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Tiwari S, Pandey R, Kumar V, Das S, Gupta V, Nema R, Kumar A. miRNA genetic variations associated with the predisposition of oral squamous cell carcinoma in central Indian population. Noncoding RNA Res 2024; 9:1333-1341. [PMID: 39131689 PMCID: PMC11315085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The disease burden of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is rising day-by-day and is expected to rise 62 % through 2035. The chewing of tobacco, areca nut, and betel leaf, poor oral hygiene, and chronic infection are common risk factors of OSCC, but genetic and epigenetic factors also contribute equally. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are comprised of small, non-coding endogenous RNA that regulate a plethora of biological activities by targeting messenger RNA through degradation or inhibition. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNA genes can regulate the development and progression of OSCC. The present study aimed to determine the association between SNPs in miRNA genes (miRSNPs) with the risk of OSCC. A case-control study involving 225 histo-pathologically confirmed OSCC cases and 225 healthy controls was conducted, where 25 miRSNPs were analyzed by iPLEX MassArray analysis. A SNP rs12220909 in MIR4293 showed a highly protective effect (CC vs GG, OR = 0.0431, 95%CI = 0.005-0.323, p = 3e-6). Whereas three SNPs, namely, rs4705342 in MIR143 (CC vs TT, OR = 2.25, 95%CI = 2.00-2.53, p = 0.0008), rs531564 in MIR124 (CC vs GG, OR = 24.18, 95%CI = 3.22-181.37, p = 3e-6), and rs3746444 in MIR499 (AA vs GG, OR = 2.01, 95%CI = 1.32-3.05, p = 0.001) were significantly associated with a higher risk of OSCC. Additionally, NanoString-based nCounter miRNA expression profiling revealed that miR-499a (Log2FC = -1.07), and miR-143 (Log2FC = -1.56) were aberrantly expressed in OSCC tissue. Taken together, the above miSNPs may contribute to the high incidence of OSCC in central India. However, further studies with large cohorts and ethnic stratification are required to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Saket Nagar, Bhopal 462020, India
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Ritu Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Saket Nagar, Bhopal 462020, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Saket Nagar, Bhopal 462020, India
| | - Saikat Das
- Department of Radiotherapy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Saket Nagar, Bhopal 462020, India
| | - Vikas Gupta
- ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bhopal, Saket Nagar, Bhopal, 462020, India
| | - Rajeev Nema
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Saket Nagar, Bhopal 462020, India
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Nasrollahpour H, Mirzaie A, Sharifi M, Rezabakhsh A, Khalilzadeh B, Rahbarghazi R, Yousefi H, Klionsky DJ. Biosensors; a novel concept in real-time detection of autophagy. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 254:116204. [PMID: 38507929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is an early-stage response with self-degradation properties against several insulting conditions. To date, the critical role of autophagy has been well-documented in physiological and pathological conditions. This process involves various signaling and functional biomolecules, which are involved in different steps of the autophagic response. During recent decades, a range of biochemical analyses, chemical assays, and varied imaging techniques have been used for monitoring this pathway. Due to the complexity and dynamic aspects of autophagy, the application of the conventional methodology for following autophagic progression is frequently associated with a mistake in discrimination between a complete and incomplete autophagic response. Biosensors provide a de novo platform for precise and accurate analysis of target molecules in different biological settings. It has been suggested that these devices are applicable for real-time monitoring and highly sensitive detection of autophagy effectors. In this review article, we focus on cutting-edge biosensing technologies associated with autophagy detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arezoo Mirzaie
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Sharifi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aysa Rezabakhsh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Balal Khalilzadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Applied Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hadi Yousefi
- Department of Applied Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Khafaei M, Asghari R, Zafari F, Sadeghi M. Impact of IL-6 rs1800795 and IL-17A rs2275913 gene polymorphisms on the COVID-19 prognosis and susceptibility in a sample of Iranian patients. Cytokine 2024; 174:156445. [PMID: 38056249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND From asymptomatic to acute and life-threatening pulmonary infection, the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are highly variable. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17A are key drivers of hyper inflammation status in COVID-19, and their elevated levels are hallmarks of the infection progression. To explore whether prognosis and susceptibility to COVID-19 are linked to IL-6 rs1800795 and IL-17A rs2275913, these single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assessed in a sample of Iranian COVID-19 patients. METHODS This study enrolled two hundred and eighty COVID-19 patients (140 non-severe and 140 severe). Genotyping for IL-6 rs1800795 and IL-17A rs2275913 was performed using tetra primer-amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (tetra-ARMS-PCR). IL-6 and IL-17A circulating levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Also, mortality predictors of COVID-19 were investigated. RESULTS The rs1800795 GG genotype (78/140 (55.7 %)) and G allele (205/280 (73.2 %)) were significantly associated with a positive risk of COVID-19 severe infection (OR = 2.19, 95 %CI: 1.35-3.54, P =.006 and OR = 1.79, 95 %CI: 1.25-2.56, P <.001, respectively). Also, rs1800795 GG genotype was significantly linked to disease mortality (OR = 1.95, 95 %CI: 1.06-3.61, P =.04). The rs2275913 GA genotype was protective against severe COVID-19 (OR = 0.5, 95 %CI: 0.31--0.80, P =.012). However, the present study did not reveal any significant link between rs2275913 genotypes with disease mortality. INR ≥ 1.2 (OR = 2.19, 95 %CI: 1.61-3.78, P =.007), D-dimer ≥ 565.5 ng/mL (OR = 3.12, 95 %CI: 1.27-5.68, P =.019), respiratory rate ≥ 29 (OR = 1.19, 95 %CI: 1.12-1.28, P =.001), IL-6 serum concentration ≥ 28.5 pg/mL (OR = 1.97, 95 %CI: 1.942-2.06, P =.013), and IL-6 rs1800795 GG genotype (OR = 1.95, 95 %CI: 1.06-3.61, P =.04) were predictive of COVID-19 mortality. CONCLUSION The rs1800795 GG genotype and G allele were associated with disease severity, and INR, D-dimer, respiratory rate, IL-6 serum concentration, and IL-6 rs1800795 GG genotype were predictive of COVID-19 mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Khafaei
