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Sun S, Deng D, Wu W, He Y, Luo G, Du C, Duan C, Zhu Z. Molecular Characterizations of the er1 Alleles Conferring Resistance to Erysiphe pisi in Three Chinese Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) Landraces. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12016. [PMID: 36233319 PMCID: PMC9569905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pisi DC. is a major disease affecting pea worldwide. This study aimed to confirm the resistance genes contained in three powdery mildew-resistant Chinese pea landraces (Suoshadabaiwan, Dabaiwandou, and Guiwan 1) and to develop the functional markers of the novel resistance genes. The resistance genes were identified by genetic mapping and PsMLO1 gene sequence identification. To confirm the inheritance of powdery mildew resistance in the three Landraces, the susceptible cultivars Bawan 6, Longwan 1, and Chengwan 8 were crossed with Suoshadabaiwan, Dabaiwandou, and Guiwan 1 to produce F1, F2, and F2:3 populations, respectively. All F1 plants were susceptible to E. pisi, and phenotypic segregation patterns in all the F2 and F2:3 populations fit the 3:1 (susceptible: resistant) and 1:2:1 (susceptible homozygotes: heterozygotes: resistant homozygotes) ratios, respectively, indicating powdery mildew resistance in the three Landraces were controlled by a single recessive gene, respectively. The analysis of er1-linked markers and genetic mapping in the F2 populations suggested that the recessive resistance genes in three landraces could be er1 alleles. The cDNA sequences of 10 homologous PsMLO1 cDNA clones from the contrasting parents were obtained. A known er1 allele, er1-4, was identified in Suoshadabaiwan. Two novel er1 alleles were identified in Dabaiwandou and Guiwan 1, which were designated as er1-13 and er1-14, respectively. Both novel alleles were characterized with a 1-bp deletion (T) in positions 32 (exon 1) and 277 (exon 3), respectively, which caused a frame-shift mutation to result in premature termination of translation of PsMLO1 protein. The co-dominant functional markers specific for er1-13 and er1-14, KASPar-er1-13, and KASPar-er1-14 were developed and effectively validated in populations and pea germplasms. Here, two novel er1 alleles were characterized and their functional markers were validated. These results provide powerful tools for marker-assisted selection in pea breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suli Sun
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dong Deng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuhua He
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Gaoling Luo
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Chengzhang Du
- Institute of Specialty Crop, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Canxing Duan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhendong Zhu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Banyal DK, Dixit H, Chaudhary J, Malannavar AB, Thakur N. Deciphering diversity at er loci for diversification of powdery mildew resistance in pea. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16037. [PMID: 36163338 PMCID: PMC9512827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19894-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural biotechnology aims to scrutinize the field crops which feed half of the world's population by improving their agronomic traits using various biotechnological tools. Pea- an important cash crop, rich in nutrients, but frequently infected with powdery mildew (fungal disease caused by Erysiphe pisi) that destroys the whole crop and causes economic loss for growers. We, therefore, targeted this research to find the pathogen-resistant pea lines and further decipher the diversity at er locus among resistant pea lines. Screening for resistant pea lines was done with Erysiphe pisi isolates (Genebank submission: KX455922.1) under the net house and greenhouse conditions. Molecular studies revealed that the Erysiphe resistant (er1) gene was present in 40 lines out of selected 50 pea lines and the mutational character was conferred up to 36 genotypes with 11 haplotype groups. The haplotype (gene) diversity (Hd) was found to be 0.5571 ± 0.099 SD and the nucleotide diversity (Pi) was 0.0160 ± 0.0042 SD Majority of resistant lines (67%) occurred in Hap-1, other remaining haplotypes (Hap 2-10) having 33% resistant lines, each showing characteristic nucleotide substitutions with respect to reference PsMLO1 gene; genotypes from these divergent haplotypes can be used in pea resistance breeding to avoid genetic homogeneity and genetic vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devinder K Banyal
- Department of Plant Pathology, COA, CSKHPKV, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
| | - Himisha Dixit
- Department of Plant Pathology, COA, CSKHPKV, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
| | | | | | - Nisha Thakur
- Department of Plant Pathology, COA, CSKHPKV, Palampur, HP, 176061, India.
