reduction and comprehensive control of S. frugiperda.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ali Hasnain
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qiulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhengze Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jian Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mengmeng Sun
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuegui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ren M, Lu J, Li D, Yang J, Zhang Y, Dong J, Niu Y, Zhou X, Zhang X. Identification and Functional Characterization of Two Chitin Synthases in the Black Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:574-583. [PMID: 36757382 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), a seasonal migrant and a prolific generalist, can feed on nearly all vegetables and grain crops, causing considerable economic impacts on a global scale. Given its cryptic nature, A. ipsilon management has been extremely challenging. Chitin synthase (CHS), a key enzyme involved in chitin biosynthetic pathway and crucially important for the growth and development of insects, is the molecular target of chitin synthesis inhibitors, a group of broad-spectrum insecticides that is compatible with Integrated Pest Management practices. In this study, we investigated the potential of targeting chitin synthases to control A. ipsilon. As a result, two chitin synthases, AiCHS1 and AiCHS2, were identified and cloned from A. ipsilon. The temporal-spatial distribution study showed that AiCHS1 was predominantly expressed at the pupal stage and most abundant among tissues of head capsule and integument, while AiCHS2 was mainly expressed at the sixth instar larval stage and tissues of foregut and midgut. RNAi-based functional study confirmed gene silencing caused significant reduction in the expression levels of the corresponding mRNA, as well as resulted in abnormal pupation and mortality, respectively. Furthermore, under the treatment of lufenuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, A. ipsilon responded with an elevated expression in AiCHS1 and AiCHS2, while larvae showed difficulty in shedding old cuticle, and a cumulative mortality of 69.24% at 48 h. In summary, chitin synthases are crucial for chitin biosynthesis in A. ipsilon and can be targeted for the control (e.g., RNAi-based biopesticides) of this devastating insect pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meifeng Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junjiao Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Daqi Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinming Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanbing Niu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Xianhong Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cai Y, Ren Z, Li C, Cai T, Yu C, Zeng Q, He S, Li J, Wan H. The insecticidal activity and mechanism of tebuconazole on Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023. [PMID: 37013938 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that fungicides have insecticidal activity that can potentially be used as an insecticide resistance management strategy in the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). However, the mechanism that induces mortality of N. lugens remains elusive. RESULTS In the present study, the insecticidal activities of 14 fungicides against N. lugens were determined, of which tebuconazole had the highest insecticidal activity compared with the other fungicides. Furthermore, tebuconazole significantly inhibited the expression of the chitin synthase gene NlCHS1; the chitinase genes NlCht1, NlCht5, NlCht7, NlCht9, and NlCht10; and the β-N-acetylhexosaminidase genes NlHex3, NlHex4, NlHex5 and NlHex6; it significantly suppressed the expression of ecdysteroid biosynthetic genes as well, including SDR, CYP307A2, CYP307B1, CYP306A2, CYP302A1, CYP315A1 and CYP314A1 of N. lugens. Additionally, tebuconazole affected the diversity, structure, composition, and function of the symbiotic fungi of N. lugens, as well as the relative abundance of saprophytes and pathogens, suggesting that tebuconazole reshapes the diversity and function of symbiotic fungi of N. lugens. CONCLUSION Our findings illustrate the insecticidal mechanism of tebuconazole, possibly by inhibiting normal molting or disrupting microbial homeostasis in N. lugens, and provide an important rationale for developing novel insect management strategies to delay escalating insecticide resistance. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinghong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shun He
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianhong Li
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hu Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang S, Zou Z, Xin T, Cai S, Wang X, Zhang H, Zhong L, Xia B. Knockdown of hexokinase in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) by RNAi inhibits chitin synthesis and leads to abnormal phenotypes. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:4303-4313. [PMID: 35731692 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silencing specific genes in pests using RNA interference (RNAi) technology is a promising new pest-control strategy. The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is the most important citrus pest because it transmits Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, which causes huanglongbing. Chitin is essential for insect development, and enzymes in this pathway are attractive targets for pest control. RESULTS The hexokinase gene DcHK was characterized from D. citri to impair proper growth and chitin synthesis through RNAi. The transcription of DcHK was more highly developed in third-instar nymphs, adults and the Malpighian tube. The RNAi needed for D. citri is dose-dependent, with 600 ng μl-1 dsDcHK sufficient to knockdown endogenous DcHK expression. The messenger RNA (mRNA) level was lowest at 36 h after dosing, and there were significant effects on the relative levels of mRNA in the chitin synthesis pathway (DcTre, DcG6PI, DcGNAT, DcGFAT, DcPGM, DcUAP and DcCHS), leading to mortality, reduced body weight and abnormal or lethal phenotypes. CONCLUSION RNAi can be triggered by orally delivered double-stranded RNA in D. citri. These results can provide support for HK genes as a new potential target for citrus psyllid control. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yang
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhiwen Zou
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tianrong Xin