- Human Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Asghari
- Human Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fariba Zafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Morteza Sadeghi
- Human Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Hakimi P, Tabatabaei F, Rahmani V, Zakariya NA, Moslehian MS, Bedate AM, Tamadon A, Rahbarghazi R, Mahdipour M. Dysregulated miRNAs in recurrent miscarriage: A systematic review. Gene 2023; 884:147689. [PMID: 37543220 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent miscarriage (RM) is a complex reproductive medicine disease that affects many families. The cause of RM is unclear at this time; however, lifestyle and genetic variables may influence the process. The slight alteration in miRNA expression has enormous consequences for a variety of difficulties, one of which may be RM. The target of this systematic study was to provide a framework of the dysregulated miRNAs in RM. The Prisma guidelines were applied to perform current systematic review pertaining to articles in the seven databases. Thirty-nine papers out of 245 received fulfilled all inclusion requirements. From all the mentioned miRNAs, 40 were up-regulated (65.57 %), whereas 21 were down-regulated (34.43 %). These dysregulated miRNAs contributed to the pathophysiology of RM by influencing key pathways and processes such as apoptosis, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and the immune system. Understanding the dysregulation of miRNAs, as well as the pathways and processes that engage these miRNAs and impact disease pathogenesis, may aid in clarifying the unknown underlying mechanisms of RM and the development of novel molecular therapeutic targets and medical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Hakimi
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tabatabaei
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Laparoscopic, Surgeries, Al-Zahra Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Iranian Society of Minimally Invasive Gynecology, Iran University of Medical, Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Rahmani
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nahideh Afshar Zakariya
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Amin Tamadon
- PerciaVista R&D Co, Shiraz, Iran; Department for Scientific Work, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030012, Kazakhstan
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahdipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Li J, Peng S, Zou X, Geng X, Wang T, Zhu W, Xia T. Value of negatively correlated miR-205-5p/ HMGB3 and miR-96-5p/ FOXO1 on the diagnosis of breast cancer and benign breast diseases. CANCER PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPY 2023; 1:159-167. [PMID: 38327836 PMCID: PMC10846318 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpt.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Background MicroRNA (miRNA) and mRNA levels in matching specimens were used to identify miRNA-mRNA interactions. We aimed to integrate transcriptome, immunophenotype, methylation, mutation, and survival data analyses to examine the profiles of miRNAs and target mRNAs and their associations with breast cancer (BC) diagnosis. Methods Based on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), differentially expressed miRNAs and targeted mRNAs were screened from experimentally verified miRNA-target interaction databases using Pearson's correlation analysis. We used real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to verify BC and benign disease samples, and logistic regression analysis was used to establish a diagnostic model based on miRNAs and target mRNAs. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to test the ability to recognize the miRNA-mRNA pairs. Next, we investigated the complex interactions between miRNA-mRNA regulatory pairs and phenotypic hallmarks. Results We identified 27 and 359 dysregulated miRNAs and mRNAs, respectively, based on the GEO and TCGA databases. Using Pearson's correlation analysis, 10 negative miRNA-mRNA regulatory pairs were identified after screening both databases, and the related miRNA and target mRNA levels were assessed in 40 BC tissues and 40 benign breast disease tissues. Two key regulatory pairs (miR-205-5p/High mobility group box 3 (HMGB3) and miR-96-5p/Forkhead Box O1 (FOXO1)) were selected to establish the diagnostic model. They also had utility in survival and clinical analyses. Conclusions A diagnostic model including two miRNAs and their respective target mRNAs was established to distinguish between BC and benign breast diseases. These markers play essential roles in BC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Shuang Peng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xuan Zou
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xiangnan Geng
- Department of Clinical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Tongshan Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Tiansong Xia