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Large-Scale Heat-Tolerance Screening and Genetic Diversity of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Germplasms. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11192473. [PMID: 36235339 PMCID: PMC9573610 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important legume crop. However, the yield of pea is adversely affected by heat stress in China. In this study, heat-tolerant germplasms were screened and evaluated in the field under multi-conditions. The results showed that heat stress could significantly affect pea yield. On the basis of grain weight per plant, 257 heat-tolerant and 175 heat-sensitive accessions were obtained from the first year’s screening, and 26 extremely heat-tolerant and 19 extremely heat-sensitive accessions were finally obtained in this study. Based on SNaPshot technology, two sets of SNP markers, including 46 neutral and 20 heat-tolerance-related markers, were used to evaluate the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of the 432 pea accessions obtained from the first year’s screening. Genetic diversity analysis showed that the average polymorphic information content was lower using heat-tolerance-related markers than neutral markers because of the selective pressure under heat stress. In addition, population genetic structure analysis showed that neutral markers divided the 432 pea accessions into two subpopulations associated with sowing date type and geographical origin, while the heat-tolerance-related markers divided these germplasms into two subpopulations associated with heat tolerance and sowing date type. Overall, we present a comprehensive resource of heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive pea accessions through heat-tolerance screenings in multi-conditions, which could help genetic improvements of pea in the future.
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Seethapathy P, Sankaralingam S, Pandita D, Pandita A, Loganathan K, Wani SH, El-Ansary DO, Sharma H, Casini R, Mahmoud EA, Elansary HO. Genetic Diversity Analysis based on the Virulence, Physiology and Regional Variability in Different Isolates of Powdery Mildew in Pea. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080798. [PMID: 36012787 PMCID: PMC9409743 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew is an omnipresent disease that reduces the yield and quality of pea crops (Pisum sativum L.). To examine the powdery mildew pathogen’s morphological, molecular, and genetic diversity, we collected samples of powdery mildew-affected pea crops from ten distinct locations in the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu, India. The pathogen Erysiphe pisi was identified morphologically based on anamorphic characters. Molecular identification of E. pisi isolates was befitted by targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA and specific primers of powdery mildew fungi. The genetic variation between ten different E. pisi isolates collected from topographically distinct mountainous areas was studied using random amplified polymorphic (RAPD). Based on its morphological characteristics, the powdery mildew fungus presented high similarities to E. pisi. Molecular characterization of the ITS rDNA of E. pisi produced 650 bp nucleotides, PMITS (powdery mildew-internal transcribed region) primers produced 700 bp nucleotides, and an Erysiphe specific ITS primer pair amplified and synthesized 560 bp nucleotides. According to the findings, the collected E. pisi strains exhibited a low level of genetic diversity and only a slight differential in virulence on the host. In the study, E. pisi isolates from Anumapuram, Emerald Valley, Indira Nagar, and Thuneri showed a greater disease incidence in the natural field conditions and shared the same genetic lineage with other isolates in UPGMA hierarchical cluster analysis based on RAPD markers. There was no evidence of a link between the occurrence of the disease and these grouped populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Seethapathy
- Department of Plant Pathology, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 642109, India
- Correspondence: (P.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Subbiah Sankaralingam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Saraswathi Narayanan College, Madurai 625022, India;
| | - Deepu Pandita
- Government Department of School Education, Jammu 180001, India
- Correspondence: (P.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Anu Pandita
- Vatsalya Clinic, Krishna Nagar, New Delhi 110051, India;
| | | | - Shabir Hussain Wani
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Khudwani Anantnag 192101, Jammu and Kashmir, India;
| | - Diaa O. El-Ansary
- Precision Agriculture Laboratory, Department of Pomology, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt;
| | - Hanoor Sharma
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA;
| | - Ryan Casini
- College of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA;
| | - Eman A. Mahmoud
- Department of Food Industries, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta 34511, Egypt;
| | - Hosam O. Elansary
- Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
