1
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Pernecker M, Ciarimboli G. Regulation of renal organic cation transporters. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 38831380 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Transporters for organic cations (OCs) facilitate exchange of positively charged molecules through the plasma membrane. Substrates for these transporters encompass neurotransmitters, metabolic byproducts, drugs, and xenobiotics. Consequently, these transporters actively contribute to the regulation of neurotransmission, cellular penetration and elimination process for metabolic products, drugs, and xenobiotics. Therefore, these transporters have significant physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological implications. In cells of renal proximal tubules, the vectorial secretion pathways for OCs involve expression of organic cation transporters (OCTs) and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs) on basolateral and apical membrane domains, respectively. This review provides an overview of documented regulatory mechanisms governing OCTs and MATEs. Additionally, regulation of these transporters under various pathological conditions is summarized. The expression and functionality of OCTs and MATEs are subject to diverse pre- and post-translational modifications, providing insights into their regulation in various pathological conditions. Typically, in diseases, downregulation of transporter expression is observed, probably as a protective mechanism to prevent additional damage to kidney tissue. This regulation may be attributed to the intricate network of modifications these transporters undergo, shedding light on their dynamic responses in pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Pernecker
- Experimental Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Giuliano Ciarimboli
- Experimental Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Germany
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2
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Kang MJ, Kim MJ, Kim A, Koo TS, Lee KR, Chae YJ. Pharmacokinetic interactions of niclosamide in rats: Involvement of organic anion transporters 1 and 3 and organic cation transporter 2. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 390:110886. [PMID: 38280639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Niclosamide is an anthelmintic drug with a long history of use and is generally safe and well tolerated in humans. As the conventional dose of niclosamide results in a low but certain level in systemic circulation, drug interactions with concomitant drugs should be considered. We aimed to investigate the interaction between niclosamide and drug transporters, as such information is currently limited. Niclosamide inhibited the transport activity of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OAT1, OAT3, and OCT2 in vitro. Among them, the inhibitory effects on OAT1, OAT3, and OCT2 were strong, with IC50 values of less than 1 μM. When 3 mg/kg of niclosamide was co-administered to rats, systemic exposure to furosemide (a substrate of OAT1/3) and metformin (a substrate of OCT2) increased, and the renal clearance (CLr) of the drugs significantly decreased. These results suggest that niclosamide inhibits renal transporters, OAT1/3 and OCT2, not only in vitro but also in vivo, resulting in increased systemic exposure to the substrates of the transporters by strongly blocking the urinary elimination pathway in rats. The findings of this study will support a meticulous understanding of the transporter-mediated drug interactions of niclosamide and consequently aid in effective and safe use of niclosamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju, 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Aeran Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju, 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sung Koo
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Ryoon Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea; Department of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoon-Jee Chae
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju, 55338, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Woosuk University, Wanju, 55338, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Steinbüchel M, Menne J, Schröter R, Neugebauer U, Schlatter E, Ciarimboli G. Regulation of Transporters for Organic Cations by High Glucose. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14051. [PMID: 37762353 PMCID: PMC10531077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous positively charged organic substances, including neurotransmitters and cationic uremic toxins, as well as exogenous organic cations such as the anti-diabetic medication metformin, serve as substrates for organic cation transporters (OCTs) and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs). These proteins facilitate their transport across cell membranes. Vectorial transport through the OCT/MATE axis mediates the hepatic and renal excretion of organic cations, regulating their systemic and local concentrations. Organic cation transporters are part of the remote sensing and signaling system, whose activity can be regulated to cope with changes in the composition of extra- and intracellular fluids. Glucose, as a source of energy, can also function as a crucial signaling molecule, regulating gene expression in various organs and tissues. Its concentration in the blood may fluctuate in specific physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In this work, the regulation of the activity of organic cation transporters was measured by incubating human embryonic kidney cells stably expressing human OCT1 (hOCT1), hOCT2, or hMATE1 with high glucose concentrations (16.7 mM). Incubation with this high glucose concentration for 48 h significantly stimulated the activity of hOCT1, hOCT2, and hMATE1 by increasing their maximal velocity (Vmax), but without significantly changing their affinity for the substrates. These effects were independent of changes in osmolarity, as the addition of equimolar concentrations of mannitol did not alter transporter activity. The stimulation of transporter activity was associated with a significant increase in transporter mRNA expression. Inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase with Torin-1 suppressed the transporter stimulation induced by incubation with 16.7 mM glucose. Focusing on hOCT2, it was shown that incubation with 16.7 mM glucose increased hOCT2 protein expression in the plasma membrane. Interestingly, an apparent trend towards higher hOCT2 mRNA expression was observed in kidneys from diabetic patients, a pathology characterized by high serum glucose levels. Due to the small number of samples from diabetic patients (three), this observation must be interpreted with caution. In conclusion, incubation for 48 h with a high glucose concentration of 16.7 mM stimulated the activity and expression of organic cation transporters compared to those measured in the presence of 5.6 mM glucose. This stimulation by a diabetic environment could increase cellular uptake of the anti-diabetic drug metformin and increase renal tubular secretion of organic cations in an early stage of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Giuliano Ciarimboli
- Experimental Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (M.S.); (J.M.); (R.S.); (U.N.); (E.S.)