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shiyu Cai
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Administration of Plant Protection and Quarantine of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ling Zhong
- Administration of Plant Protection and Quarantine of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Xia
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang JB, Lu ZJ, Yu HZ. Silencing of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Significantly Inhibits Chitin and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179654. [PMID: 36077052 PMCID: PMC9455978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen is a predominant carbohydrate reserve in various organisms, which provides energy for different life activities. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a central player that catalyzes glucose and converts it into glycogen. In this study, a GSK3 gene was identified from the D. citri genome database and named DcGSK3. A reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis showed that DcGSK3 was expressed at a high level in the head and egg. The silencing of DcGSK3 by RNA interference (RNAi) led to a loss-of-function phenotype. In addition, DcGSK3 knockdown decreased trehalase activity, glycogen, trehalose, glucose and free fatty acid content. Moreover, the expression levels of the genes associated with chitin and fatty acid synthesis were significantly downregulated after the silencing of DcGSK3. According to a comparative transcriptomics analysis, 991 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in dsDcGSK3 groups compared with dsGFP groups. A KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that these DEGs were primarily involved in carbon and fatty acid metabolism. The clustering analysis of DEGs further confirmed that chitin and fatty acid metabolism-related DEGs were upregulated at 24 h and were downregulated at 48 h. Our results suggest that DcGSK3 plays an important role in regulating the chitin and fatty acid metabolism of D. citri.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Bo Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Nanling Insect Biology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Hai-Zhong Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Nanling Insect Biology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang C, Hu W, Yu Z, Liu X, Wang J, Xin T, Zou Z, Xia B. Characterization of Chitin Synthase A cDNA from Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and Its Response to Diflubenzuron. INSECTS 2022; 13:728. [PMID: 36005353 PMCID: PMC9409846 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is the vector of HLB and one of the most common pests in citrus orchards in southern China. One of the most significant genes in D. citri's growth and development is the chitin synthase gene. In this study, the CHS gene (DcCHSA) of D. citri was cloned and analyzed by bioinformatics. According to RT-qPCR findings, DcCHSA was expressed at many growth processes of D. citri, with the greatest influence in the fifth-instar nymph. The molting failure rate and mortality of D. citri rose as DFB concentration increased in this research, as did the expression level of DcCHSA. Feeding on DcCHSA caused a large drop in target gene expression, affected nymph molting, caused failure or even death in freshly eclosion adults, increased mortality, and reduced the molting success rate over time. These findings showed that DcCHSA was involved in nymph to adult development and may aid in the identification of molecular targets for D. citri regulation. It provided new ideas for further control of D. citri.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bin Xia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-136-1791-5100
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Z, Song X, Hu H, Wang D, Chen J, Ma Y, Ma X, Ren X, Ma Y. Knockdown of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase and chitin synthase A increases the insecticidal efficiency of Lufenuron to Spodoptera exigua. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 186:105178. [PMID: 35973767 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) has been responsible for causing considerable and widespread agricultural losses worldwide. Owing to strong selective pressure, S. exigua showed increased resistance to Lufenuron (LUF). Consequently, RNA interference (RNAi)-based insecticides had more benefits than chemical insecticides. Therefore, to enhance the insecticidal activity of LUF to S. exigua, in the present study, we aimed to elucidate the impact of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) on S. exigua larval susceptibility to LUF. First, the transcriptome of S. exigua was sequenced following the treatment with LUF. By comparing the upregulated and downregulated GO enrichment, chitin binding and chitin metabolic processes were the significantly enriched pathways. According to transcriptome sequencing, 8 genes associated with chitin biosynthesis, 8 chitin degradation genes, and 17 cuticle protein genes were obtained. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP) and Chitin synthase A (CHSA) showed significantly downregulated expression after treatment with different sublethal doses of LUF. Downregulation of UAP increased mortality from 31.97% to 47.91% when the larvae were exposed to LUF. A significant increase in the mortality of S. exigua from 30.63% to 50.19% was observed following LUF administration after dsCHSA. In addition, the expression analysis of genes associated with chitin biosynthesis was significantly changed after LUF treatment, dsRNAs-RNAi, and their combination (LUF-dsRNAs). Significant differences were observed in the chitin content between the control group at 72 h after treatments. Results of the present study can help further elucidate the understanding of the combined effects of RNAi and LUF on S. exigua. Additionally, this research provides a suitable foundation for future studies with the aim to develop an efficient method of delivery for large-scale pest control in the fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixian Zhang
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xianpeng Song
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Hongyan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Jixiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Yajie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China.
| | - Xiangliang Ren
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China.
