1
|
Dickinson K, Yee EJ, Vigil I, Schulick RD, Zhu Y. GPCRs: emerging targets for novel T cell immune checkpoint therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:253. [PMID: 39358616 PMCID: PMC11447192 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-024-03801-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Although immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has become the mainstay of treatment for advanced solid organ malignancies, success in revitalizing the host anticancer immune response remains limited. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a broad family of cell-surface proteins that have been regarded as main players in regulating the immune system, namely by mediating the activity of T lymphocytes. Among the most novel immunoregulatory GPCRs include GPR171, lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPARs), GPR68, cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), and prostaglandin E receptors, many of which have shown promise in mediating antitumor response via activation of cytotoxic T cells, inhibiting immunosuppressive lymphocytes, and facilitating immune cell infiltration within the tumor microenvironment across multiple types of cancers. This paper reviews our current understanding of some of the most novel GPCRs-their expression patterns, evolving roles within the immune system and cancer, potential therapeutic applications, and perspective for future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Dickinson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elliott J Yee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Isaac Vigil
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard D Schulick
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yuwen Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Matsingos C, Howell LA, McCormick PJ, Fornili A. Elucidating the Activation Mechanism of the Proton-sensing GPR68 Receptor. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168688. [PMID: 38936694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
GPR68 is a proton-sensing G-protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) involved in a variety of physiological processes and disorders including neoplastic pathologies. While GPR68 and few other GPCRs have been shown to be activated by a decrease in the extracellular pH, the molecular mechanism of their activation remains largely unknown. In this work, we used a combined computational and in vitro approach to provide new insight into the activation mechanism of the receptor. Molecular Dynamics simulations of GPR68 were used to model the changes in residue interactions and motions triggered by pH. Global and local rearrangements consistent with partial activation were observed upon protonation of the inactive state. Selected extracellular histidine and transmembrane acidic residues were found to have significantly upshifted pKa values during the simulations, consistently with their previously hypothesised role in activation through changes in protonation state. Moreover, a novel pairing between histidine and acidic residues in the extracellular region was highlighted by both sequence analyses and simulation data and tested through site-directed mutagenesis. At last, we identified a previously unknown hydrophobic lock in the extracellular region that might stabilise the inactive conformation and regulate the transition to the active state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Matsingos
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom.
| | - Lesley A Howell
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J McCormick
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, United Kingdom
| | - Arianna Fornili
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Segeritz P, Kolesnik K, Scott DJ, Collins DJ. Quantitative mechanical stimulation of GPR68 using a novel 96 well flow plugin. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1616-1625. [PMID: 38288761 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00767g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Mechanosensitive proteins play a crucial role in a range of physiological processes, including hearing, tactile sensation and regulating blood flow. While previous work has demonstrated the mechanosensitivity of several proteins, the ability to apply precisely defined mechanical forces to cells in a consistent, replicable manner remains a significant challenge. In this work we present a novel 96-well plate-compatible plugin device for generating highly-controlled flow-based mechanical simulation of cells, which enables quantitative assessment of mechanosensitive protein function. The device is used to mechanically stimulate HEK 293T cells expressing the mechanosensitive protein GPR68, a G protein-coupled receptor. By assaying intracellular calcium levels during flow-based cell stimulation, we determine that GPR68 signalling is a function of the applied shear-force. As this approach is compatible with conventional cell culture plates and allows for simultaneous readout in a conventional fluorescence plate reader, this represents a valuable new tool to investigate mechanotransduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Segeritz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Kirill Kolesnik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Daniel J Scott
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David J Collins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