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4
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Hucke A, Schröter R, Ceresa C, Chiorazzi A, Canta A, Semperboni S, Marmiroli P, Cavaletti G, Gess B, Ciarimboli G. Role of Mouse Organic Cation Transporter 2 for Nephro- and Peripheral Neurotoxicity Induced by Chemotherapeutic Treatment with Cisplatin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11486. [PMID: 37511245 PMCID: PMC10380567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP) is an efficient chemotherapeutic agent broadly used to treat solid cancers. Chemotherapy with CDDP can cause significant unwanted side effects such as renal toxicity and peripheral neurotoxicity. CDDP is a substrate of organic cation transporters (OCT), transporters that are highly expressed in renal tissue. Therefore, CDDP uptake by OCT may play a role in causing unwanted toxicities of CDDP anticancer treatment. In this study, the contribution of the mouse OCT2 (mOCT2) to CDDP nephro- and peripheral neurotoxicity was investigated by comparing the effects of cyclic treatment with low doses of CDDP on renal and neurological functions in wild-type (WT) mice and mice with genetic deletion of OCT2 (OCT2-/- mice). This CDDP treatment protocol caused significant impairment of kidneys and peripherical neurological functions in WT mice. These effects were significantly reduced in OCT2-/- mice, however, less profoundly than what was previously measured in mice with genetic deletion of both OCT1 and 2 (OCT1-2-/- mice). Comparing the apparent affinities (IC50) of mOCT1 and mOCT2 for CDDP, the mOCT1 displayed a higher affinity for CDDP than the mOCT2 (IC50: 9 and 558 µM, respectively). Also, cellular toxicity induced by incubation with 100 µM CDDP was more pronounced in cells stably expressing mOCT1 than in cells expressing mOCT2. Therefore, in mice, CDDP uptake by both OCT1 and 2 contributes to the development of CDDP undesired side effects. OCT seem to be suitable targets for establishing treatment protocols aimed at decreasing unwanted CDDP toxicity and improving anticancer treatment with CDDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hucke
- Experimentelle Nephrologie, Medizinische Klinik D, Universitätsklinikum Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (A.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Rita Schröter
- Experimentelle Nephrologie, Medizinische Klinik D, Universitätsklinikum Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (A.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Cecilia Ceresa
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.); (S.S.); (P.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Alessia Chiorazzi
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.); (S.S.); (P.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Annalisa Canta
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.); (S.S.); (P.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Sara Semperboni
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.); (S.S.); (P.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Paola Marmiroli
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.); (S.S.); (P.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (A.C.); (S.S.); (P.M.); (G.C.)
- Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Burkhard Gess
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
- Department of Neurology, Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, University of Bielefeld, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Giuliano Ciarimboli
- Experimentelle Nephrologie, Medizinische Klinik D, Universitätsklinikum Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (A.H.); (R.S.)