| | - Yan Ma
- Zhengzhou Reseach Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yu HZ, Zhang Q, Lu ZJ, Deng MJ. Validamycin treatment significantly inhibits the glycometabolism and chitin synthesis in the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:840-854. [PMID: 34414659 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Validamycin, as a broadly applied antibiotic, has been used to control rice sheath blight disease. Furthermore, validamycin was considered as an insecticide to control agricultural pests. Insight into the mechanism of validamycin's action on insects can provide molecular targets for the control of agricultural pests. In this study, a toxicological test analysis revealed that Spodoptera litura larval growth and development was significantly inhibited and the pupation rate was significantly reduced with the increase of the concentration of validamycin. According to the NMR-based metabolomic analysis, a total of 15 metabolites involved in glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) pathways were identified. Additionally, trehalase activities, glucose and chitin contents were significantly downregulated, but the trehalose content was upregulated after exposure to validamycin. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the expression level of genes involved in glycolysis, TCA and chitin synthesis were upregulated after treating with validamycin. Further chitin staining also confirmed that chitin content was downregulated at 12 h after validamycin treatment. Our results indicated that validamycin worked via two different molecular mechanisms, one through inhibiting glycometabolism and the other by inhibiting chitin synthesis in S. litura. The information lays a theoretical foundation for further control of S. litura.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Zhong Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ming-Jie Deng
- Analytical and Testing Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yu H, Yi L, Lu Z. Silencing of Chitin-Binding Protein with PYPV-Rich Domain Impairs Cuticle and Wing Development in the Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040353. [PMID: 35447795 PMCID: PMC9027310 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Molting is extremely important for insect growth and development, which is accompanied the degradation of old cuticle and synthesis of new cuticle. Chitin and proteins, as major components of insect cuticle, maintain the rigidity of the exoskeleton. The functions of chitin-binding proteins have not, to date, been characterized in Diaphorina citri. In the current study, we identified a cuticle protein (DcCP64) according to chitin column purification and LC-MS/MS analysis. Silencing of DcCP64 induced an abnormal phenotype and increased the permeability of the abdomen and wings. Additionally, the mortality and malformation rate significantly increased, and the molting rate decreased after inhibition of DcCP64. Transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that up-regulated DEGs were mainly related to oxidative phosphorylation, whereas down-regulated DEGs were mainly involved in MAPK and FoxO signaling pathways. Our results provide a basis for further functional research on DcCP64 in D. citri. Abstract Chitin is a major component of the arthropod exoskeleton, always working together with chitin-binding proteins to maintain the functions of extracellular structures. In the present study, we identified a cuticle protein 64 from Diaphorina citri using a chitin-binding assay. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that DcCP64 contained eight conserved PYPV motifs but lacked a Rebers–Riddiford (R–R) consensus and other chitin-binding domains. RT-qPCR analysis suggested that DcCP64 had the highest expression level in the wing and fifth-instar nymph stage. Knockdown of DcCP64 by RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in a malformed-wing phenotype, higher mortality and decreased molting rate. Furthermore, transcriptomics analysis revealed that 1244 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated and 580 DEGs were down-regulated, compared with dsDcCP64 groups and dsGFP groups. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that up-regulated DEGs were mainly related to oxidative phosphorylation, whereas down-regulated DEGs were mainly involved in the MAPK and FoxO signaling pathways. Moreover, inhibition of DcCP64 significantly affected the cuticle surface, and increased the permeability of the abdomen and wings. Further chitin- and cellulose-binding assay confirmed the chitin-binding properties of recombinant DcCP64 in vitro. These results indicate that DcCP64 might play an important role in the cuticle and wing development of D. citri.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haizhong Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China;
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Nanling Insect Biology, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Long Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China;
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (Z.L.); Tel.: +86-0797-8397738 (L.Y. & Z.L.)
| | - Zhanjun Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China;
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Nanling Insect Biology, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (Z.L.); Tel.: +86-0797-8397738 (L.Y. & Z.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tamayo B, Kercher K, Vosburg C, Massimino C, Jernigan MR, Hasan DL, Harper D, Mathew A, Adkins S, Shippy T, Hosmani PS, Flores-Gonzalez M, Panitz N, Mueller LA, Hunter WB, Benoit JB, Brown SJ, D’Elia T, Saha S. Annotation of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and trehaloneogenesis pathways provide insight into carbohydrate metabolism in the Asian citrus psyllid. GIGABYTE 2022; 2022:gigabyte41. [PMID: 36824510 PMCID: PMC9933520 DOI: 10.46471/gigabyte.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus greening disease is caused by the pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. No curative treatment or significant prevention mechanism exists for this disease, which causes economic losses from reduced citrus production. A high-quality genome of D. citri is being manually annotated to provide accurate gene models to identify novel control targets and increase understanding of this pest. Here, we annotated 25 D. citri genes involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and seven in trehaloneogenesis. Comparative analysis showed that glycolysis genes in D. citri are highly conserved but copy numbers vary. Analysis of expression levels revealed upregulation of several enzymes in the glycolysis pathway in the thorax, consistent with the primary use of glucose by thoracic flight muscles. Manually annotating these core metabolic pathways provides accurate genomic foundation for developing gene-targeting therapeutics to control D. citri.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blessy Tamayo
- Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, FL 34981, USA
| | - Kyle Kercher
- Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, FL 34981, USA
| | - Chad Vosburg
- Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, FL 34981, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Anuja Mathew
- Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, FL 34981, USA
| | - Samuel Adkins
- Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, FL 34981, USA
| | - Teresa Shippy
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Wayne B. Hunter
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), US Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Joshua B. Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Susan J. Brown
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Tom D’Elia
- Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, FL 34981, USA
| | - Surya Saha
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthaca, NY 14853, USA,Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA, Corresponding author. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kato K, Okamura K, Hiki K, Kintsu H, Nohara K, Yamagishi T, Nakajima N, Watanabe H, Yamamoto H. Potential differences in chitin synthesis ability cause different sensitivities to diflubenzuron among three strains of Daphnia magna. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 243:106071. [PMID: 34995867 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicity testing of crustaceans using Daphnia magna has been implemented in the chemical management systems of various countries. While the chemical sensitivity of D. magna varies depending on genetically different clonal lineages, the strain used in ecotoxicity tests, including the acute immobilization test (OECD TG202), has not been specified. We hypothesized that comprehensive gene expression profiles could provide useful information on phenotypic differences among strains, including chemical sensitivity. To test this hypothesis, we performed mRNA sequencing on three different strains (NIES, England, and Clone 5) of D. magna under culture conditions. The resulting expression profile of the NIES strain was clearly different compared to the profiles of the other two strains. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis suggested that chitin metabolism was significantly enriched in the NIES strain compared to that in the England strain. Consistent with the GO analysis, evidence of high levels of chitin metabolism in the NIES strain were observed across multiple levels of biological organization, such as expression of chitin synthase genes, chitin content, and chitinase activity, which suggested that the different strains would exhibit different sensitivities to chemicals used to inhibit chitin synthesis. We found that among all strains, the NIES strain was more tolerant to diflubenzuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, with a 14-fold difference in the 48 h-EC50 value for the acute immobilization test compared to the England strain. The present study demonstrates that the differences among strains in chitin metabolism may lead to sensitivity difference to diflubenzuron, and serves as a case study of the usefulness of comprehensive gene expression profiles in finding sensitivity differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Kato
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan; Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Okamura
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kyoshiro Hiki
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kintsu
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Keiko Nohara
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamagishi
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan; Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Nakajima
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Haruna Watanabe
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan; Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan; Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yu HZ, Xie YX, Wang J, Wang Y, Du YM, Wang HG, Zhong BL, Zhu B, Yu XD, Lu ZJ. Integrated transcriptome sequencing and RNA interference reveals molecular changes in Diaphorina citri after exposure to validamycin. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1690-1707. [PMID: 33118290 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Validamycin has been widely used as a specific competitive inhibitor of trehalase. In our previous research, validamycin significantly inhibited trehalase activity and chitin synthesis in Diaphorina citri, resulting in abnormal phenotypes. However, the mechanism of validamycin's action on D. citri remains unclear. Here, using a comparative transcriptome analysis, 464 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in D. citri were identified after validamycin treatment. A Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that these DEGs were mainly involved in "small molecule process", "structural molecule activity" and "transition metal ion binding". DEGs involved in chitin metabolism, cuticle synthesis and insecticide detoxification were validated by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The RNA interference of D. citri chitinase-like protein ENO3 and D. citri cuticle protein 7 genes significantly affected D. citri molting. Moreover, the recombinant chitinase-like protein ENO3 exhibited a chitin-binding property, and an antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis. This study provides a first insight into the molecular changes in D. citri after exposure to validamycin and identifies two effective RNA interference targets for D. citri control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Zhong Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yan-Xin Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Min Du
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - He-Gui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ba-Lian Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiu-Dao Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jiang LH, Mu LL, Jin L, Anjum AA, Li GQ. RNAi for chitin synthase 1 rather than 2 causes growth delay and molting defect in Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 178:104934. [PMID: 34446203 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chitin synthase (CHS) plays a critical role in chitin synthesis and excretion. In most insects, CHSs have been segregated into 1 and 2 classes. CHS1 is responsible for chitin production in the ectodermally-derived epidermal cells. CHS2 is dedicated to chitin biosynthesis in the midgut peritrophic matrix (PM). Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata is a serious pest of Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae plants. In this study, we identified HvCHS1 and HvCHS2. We found that HvCHS1 was abundantly transcribed in the larval tracheae and epidermis, whereas HvCHS2 was mainly expressed in the guts. Escherichia coli HT115 expressed double stranded RNAs targeting HvCHS1 and HvCHS2 (dsCHS1 and dsCHS2) were used to immerse potato foliage and the treated leaves were provided to the newly-molted fourth- and third-instar larvae. Ingestion of dsCHS1 by the fourth-instar larvae significantly diminished the target mRNA level and had slight influence on the expression of HvCHS2. In contrast, consumption of dsCHS2 significantly lowered the target mRNA level but triggered the transcription of HvCHS1. Knockdown of HvCHS1, rather than HvCHS2, arrested larval development and impaired larva-pupa-adult transition. A large proportion of HvCHS1 hypomorphs became stunting prepupae, deformed pupae or misshapen adults. Moreover, knockdown of HvCHS1 damaged gut integrity, decreased cuticle thickness, and delayed the formation of newly-generated cuticle layer during ecdysis. Furthermore, depletion of HvCHS1 inhibited the development of trachea system and thinned tracheal taenidia. Ingestion of dsCHS1 at the third-instar stage caused similar but severe negative effects. Our results demonstrated that HvCHS1 is responsible for chitin biosynthesis during ecdysis. Moreover, HvCHS1 is a potential amenable target gene and young larvae are more susceptible to dsRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hong Jiang