- The Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pan J, Gao Y. Prognostic significance and immune characteristics of GPR27 in gastric cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:9144-9166. [PMID: 37702614 PMCID: PMC10522374 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most typical cancerous neoplasms occurring in the digestive system. For advanced GC, immunotherapy is the final option for them to prolong survival time. Hence, we aimed to identify new molecular targets to enhance the immunotherapy response in GC individuals. Then we applied bioinformatic analysis to explore the expression profiles of G-protein-coupled receptor 27 (GPR27) transcription and GPR27 methylation. The associations between survival of GC patients and GPR27 transcription and methylation were then analyzed. We also studied the link between GPR27 expression and levels of immune cell infiltration. Finally, we gained insights into the prognostic role of GPR27 protein in 97 cases of GC individuals. According to datasets gained from TCGA, GPR27 mRNA is expressed lower in GC tissues. Down-regulation of GPR27 transcription was related with better survival in GC individuals, and GPR27 cg03024619 had the most significant prognostic value (HR=0.553, P<0.0001). In addition, the expression level of GPR27 has a clear interaction with immune cells' infiltration and their markers. Single-cell analysis displayed that GPR27 is mainly expressed in macrophages. Finally, down-regulation of GPR27 protein was observed in GC tissues and correlated with better survival outcomes. GPR27 can serve as an important prognostic biomarker and exert an immunomodulatory role in GC. Our findings highlight the significance of GPR27 in a variety of cancers, including GC, and provide clues for a better understanding of GPR27 from bioinformatics and clinically validated perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanjun Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
von Breitenbuch P, Kurz B, Wallner S, Zeman F, Brochhausen C, Schlitt HJ, Schreml S. Expression of pH-Sensitive GPCRs in Peritoneal Carcinomatosis of Colorectal Cancer-First Results. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051803. [PMID: 36902589 PMCID: PMC10003041 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors have an altered metabolism with a so-called inside-out pH gradient (decreased pHe < increased pHi). This also signals back to tumor cells via proton-sensitive ion channels or G protein-coupled receptors (pH-GPCRs) to alter migration and proliferation. Nothing, however, is known about the expression of pH-GPCRs in the rare form of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Paraffin-embedded tissue samples of a series of 10 patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal (including appendix) origin were used for immunohistochemistry to study the expression of GPR4, GPR65, GPR68, GPR132, and GPR151. GPR4 was just expressed weakly in 30% of samples and expression was significantly reduced as compared to GPR56, GPR132, and GPR151. Furthermore, GPR68 was only expressed in 60% of tumors and showed significantly reduced expression as compared to GPR65 and GPR151. This is the first study on pH-GPCRs in peritoneal carcinomatosis, which shows lower expression of GPR4 and GPR68 as compared to other pH-GPCRs in this type of cancer. It may give rise to future therapies targeting either the TME or these GPCRs directly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernadett Kurz
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Wallner
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Zeman
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Brochhausen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Schlitt
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Schreml
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Imenez Silva PH, Câmara NO, Wagner CA. Role of proton-activated G protein-coupled receptors in pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C400-C414. [PMID: 35759438 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00114.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Local acidification is a common feature of many disease processes such as inflammation, infarction, or solid tumor growth. Acidic pH is not merely a sequelae of disease but contributes to recruitment and regulation of immune cells, modifies metabolism of parenchymal, immune and tumor cells, modulates fibrosis, vascular permeability, oxygen availability and consumption, invasiveness of tumor cells, and impacts on cell survival. Thus, multiple pH-sensing mechanisms must exist in cells involved in these processes. These pH-sensors play important roles in normal physiology and pathophysiology, and hence might be attractive targets for pharmacological interventions. Among the pH-sensing mechanisms, OGR1 (GPR68), GPR4 (GPR4), and TDAG8 (GPR65) have emerged as important molecules. These G protein-coupled receptors are widely expressed, are upregulated in inflammation and tumors, sense changes in extracellular pH in the range between pH 8 and 6, and are involved in modulating key processes in inflammation, tumor biology, and fibrosis. This review discusses key features of these receptors and highlights important disease states and pathways affected by their activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H Imenez Silva
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Switzerland