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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Thanh Thi Ngoc Nguyen, Nguyen THN, Phan HN, Nguyen HT. Seven-Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Polygenic Risk Score for Breast Cancer Risk Prediction in a Vietnamese Population. CYTOL GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452722040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Radanova M, Levkova M, Mihaylova G, Manev R, Maneva M, Hadgiev R, Conev N, Donev I. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in microRNA Genes and Colorectal Cancer Risk and Prognosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:156. [PMID: 35052835 PMCID: PMC8773793 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes of microRNAs (miRNAs), which could be associated with susceptibility to colorectal cancer (CRC) and therefore for prognosis of the disease and/or treatment response. Moreover, these miRNAs-SNPs could serve as new, low-invasive biomarkers for early detection of CRC. In the present article, we performed a thorough review of different SNPs, which were investigated for a correlation with the CRC risk, prognosis, and treatment response. We also analyzed the results from different meta-analyses and the possible reasons for reported contradictory findings, especially when different research groups investigated the same SNP in a gene for a particular miRNA. This illustrates the need for more case-control studies involving participants with different ethnic backgrounds. According to our review, three miRNAs-SNPs-miR-146a rs2910164, miR-27a rs895819 and miR-608 rs4919510-appear as promising prognostic, diagnostic and predictive biomarkers for CRC, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Radanova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria;
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, University Hospital “St. Marina”, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Mariya Levkova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria;
| | - Galya Mihaylova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria;
| | - Rostislav Manev
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria; (R.M.); (M.M.); (N.C.)
- Clinic of Medical Oncology, University Hospital “St. Marina”, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Margarita Maneva
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria; (R.M.); (M.M.); (N.C.)
- Clinic of Medical Oncology, University Hospital “St. Marina”, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Rossen Hadgiev
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Nikolay Conev
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria; (R.M.); (M.M.); (N.C.)
- Clinic of Medical Oncology, University Hospital “St. Marina”, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Donev
- Clinic of Medical Oncology, Hospital “Nadezhda”, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria;
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Guo Q, Hua Y. The assessment of circulating cell-free DNA as a diagnostic tool for breast cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative and qualitative ssays. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:1479-1500. [PMID: 33951758 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This updated meta-analysis aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in breast cancer (BC). CONTENT An extensive systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Science Direct databases to retrieve all related literature. Various diagnostic estimates, including sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), likelihood ratios (LRs), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under the curve (AUC) of summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC) curve, were also calculated using bivariate linear mixed models. SUMMARY In this meta-analysis, 57 unique articles (130 assays) on 4246 BC patients and 2,952 controls, were enrolled. For quantitative approaches, pooled SE, SP, PLR, NLR, DOR, and AUC were obtained as 0.80, 0.88, 6.7, 0.23, 29, and 0.91, respectively. Moreover, for qualitative approaches, pooled SE and SP for diagnostic performance were obtained as 0.36 and 0.98, respectively. In addition, PLR was 14.9 and NLR was 0.66. As well, the combined DOR was 23, and the AUC was 0.79. OUTLOOK Regardless of promising SE and SP, analysis of LRs suggested that quantitative assays are not robust enough neither for BC confirmation nor for its exclusion. On the other hand, qualitative assays showed satisfying performance only for confirming the diagnosis of BC, but not for its exclusion. Furthermore, qualitative cfDNA assays showed a better diagnostic performance in patients at the advanced stage of cancer, which represented no remarkable clinical significance as a biomarker for early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University (Original Area of Wuxi No. 3 People's Hospital), Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Yuming Hua
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University (Original Area of Wuxi No. 3 People's Hospital), Wuxi, P.R. China
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Zhang J, Yuan Y, Gao S, Zhao X, Li H. Diagnostic performance of circulating cell-free DNA for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomark Med 2021; 15:219-239. [PMID: 33470842 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials & methods: After a systematic literature search bivariate linear mixed models were used to integrate sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio and diagnostic odds ratio. The area under receiver operating characteristics curves of the included studies was used to estimate the diagnostic value. Results: Thirty-eight articles enrolled in quantitative synthesis. In overall analysis the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio and area under receiver operating characteristics curves for cfDNA in distinguishing HCC patients from healthy controls were 0.54, 0.90, 5.23, 0.51, 10.27 and 0.82, respectively. Conclusion: This study suggests that cfDNA has a promising diagnostic accuracy in detection of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Weifang Yidu Central Hospital, Qingzhou 262500, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Weifang Yidu Central Hospital, Qingzhou 262500, China
| | - Shuxia Gao
- GI Medicine Department, Weifang Yidu Central Hospital, Qingzhou 262500, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Respiratory Department, Weifang Yidu Central Hospital, Qingzhou 262500, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Weifang Yidu Central Hospital, Qingzhou 262500, China
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