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Li-Li Mu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Lin Jin
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ahmad Ali Anjum
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bento FMM, Darolt JC, Merlin BL, Penã L, Wulff NA, Cônsoli FL. The molecular interplay of the establishment of an infection - gene expression of Diaphorina citri gut and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:677. [PMID: 34544390 PMCID: PMC8454146 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is one the causative agents of greening disease in citrus, an unccurable, devastating disease of citrus worldwide. CLas is vectored by Diaphorina citri, and the understanding of the molecular interplay between vector and pathogen will provide additional basis for the development and implementation of successful management strategies. We focused in the molecular interplay occurring in the gut of the vector, a major barrier for CLas invasion and colonization. RESULTS We investigated the differential expression of vector and CLas genes by analyzing a de novo reference metatranscriptome of the gut of adult psyllids fed of CLas-infected and healthy citrus plants for 1-2, 3-4 and 5-6 days. CLas regulates the immune response of the vector affecting the production of reactive species of oxygen and nitrogen, and the production of antimicrobial peptides. Moreover, CLas overexpressed peroxiredoxin, probably in a protective manner. The major transcript involved in immune expression was related to melanization, a CLIP-domain serine protease we believe participates in the wounding of epithelial cells damaged during infection, which is supported by the down-regulation of pangolin. We also detected that CLas modulates the gut peristalsis of psyllids through the down-regulation of titin, reducing the elimination of CLas with faeces. The up-regulation of the neuromodulator arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase implies CLas also interferes with the double brain-gut communication circuitry of the vector. CLas colonizes the gut by expressing two Type IVb pilin flp genes and several chaperones that can also function as adhesins. We hypothesized biofilm formation occurs by the expression of the cold shock protein of CLas. CONCLUSIONS The thorough detailed analysis of the transcritome of Ca. L. asiaticus and of D. citri at different time points of their interaction in the gut tissues of the host led to the identification of several host genes targeted for regulation by L. asiaticus, but also bacterial genes coding for potential effector proteins. The identified targets and effector proteins are potential targets for the development of new management strategies directed to interfere with the successful utilization of the psyllid vector by this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Moura Manoel Bento
- Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Josiane Cecília Darolt
- Fund for Citrus Protection (FUNDECITRUS), Araraquara, São Paulo 14807-040 Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Bruna Laís Merlin
- Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Leandro Penã
- Fund for Citrus Protection (FUNDECITRUS), Araraquara, São Paulo 14807-040 Brazil
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nelson Arno Wulff
- Fund for Citrus Protection (FUNDECITRUS), Araraquara, São Paulo 14807-040 Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University – UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fernando Luis Cônsoli
- Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hunter WB, Wintermantel WM. Optimizing Efficient RNAi-Mediated Control of Hemipteran Pests (Psyllids, Leafhoppers, Whitefly): Modified Pyrimidines in dsRNA Triggers. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091782. [PMID: 34579315 PMCID: PMC8472347 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The advantages from exogenously applied RNAi biopesticides have yet to be realized in through commercialization due to inconsistent activity of the dsRNA trigger, and the activity level of RNAi suppression. This has prompted research on improving delivery methods for applying exogenous dsRNA into plants and insects for the management of pests and pathogens. Another aspect to improve RNAi activity is the incorporation of modified 2′-F pyrimidine nucleotides into the dsRNA trigger. Modified dsRNA incorporating 32–55% of the 2′-F- nucleotides produced improved RNAi activity that increased insect mortality by 12–35% greater than non-modified dsRNA triggers of the same sequence. These results were repeatable across multiple Hemiptera: the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri, Liviidae); whitefly (Bemisia tabaci, Aleyroididae); and the glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis, Cicadellidae). Studies using siRNA with modified 2′-F- pyrimidines in mammalian cells show they improved resistance to degradation from nucleases, plus result in greater RNAi activity, due to increase concentrations and improved binding affinity to the mRNA target. Successful RNAi biopesticides of the future will be able to increase RNAi repeatability in the field, by incorporating modifications of the dsRNA, such as 2′-F- pyrimidines, that will improve delivery after applied to fruit trees or crop plants, with increased activity after ingestion by insects. Costs of RNA modification have decreased significantly over the past few years such that biopesticides can now compete on pricing with commercial chemical products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Brian Hunter
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Subtropical Insects Res., Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - William M. Wintermantel