| | - Niels Olsen Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carsten A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bubb M, Beyer ASL, Dasgupta P, Kaemmerer D, Sänger J, Evert K, Wirtz RM, Schulz S, Lupp A. Assessment of G Protein-Coupled Oestrogen Receptor Expression in Normal and Neoplastic Human Tissues Using a Novel Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095191. [PMID: 35563581 PMCID: PMC9099907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the classical oestrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, a G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER) has been identified that primarily mediates the rapid, non-genomic signalling of oestrogens. Data on GPER expression at the protein level are contradictory; therefore, the present study was conducted to re-evaluate GPER expression by immunohistochemistry to obtain broad GPER expression profiles in human non-neoplastic and neoplastic tissues, especially those not investigated in this respect so far. We developed and thoroughly characterised a novel rabbit monoclonal anti-human GPER antibody, 20H15L21, using Western blot analyses and immunocytochemistry. The antibody was then applied to a large series of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human tissue samples. In normal tissue, GPER was identified in distinct cell populations of the cortex and the anterior pituitary; islets and pancreatic ducts; fundic glands of the stomach; the epithelium of the duodenum and gallbladder; hepatocytes; proximal tubules of the kidney; the adrenal medulla; and syncytiotrophoblasts and decidua cells of the placenta. GPER was also expressed in hepatocellular, pancreatic, renal, and endometrial cancers, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, and pheochromocytomas. The novel antibody 20H15L21 will serve as a valuable tool for basic research and the identification of GPER-expressing tumours during histopathological examinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bubb
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.-S.L.B.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Anna-Sophia Lieselott Beyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.-S.L.B.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Pooja Dasgupta
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.-S.L.B.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Daniel Kaemmerer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, 99438 Bad Berka, Germany;
| | - Jörg Sänger
- Laboratory of Pathology and Cytology Bad Berka, 99438 Bad Berka, Germany;
| | - Katja Evert
- Department of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ralph M. Wirtz
- STRATIFYER Molecular Pathology GmbH, 50935 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.-S.L.B.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.-S.L.B.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-9325678; Fax: +49-3641-9325652
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Elemam NM, Youness RA, Hussein A, Shihab I, Yakout NM, Elwany YN, Manie TM, Talaat IM, Maghazachi AA. Expression of GPR68, an Acid-Sensing Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor, in Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:847543. [PMID: 35311103 PMCID: PMC8930915 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.847543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of global cancer incidence in 2020. It is quite known that highly invasive cancers have disrupted metabolism that leads to the creation of an acidic tumor microenvironment. Among the proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptors is GPR68. In this study, we aimed to explore the expression pattern of GPR68 in tissues from BC patients as well as different BC cell lines. Methods: In-silico tools were used to assess the expression of GPR68 in BC patients. The expression pattern was validated in fresh and paraffin-embedded sections of BC patients using qPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. Also, in-silico tools investigated GPR68 expression in different BC cell lines. Validation of GPR68 expression was performed using qPCR and immunofluorescence techniques in four different BC cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, BT-549 and SkBr3). Results: GPR68 expression was found to be significantly increased in BC patients using the in-silico tools and validation using qPCR and IHC. Upon classification according to the molecular subtypes, the luminal subtype showed the highest GPR68 expression followed by triple-negative and Her2-enriched cells. However, upon validation in the recruited cohort, the triple-negative molecular subtype of BC patients showed the highest GPR68 expression. Also, in-silico and validation data revealed that the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 showed the highest expression of GPR68. Conclusion: Therefore, this study highlights the potential utilization of GPR68 as a possible diagnostic and/or prognostic marker in BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noha Mousaad Elemam
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rana A. Youness
- Biology and Biochemistry Department, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal Hussein
- Department of Family and Community Medicine and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Israa Shihab
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nada M. Yakout
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yasmine Nagy Elwany
- Clinical Oncology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Tamer M. Manie
- Department of Breast Surgery, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iman M. Talaat
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Iman M. Talaat, ; Azzam A. Maghazachi,
| | - Azzam A. Maghazachi
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Iman M. Talaat, ; Azzam A. Maghazachi,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