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Parihar AK, Kumar J, Gupta DS, Lamichaney A, Naik SJ S, Singh AK, Dixit GP, Gupta S, Toklu F. Genomics Enabled Breeding Strategies for Major Biotic Stresses in Pea ( Pisum sativum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:861191. [PMID: 35665148 PMCID: PMC9158573 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.861191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the most important and productive cool season pulse crops grown throughout the world. Biotic stresses are the crucial constraints in harnessing the potential productivity of pea and warrant dedicated research and developmental efforts to utilize omics resources and advanced breeding techniques to assist rapid and timely development of high-yielding multiple stress-tolerant-resistant varieties. Recently, the pea researcher's community has made notable achievements in conventional and molecular breeding to accelerate its genetic gain. Several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) or markers associated with genes controlling resistance for fusarium wilt, fusarium root rot, powdery mildew, ascochyta blight, rust, common root rot, broomrape, pea enation, and pea seed borne mosaic virus are available for the marker-assisted breeding. The advanced genomic tools such as the availability of comprehensive genetic maps and linked reliable DNA markers hold great promise toward the introgression of resistance genes from different sources to speed up the genetic gain in pea. This review provides a brief account of the achievements made in the recent past regarding genetic and genomic resources' development, inheritance of genes controlling various biotic stress responses and genes controlling pathogenesis in disease causing organisms, genes/QTLs mapping, and transcriptomic and proteomic advances. Moreover, the emerging new breeding approaches such as transgenics, genome editing, genomic selection, epigenetic breeding, and speed breeding hold great promise to transform pea breeding. Overall, the judicious amalgamation of conventional and modern omics-enabled breeding strategies will augment the genetic gain and could hasten the development of biotic stress-resistant cultivars to sustain pea production under changing climate. The present review encompasses at one platform the research accomplishment made so far in pea improvement with respect to major biotic stresses and the way forward to enhance pea productivity through advanced genomic tools and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Parihar
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research (ICAR-IIPR), Kanpur, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research (ICAR-IIPR), Kanpur, India
| | - Debjyoti Sen Gupta
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research (ICAR-IIPR), Kanpur, India
| | - Amrit Lamichaney
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research (ICAR-IIPR), Kanpur, India
| | - Satheesh Naik SJ
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research (ICAR-IIPR), Kanpur, India
| | - Anil K. Singh
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research (ICAR-IIPR), Kanpur, India
| | - Girish P. Dixit
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Chickpea, ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur, India
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Faruk Toklu
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agricultural, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Devi J, Mishra GP, Sagar V, Kaswan V, Dubey RK, Singh PM, Sharma SK, Behera TK. Gene-Based Resistance to Erysiphe Species Causing Powdery Mildew Disease in Peas ( Pisum sativum L.). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:316. [PMID: 35205360 PMCID: PMC8872628 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally powdery mildew (PM) is one of the major diseases of the pea caused by Erysiphe pisi. Besides, two other species viz. Erysiphe trifolii and Erysiphe baeumleri have also been identified to infect the pea plant. To date, three resistant genes, namely er1, er2 and Er3 located on linkage groups VI, III and IV respectively were identified. Studies have shown the er1 gene to be a Pisum sativum Mildew resistance Locus 'O' homologue and subsequent analysis has identified eleven alleles namely er1-1 to er1-11. Despite reports mentioning the breakdown of er1 gene-mediated PM resistance by E. pisi and E. trifolii, it is still the most widely deployed gene in PM resistance breeding programmes across the world. Several linked DNA markers have been reported in different mapping populations with varying linkage distances and effectiveness, which were used by breeders to develop PM-resistant pea cultivars through marker assisted selection. This review summarizes the genetics of PM resistance and its mechanism, allelic variations of the er gene, marker linkage and future strategies to exploit this information for targeted PM resistance breeding in Pisum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Devi
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Post Box 1, Jakhini, Varanasi 221305, India; (J.D.); (V.S.); (R.K.D.); (P.M.S.)