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Crop Improvement and Protection Research, Salinas, CA 93905, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Miller S, Shippy TD, Tamayo B, Hosmani PS, Flores-Gonzalez M, Mueller LA, Hunter WB, Brown SJ, D’Elia T, Saha S. Annotation of chitin biosynthesis genes in Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid. GIGABYTE 2021; 2021:gigabyte23. [PMID: 36824327 PMCID: PMC9631950 DOI: 10.46471/gigabyte.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The polysaccharide chitin is critical for the formation of many insect structures, including the exoskeleton, and is required for normal development. Here we report the annotation of three genes from the chitin synthesis pathway in the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), the vector of Huanglongbing (citrus greening disease). Most insects have two chitin synthase (CHS) genes but, like other hemipterans, D. citri has only one. In contrast, D. citri is unusual among insects in having two UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP) genes. One of the D. citri UAP genes is broadly expressed, while the other is expressed predominantly in males. Our work helps pave the way for potential utilization of these genes as pest control targets to reduce the spread of Huanglongbing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Miller
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Allen County Community College, Burlingame, KS 66413, USA
| | - Teresa D. Shippy
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Blessy Tamayo
- Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, FL 34981, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wayne B. Hunter
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Susan J. Brown
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Tom D’Elia
- Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, FL 34981, USA
| | - Surya Saha
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yu HZ, Huang YL, Lu ZJ, Zhang Q, Su HN, Du YM, Yi L, Zhong BL, Chen CX. Inhibition of trehalase affects the trehalose and chitin metabolism pathways in Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:718-734. [PMID: 32428381 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri is the principal vector of huanglongbing, which transmits Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Trehalase is a key enzyme involved in trehalose hydrolysis and plays an important role in insect growth and development. The specific functions of this enzyme in D. citri have not been determined. In this study, three trehalase genes (DcTre1-1, DcTre1-2, and DcTre2) were identified based on the D. citri genome database. Bioinformatic analysis showed that DcTre1-1 and DcTre1-2 are related to soluble trehalase, whereas DcTre2 is associated with membrane-bound trehalase. Spatiotemporal expression analysis indicated that DcTre1-1 and DcTre1-2 had the highest expression levels in the head and wing, respectively, and DcTre2 had high expression levels in the fat body. Furthermore, DcTre1-1 and DcTre1-2 expression levels were induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone and juvenile hormone Ⅲ, but DcTre2 was unaffected. The expression levels of DcTre1-1, DcTre1-2, and DcTre2 were significantly upregulated, which resulted in high mortality after treatment with validamycin. Trehalase activities and glucose contents were downregulated, but the trehalose content increased after treatment with validamycin. In addition, the expression levels of chitin metabolism-related genes significantly decreased at 24 and 48 h after treatment with validamycin. Furthermore, silencing of DcTre1-1, DcTre1-2, and DcTre2 reduced the expression levels of chitin metabolism-related genes and led to a malformed phenotype of D. citri. These results indicate that D. citri trehalase plays an essential role in regulating chitin metabolism and provides a new target for control of D. citri.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Zhong Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yu-Ling Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, A Joint Laboratory of The University of Florida and Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hua-Nan Su
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi-Ming Du
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, A Joint Laboratory of The University of Florida and Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Long Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ba-Lian Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Molecular Characterization of Chitin Synthase Gene in Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) and Its Response to Sublethal Concentrations of an Insecticide. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060501. [PMID: 34071207 PMCID: PMC8227100 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, we identified chitin synthase 1 gene (TcCHS1) from Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) and then explored the gene expression levels of TcCHS1 at different developmental stages of T. cinnabarinus. We also investigated the effects of sublethal concentrations of diflubenzuron on the toxicities and survivals of T. cinnabarinus eggs and larvae as well as TcCHS1 expression levels. Our results demonstrated that TcCHS1 was essential for growth and development, and diflubenzuron exposure affected chitin metabolism. This work was undertaken to establish a foundation for further research on the functions of chitin synthase. It will provide a new target for controlling of T. cinnabarinus in the agricultural ecosystem. Abstract The carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), is one of the most important acarine pest species. At present, its control remains primarily dependent on using various chemical insecticides/acaricides in agricultural crops worldwide. To clarify the mechanism whereby T. cinnabarinus responds to insecticide exposure, we identified the chitin synthase 1 gene (TcCHS1) and then explored the gene expression levels of TcCHS1 at different developmental stages of T. cinnabarinus. We also investigated the effects of sublethal concentrations of diflubenzuron on the toxicities and survivals of T. cinnabarinus eggs and larvae as well as TcCHS1 expression levels. The full-length cDNA sequence contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 4881 nucleotides that encoded for a 1474 amino acid residues protein. The predicted TcCHS1 protein had a molecular mass of 168.35 kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.26, and its amino acid sequence contained all the signature motifs (EDR, QRRRW and TWGTR) of chitin synthases. The results of phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the putative CHS1 amino acid sequence of T. cinnabarinus revealed high similarities with chitin synthases in other insects and mites. Additionally, at the molecular level, transcriptional analysis by real-time quantitative PCR in different developmental stages of T. cinnabarinus revealed that TcCHS1 mRNA was expressed in all stages, and highest in eggs and female adults, but lowest in deutonymphs. Furthermore, the results of toxicity bioassays indicated that diflubenzuron treatment resulted in high mortality rates in eggs and larvae of T. cinnabarinus. The mRNA expression levels of TcCHS1 from the eggs and larvae of T. cinnabarinus were up-regulated in response to sublethal concentrations of diflubenzuron exposures. Together, all these results demonstrate that diflubenzuron has ovicidal and larvicidal effects and TcCHS1 may play an important role in the growth and development of T. cinnabarinus and may disrupt the chitin biosynthesis, thereby controlling T. cinnabarinus populations.