de Vallière C, Cosin-Roger J, Baebler K, Schoepflin A, Mamie C, Mollet M, Schuler C, Bengs S, Lang S, Scharl M, Seuwen K, Ruiz PA, Hausmann M, Rogler G. pH-Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptor OGR1 (GPR68) Expression and Activation Increases in Intestinal Inflammation and Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031419. [PMID: 35163345 PMCID: PMC8835966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Local extracellular acidification occurs at sites of inflammation. Proton-sensing ovarian cancer G-protein-coupled receptor 1 (OGR1, also known as GPR68) responds to decreases in extracellular pH. Our previous studies show a role for OGR1 in the pathogenesis of mucosal inflammation, suggesting a link between tissue pH and immune responses. Additionally, pH-dependent signalling is associated with the progression of intestinal fibrosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate OGR1 expression and OGR1-mediated signalling in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our results show that OGR1 expression significantly increased in patients with IBD compared to non-IBD patients, as demonstrated by qPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Paired samples from non-inflamed and inflamed intestinal areas of IBD patients showed stronger OGR1 IHC staining in inflamed mucosal segments compared to non-inflamed mucosa. IHC of human surgical samples revealed OGR1 expression in macrophages, granulocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. OGR1-dependent inositol phosphate (IP) production was significantly increased in CD14+ monocytes from IBD patients compared to healthy subjects. Primary human and murine fibroblasts exhibited OGR1-dependent IP formation, RhoA activation, F-actin, and stress fibre formation upon an acidic pH shift. OGR1 expression and signalling increases with IBD disease activity, suggesting an active role of OGR1 in the pathogenesis of IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl de Vallière
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.d.V.); (J.C.-R.); (K.B.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (P.A.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Jesus Cosin-Roger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.d.V.); (J.C.-R.); (K.B.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (P.A.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Katharina Baebler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.d.V.); (J.C.-R.); (K.B.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (P.A.R.); (M.H.)
| | | | - Céline Mamie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.d.V.); (J.C.-R.); (K.B.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (P.A.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Michelle Mollet
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.d.V.); (J.C.-R.); (K.B.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (P.A.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Cordelia Schuler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.d.V.); (J.C.-R.); (K.B.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (P.A.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Susan Bengs
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.d.V.); (J.C.-R.); (K.B.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (P.A.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Silvia Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.d.V.); (J.C.-R.); (K.B.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (P.A.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.d.V.); (J.C.-R.); (K.B.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (P.A.R.); (M.H.)
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Seuwen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4033 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Pedro A. Ruiz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.d.V.); (J.C.-R.); (K.B.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (P.A.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Martin Hausmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.d.V.); (J.C.-R.); (K.B.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (P.A.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.d.V.); (J.C.-R.); (K.B.); (C.M.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (P.A.R.); (M.H.)
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-(0)44-255-2401
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Beyer ASL, Kaemmerer D, Sänger J, Evert K, Lupp A. Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Adaptor Protein FAM159B Expression in Normal and Neoplastic Human Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212250. [PMID: 34830137 PMCID: PMC8621455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FAM159B is a so-called adaptor protein. These proteins are essential components in numerous cell signalling pathways. However, little is known regarding FAM159B expression in normal and neoplastic human tissues. The commercially available rabbit polyclonal anti-human FAM159B antibody HPA011778 was initially characterised for its specificity using Western blot analyses and immunocytochemistry and then applied to a large series of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded normal and neoplastic human tissue samples. Confirmation of FAM159B's predicted size and antibody specificity was achieved in BON-1 cells, a neuroendocrine tumour cell line endogenously expressing FAM159B, using targeted siRNA. Immunocytochemical experiments additionally revealed cytoplasmic expression of the adaptor protein. Immunohistochemical staining detected FAM159B expression in neuronal and neuroendocrine tissues such as the cortex, the trigeminal ganglia, dorsal root and intestinal ganglia, the pancreatic islets and the neuroendocrine cells of the bronchopulmonary and gastrointestinal tract, but also in the syncytiotrophoblasts of the placenta. FAM159B was also expressed in many of the 28 tumour entities investigated, with high levels in medullary and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas, parathyroid adenomas, lung and ovarian carcinomas, lymphomas and neuroendocrine tumours of different origins. The antibody HPA011778 can act as a useful tool for basic research and identifying FAM159B expression in tissue samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Kaemmerer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, 99438 Bad Berka, Germany;