| | - Gyan P. Mishra
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Vidya Sagar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Post Box 1, Jakhini, Varanasi 221305, India; (J.D.); (V.S.); (R.K.D.); (P.M.S.)
| | - Vineet Kaswan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Sardar Krushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Palanpur, Gujarat 385506, India;
| | - Rakesh K. Dubey
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Post Box 1, Jakhini, Varanasi 221305, India; (J.D.); (V.S.); (R.K.D.); (P.M.S.)
| | - Prabhakar M. Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Post Box 1, Jakhini, Varanasi 221305, India; (J.D.); (V.S.); (R.K.D.); (P.M.S.)
| | - Shyam K. Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, India;
| | - Tusar K. Behera
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Post Box 1, Jakhini, Varanasi 221305, India; (J.D.); (V.S.); (R.K.D.); (P.M.S.)
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Sulima AS, Zhukov VA. War and Peas: Molecular Bases of Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) and Other Legumes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030339. [PMID: 35161319 PMCID: PMC8838241 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Grain legumes, or pulses, have many beneficial properties that make them potentially attractive to agriculture. However, the large-scale cultivation of legumes faces a number of difficulties, in particular the vulnerability of the currently available cultivars to various diseases that significantly impair yields and seed quality. One of the most dangerous legume pathogens is powdery mildew (a common name for parasitic fungi of the order Erisyphales). This review examines the methods of controlling powdery mildew that are used in modern practice, including fungicides and biological agents. Special attention is paid to the plant genetic mechanisms of resistance, which are the most durable, universal and environmentally friendly. The most studied legume plant in this regard is the garden pea (Pisum sativum L.), which possesses naturally occurring resistance conferred by mutations in the gene MLO1 (Er1), for which we list here all the known resistant alleles, including er1-12 discovered by the authors of this review. Recent achievements in the genetics of resistance to powdery mildew in other legumes and prospects for the introduction of this resistance into other agriculturally important legume species are also discussed.
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Smýkal P, von Wettberg EJ, McPhee K. Legume Genetics and Biology: From Mendel's Pea to Legume Genomics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093336. [PMID: 32397225 PMCID: PMC7247574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes have played an important part in cropping systems since the dawn of agriculture, both as human food and as animal feed. The legume family is arguably one of the most abundantly domesticated crop plant families. Their ability to symbiotically fix nitrogen and improve soil fertility has been rewarded since antiquity and makes them a key protein source. The pea was the original model organism used in Mendel’s discovery of the laws of inheritance, making it the foundation of modern plant genetics. This Special Issue provides up-to-date information on legume biology, genetic advances, and the legacy of Mendel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Smýkal
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Palacký University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Eric J.B. von Wettberg
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and Gund Institute for the Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA;
| | - Kevin McPhee
- Plant Sciences and Plant, Pathology Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
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DNA Fingerprinting and Species Identification Uncovers the Genetic Diversity of Katsouni Pea in the Greek Islands Amorgos and Schinoussa. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040479. [PMID: 32283704 PMCID: PMC7238155 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pea (P. sativum L.), one of the most important legume crops worldwide, has been traditionally cultivated in Lesser Cyclades since ancient times. The commonly known traditional pea cultivar, ‘Katsouni’, is endemic to the islands of Amorgos and Schinoussa and is of great local economic importance. Despite the widespread cultivation of ‘Katsouni’ in both islands, it is still unknown whether the current Schinoussa and Amorgos pea populations are distinct landraces, and if they have common evolutionary origin. To assist conservation and breeding of the pea crop, the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of 39 pea samples from Amorgos and 86 from Schinoussa were studied using DNA barcoding and ISSR marker analyses. The results indicate that both populations are different landraces with distinct geographical distribution and are more closely related to P. sativum subsp. elatius than the P. abyssinicum and P. fulvum species. Further characterization of the ‘Katsouni’ landraces for functional polymorphisms regarding pathogen resistance, revealed susceptibility to the powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi DC.). This work represents the first investigation on the genetic diversity and population structure of the ‘Katsouni’ cultivar. Exploiting the local genetic diversity of traditional landraces is fundamental for conservation practices and crop improvement through breeding strategies.
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