Collapse
|
24
|
Ramos JE, Jain RG, Powell CA, Dawson WO, Gowda S, Borovsky D, Shatters RG. Crowdsourced Identification of Potential Target Genes for CTV Induced Gene Silencing for Controlling the Citrus Greening Vector Diaphorina citri. Front Physiol 2021; 12:571826. [PMID: 33897443 PMCID: PMC8063116 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.571826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus Greening or Huanglongbing (HLB) is a disease of citrus, causing high reduction in citrus production and is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama vectoring a phloem-limited bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter sp. We report research results using crowdsourcing challenge strategy identifying potential gene targets in D. citri to control the insect using RNA interference (RNAi). From 63 submitted sequences, 43 were selected and tested by feeding them to D. citri using artificial diet assays. After feeding on artificial diet, the three most effective dsRNAs causing 30% mortality above control silenced genes expressing iron-sulfur cluster subunit of the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex (Rieske), heme iron-binding terminal oxidase enzyme (Cytochrome P450) and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) pathway enzyme (Pterin 4α-Carbinolamine Dehydratase). These sequences were cloned into a citrus phloem-limited virus (Citrus tristeza virus, CTV T36) expressing dsRNA against these target genes in citrus. The use of a viral mediated “para-transgenic” citrus plant system caused higher mortality to adult D. citri than what was observed using artificial diet, reaching 100% when detached citrus leaves with the engineered CTV expressing dsRNA were fed to adult D. citri. Using this approach, a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) can be used to test future transgenic cultivars before genetically engineering citrus. RNA Seq analysis after feeding D. citri CTV-RIE on infected leaves identified transcriptionally modified genes located upstream and downstream of the targeted RIE gene. These genes were annotated showing that many are associated with the primary function of the Rieske gene that was targeted by VIGS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E Ramos
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Ritesh G Jain
- Indian River Research and Education Center, UF/IFAS, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Charles A Powell
- Indian River Research and Education Center, UF/IFAS, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - William O Dawson
- Citrus Research and Education Center, UF/IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Siddarame Gowda
- Citrus Research and Education Center, UF/IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Dov Borovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Robert G Shatters
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang Z, Wu Q, Fan J, Huang J, Wu Z, Lin J, Bin S, Shu B. Effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Clonostachys rosea on mortality rates and gene expression profiles in Diaphorina citri adults. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 179:107539. [PMID: 33508316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is a serious pest of citrus. The insect also transmits Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the pathogen of a devastating citrus disease called Huanglongbing. Clonostachys rosea is a versatile fungus that possesses nematicidal and insecticidal activities. The effect of C. rosea against D. citri remains unclear. Here we examined the pathogenicity of C. rosea against D. citri adults. A mortality rate of 46.67% was observed in adults treated with 1 × 108 conidia/mL spore suspension. Comparative transcriptomic analyses identified 259 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) between controls and samples treated with fungi. Among the DEGs, 183 were up-regulated and 76 down-regulated. Genes with altered expression included those involved in immunity, apoptosis and cuticle formation. Our preliminary observation indicated that C. rosea is virulent against ACP adults and has the potential as a biological control agent for ACP management in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Yang
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qijing Wu
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlan Fan
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jierong Huang
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongzhen Wu
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jintian Lin
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuying Bin
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Benshui Shu
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu X, Zou Z, Zhang C, Liu X, Wang J, Xin T, Xia B. Knockdown of the Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase Gene Using RNA Interference Inhibits Synthesis of Trehalose and Increases Lethality Rate in Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11090605. [PMID: 32899929 PMCID: PMC7563701 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, we cloned and characterized a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) gene from D. citri (DcTPS) for the first time. Meanwhile, we used RNA interference (RNAi) technology to efficiently disrupt DcTPS gene function in order to elucidate its role in the growth and development of D. citri. Our results suggest that dsRNA-mediated gene-specific silencing resulted in a strong reduction in relative expression of DcTPS and survival rate of nymphs, as well as an increase in malformation. This work was undertaken to establish a foundation for further research on the functions of D. citri trehalose-6-phosphate synthase. This will provide a new target for the control of D. citri in the field. Abstract Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is the vector of citrus “huanglongbing”, a citrus disease which poses a significant threat to the global citrus industry. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) plays an important role in the regulation of trehalose levels of insects, while its functions in D. citri are unclear. In this study, full-length cDNA sequences of the TPS gene from D. citri (DcTPS) were cloned and its expression patterns at various developmental stages were investigated. The results indicated that DcTPS mRNA was expressed at each developmental stage and the highest DcTPS expression was found in the fifth-instar nymphs of D. citri. Additionally, mortality and deformity of D. citri were observed after 24 and 48 h by feeding with three different dsRNA concentrations (20, 100 and 500 ng/μL). The results indicated that DcTPS expression was declined, and mortality and malformation in nymphs were increased via feeding with dsDcTPS. Moreover, the enzyme and trehalose content were decreased, while the content of glucose was significantly higher than that of untreated (control) individuals. This suggests that DcTPS might be vital for the growth and development of D. citri and further studies of the genes should be related to molting and metabolism for controlling D. citri.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bin Xia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13617915100