| | - Jörg Sänger
- Laboratory of Pathology and Cytology Bad Berka, 99438 Bad Berka, Germany;
| | - Katja Evert
- Department of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 04474 Jena, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-9325678; Fax: +49-3641-9325652
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cosín-Roger J, Ortiz-Masia D, Barrachina MD, Calatayud S. Metabolite Sensing GPCRs: Promising Therapeutic Targets for Cancer Treatment? Cells 2020; 9:cells9112345. [PMID: 33113952 PMCID: PMC7690732 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors constitute the most diverse and largest receptor family in the human genome, with approximately 800 different members identified. Given the well-known metabolic alterations in cancer development, we will focus specifically in the 19 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which can be selectively activated by metabolites. These metabolite sensing GPCRs control crucial processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival after their activation. In the present review, we will describe the main functions of these metabolite sensing GPCRs and shed light on the benefits of their potential use as possible pharmacological targets for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Cosín-Roger
- Hospital Dr. Peset, Fundación para la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana, FISABIO, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963851234
| | - Dolores Ortiz-Masia
- Departament of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Maria Dolores Barrachina
- Departament of Pharmacology and CIBER, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.D.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Sara Calatayud
- Departament of Pharmacology and CIBER, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.D.B.); (S.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huang XP, Kenakin TP, Gu S, Shoichet BK, Roth BL. Differential Roles of Extracellular Histidine Residues of GPR68 for Proton-Sensing and Allosteric Modulation by Divalent Metal Ions. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3594-3614. [PMID: 32865988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
GPR68, an orphan G-protein coupled receptor, senses protons, couples to multiple G-proteins, and is also activated or inhibited by divalent metal ions. It has seven extracellular histidine residues, although it is not clear how these histidine residues play a role in both proton-sensing and metal ion modulation. Here we demonstrate that divalent metal ions are allosteric modulators that can activate or inhibit proton activity in a concentration- and pH-dependent manner. We then show that single histidine mutants have differential and varying degrees of effects on proton-sensing and metal ion modulation. Some histidine residues play dual roles in proton-sensing and metal ion modulation, while others are important in one or the other but not both. Two extracellular disulfide bonds are predicted to constrain histidine residues to be spatially close to each other. Combining histidine mutations leads to reduced proton activity and resistance to metal ion modulation, while breaking the less conserved disulfide bond results in a more severe reduction in proton-sensing over metal modulation. The small-molecule positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) ogerin and lorazepam are not affected by these mutations and remain active at mutants with severely reduced proton activity or are resistant to metal ion modulation. These results suggest GPR68 possesses two independent allosteric modulation systems, one through interaction with divalent metal ions at the extracellular surface and another through small-molecule PAMs in the transmembrane domains. A new GPR68 model is developed to accommodate the findings which could serve as a template for further studies and ligand discovery by virtual ligand docking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shuo Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Brian K Shoichet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hutchings CJ. A review of antibody-based therapeutics targeting G protein-coupled receptors: an update. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:925-935. [PMID: 32264722 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1745770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play key roles in many biological functions and are linked to many diseases across all therapeutic areas. As such, GPCRs represent a significant opportunity for antibody-based therapeutics. AREAS COVERED The structure of the major GPCR families is summarized in the context of choice of antigen source employed in the drug discovery process and receptor biology considerations which may impact on targeting strategies. An overview of the therapeutic GPCR-antibody target landscape and the diversity of current therapeutic programs is provided along with summary case studies for marketed antibody drugs or those in advanced clinical studies. Antibodies in early clinical studies and the emergence of next-generation modalities are also highlighted. EXPERT OPINION The GPCR-antibody pipeline has progressed significantly with a number of technical developments enabling the successful resolution of some of the challenges previously encountered and this has contributed to the growing interest in antibody-based therapeutics addressing this target class.
Collapse
|