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shao ZM, Li YJ, Ding JH, Liu ZX, Zhang XR, Wang J, Sheng S, Wu FA. Identification, Characterization, and Functional Analysis of Chitin Synthase Genes in Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134656. [PMID: 32629944 PMCID: PMC7370082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (G. pyloalis) causes significant damage to mulberry every year, and we currently lack effective and environmentally friendly ways to control the pest. Chitin synthase (CHS) is a critical regulatory enzyme related to chitin biosynthesis, which plays a vital role in the growth and development of insects. The function of CHS in G. pyloalis, however, has not been studied. In this study, two chitin synthase genes (GpCHSA and GpCHSB) were screened from our previously created transcriptome database. The complete coding sequences of the two genes are 5,955 bp and 5,896 bp, respectively. Expression of GpCHSA and GpCHSB could be detected throughout all developmental stages. Relatively high expression levels of GpCHSA occurred in the head and integument and GpCHSB was most highly expressed in the midgut. Moreover, silencing of GpCHSA and GpCHSB using dsRNA reduced expression of downstream chitin metabolism pathway genes and resulted in abnormal development and wings stretching, but did not affect normal pupating of larvae. Furthermore, the inhibitor of chitin synthesis diflubenzuron (DFB) was used to further validate the RNAi result. DFB treatment significantly improved expression of GpCHSA, except GpCHSB, and their downstream genes, and also effected G. Pyloali molting at 48 h (62% mortality rate) and 72 h (90% mortality rate), respectively. These results show that GpCHSA and GpCHSB play critical roles in the development and wing stretching in G. pyloalis adults, indicating that the genes are attractive potential pest control targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Min Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Yi-Jiangcheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Jian-Hao Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Zhi-Xiang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Xiao-Rui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Sheng Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Fu-An Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; (Z.-M.S.); (Y.-J.L.); (J.-H.D.); (Z.-X.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (J.W.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212018, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Identification and Functional Analysis of Two Chitin Synthase Genes in the Common Cutworm, Spodoptera litura. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11040253. [PMID: 32316461 PMCID: PMC7240487 DOI: 10.3390/insects11040253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is one the main components of the insect cuticle, and chitin synthase (CHS) is an important enzyme required for chitin formation. CHS has been characterized in various insect species, but the structure and biochemical properties in Spodoptera litura have not been determined. In this study, we identified two CHS genes, SlCHS1 and SlCHS2, which encode proteins with 1565 and 1520 amino acid residues, respectively. Transcriptional analysis suggested that SlCHS1 has a high expression level in the integument whereas SlCHS2 showed the highest expression level in the midgut. During S. litura growth and development, SlCHS1 and SlCHS2 were both predominantly expressed in the fourth-instar larval stage. In addition, the expression of SlCHS1 and SlCHS2 could be induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Silencing of SlCHS1 by RNA interference significantly inhibited the pupation and molting of S. litura larvae (RNAi), while knockdown of SlCHS2 had no significant effects on the S. litura phenotype. These results may provide a new molecular target for control of S. litura.
Collapse
|
29
|
Ottati S, Persico A, Rossi M, Bosco D, Vallino M, Abbà S, Molinatto G, Palmano S, Balestrini R, Galetto L, Marzachì C. Biological characterization of Euscelidius variegatus iflavirus 1. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 173:107370. [PMID: 32259537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Virus-based biocontrol technologies represent sustainable alternatives to pesticides and insecticides. Phytoplasmas are prokaryotic plant pathogens causing severe losses to crops worldwide. Novel approaches are needed since insecticides against their insect vectors and rogueing of infected plants are the only available strategies to counteract phytoplasma diseases. A new iflavirus, named EVV-1, has been described in the leafhopper phytoplasma vector Euscelidius variegatus, raising the potential to use virus-based application strategies against phytoplasma disease. Here transmission routes of EVV-1 are characterized, and localization within the host reveals the mechanism of insect tolerance to virus infection. Both vertical and horizontal transmission of EVV-1 occur and vertical transmission was more efficient. The virus is systemic and occurs in all life-stages, with the highest loads measured in ovaries and first to third instar nymphs. The basic knowledge gained here on the biology of the virus is crucial for possible future application of iflaviruses as biocontrol agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ottati
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73 10135, Torino, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Alberto Persico
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73 10135, Torino, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Marika Rossi
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73 10135, Torino, Italy.
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Marta Vallino
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73 10135, Torino, Italy.
| | - Simona Abbà
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73 10135, Torino, Italy.
| | - Giulia Molinatto
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73 10135, Torino, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Sabrina Palmano
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73 10135, Torino, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73 10135, Torino, Italy.
| | - Luciana Galetto
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73 10135, Torino, Italy.
| | - Cristina Marzachì
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73 10135, Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lyu Z, Li Z, Cheng J, Wang C, Chen J, Lin T. Suppression of Gene Juvenile Hormone Diol Kinase Delays Pupation in Heortia vitessoides Moore. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10090278. [PMID: 31480643 PMCID: PMC6780227 DOI: 10.3390/insects10090278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone diol kinase (JHDK) is a critical enzyme involved in juvenile hormone degradation in insects. In this study, HvJHDK in the Heortia vitessoides Moore (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) transcriptional library was cloned. Stage-specific expression patterns of HvJHDK, HvJHEH, and HvJHE as well as juvenile hormone titers were determined. The three tested enzymes participated in juvenile hormone degradation. Moreover, juvenile hormone titers peaked after larval–larval molts, consistent with a role for juvenile hormone in inhibition of metamorphosis. HvJHDK was subsequently suppressed using RNA interference (RNAi) to reveal its functions. Different concentrations of dsJHDK elicited the optimal interference efficiency at different life stages of H. vitessoides. Suppression of HvJHDK decreased HvJHDK content and increased the juvenile hormone titer, thereby resulting in reduced triglyceride content, sharply declined survival rate, clearly lethal phenotypes, and extended larval growth. Moreover, suppression of HvJHDK upregulated HvJHEH and HvJHE expression levels, suggesting that there is feedback regulation in the juvenile hormone metabolic pathway. Taken together, our findings provide molecular references for the selection of novel insecticidal targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Lyu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhixing Li
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingxiang Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tong Lin
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|