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Łapczuk-Romańska J, Droździk M, Oswald S, Droździk M. Kidney Drug Transporters in Pharmacotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032856. [PMID: 36769175 PMCID: PMC9917665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney functions not only as a metabolite elimination organ but also plays an important role in pharmacotherapy. The kidney tubule epithelia cells express membrane carriers and transporters, which play an important role in drug elimination, and can determine drug nephrotoxicity and drug-drug interactions, as well as constituting direct drug targets. The above aspects of kidney transport proteins are discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Łapczuk-Romańska
- Department of Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maria Droździk
- Medical Faculty, Medical University of Lodz, Tadeusza Kościuszki 4, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Marek Droździk
- Department of Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence:
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6
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Kantauskaite M, Hucke A, Snieder B, Ciarimboli G. Exacerbation of Cisplatin Cellular Toxicity by Regulation of the Human Organic Cation Transporter 2 through Angiotensin II. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415866. [PMID: 36555515 PMCID: PMC9779897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP) is an efficient chemotherapeutic drug, whose use is associated with the development of serious undesired toxicities, such as nephrotoxicity. The human organic cation transporter 2 (hOCT2), which is highly expressed in the basolateral membrane domain of renal proximal tubules seems to play an important role in the development of CDDP nephrotoxicity. The role of angiotensin II (AII) signaling by binding to the AII receptor type 1 (AT1R) in the development and/or progression of CDDP nephrotoxicity is debated. Therefore, in this work, the regulation of hOCT2 activity by AII and its role in the development of CDDP cellular toxicity was investigated. To do this, hOCT2 was overexpressed by viral transduction in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells which were cultivated on a filter. This approach allows the separation of an apical and a basolateral membrane domain, which are easily accessible for experimentation. In this system, hOCT2 was mainly localized on the basolateral plasma membrane domain of the cells. The transporter was functional since a specific uptake of the fluorescent organic cation 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP+) with an affinity (Km) of 35 µM was only detectable by the addition of ASP+ to the basolateral compartment of hOCT2 expressing MDCK (hOCT2-MDCK) cells. Similarly, CDDP toxicity was evident mainly by CDDP addition to the basolateral compartment of hOCT2-MDCK cells cultivated on a filter. The addition of 1 nM AII stimulated hOCT2 function via PKC activation and worsened CDDP cytotoxicity via binding to AT1R. Therefore, the AII signaling pathway may be implicated in the development and/or progression of CDDP nephrotoxicity. This signaling pathway may be a target for protective interventions for example by blocking AT1R in the kidneys. However, it should be further investigated whether these findings obtained in a cell culture system may have translational relevance for the clinical situation. For toxicity experiments, a 100 µM CDDP concentration was used, which is high but allows us to identify clearly toxic effects due to hOCT2. In summary, down-regulation of hOCT2 activity by the inhibition of the AII signaling pathway may protect against CDDP nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kantauskaite
- Experimental Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Hucke
- Experimental Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Beatrice Snieder
- Experimental Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Giuliano Ciarimboli
- Experimental Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-251-83-56981
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7
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Sanagawa A, Hotta Y, Sezaki R, Tomita N, Kataoka T, Furukawa-Hibi Y, Kimura K. Effect of Replicative Senescence on the Expression and Function of Transporters in Human Proximal Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1636-1643. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuji Hotta
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Rara Sezaki
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Natsumi Tomita
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Tomoya Kataoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Yoko Furukawa-Hibi
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
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8
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In Vitro Characterization of Renal Drug Transporter Activity in Kidney Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710177. [PMID: 36077583 PMCID: PMC9456511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of drug transporters is central to the secretory function of the kidneys and a defining feature of renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTECs). The expression, regulation, and function of these membrane-bound proteins is well understood under normal renal physiological conditions. However, the impact of drug transporters on the pathophysiology of kidney cancer is still elusive. In the present study, we employed different renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines and a prototypical non-malignant RPTEC cell line to characterize the activity, expression, and potential regulatory mechanisms of relevant renal drug transporters in RCC in vitro. An analysis of the uptake and efflux activity, the expression of drug transporters, and the evaluation of cisplatin cytotoxicity under the effects of methylation or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition showed that the RCC cells retained substantial drug transport activity. In RCC cells, P-glycoprotein was localized in the nucleus and its pharmacological inhibition enhanced cisplatin toxicity in non-malignant RPTECs. On the other hand, methylation inhibition enhanced cisplatin toxicity by upregulating the organic cation uptake activity in RCC cells. Differential effects of methylation and EGFR were observed in transporter expression, showing regulatory heterogeneity in these cells. Interestingly, the non-malignant RPTEC cell line that was used lacked the machinery responsible for organic cation transport, which reiterates the functional losses that renal cells undergo in vitro.
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9
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Lack of interaction of the fluorosurfactant C6O4 with human renal transporters: In vitro/in silico analysis. Toxicology 2022; 476:153257. [PMID: 35835357 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
C6O4 is a water soluble perfluoroether carboxylic acid ammonium salt used as surfactant in the synthesis of fluoropolymers. Available experimental data in rats exposed by the oral route indicate it is eliminated in urine. Previous studies with various linear perfluorocarboxylic acids have suggested that these compounds are substrates of renal membrane transporters in rats and humans, and that the interaction with basal and apical membrane transporters can influence the elimination kinetic by these organisms and explain, in part, the observed differences in the respective half-lives. In particular, apical transporters may contribute to the reuptake of these exogenous compounds from the tubule lumen. The present study was designed to investigate the uptake of C6O4 in two renal cell lines transiently transfected with the human apical membrane transporters, organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4), and urate transporter 1 (URAT1). The uptake of the linear perfluorohexanoic acid (PFC6) was evaluated in parallel. While the uptake of the conjugated steroid estrone-3-sulfate (E3S), a known substrate for renal transporters, and of PFC6 was clearly observed in both cell types transfected with either OAT4 or URAT1, no significant uptake of C6O4 was measured under the same test conditions. The results of the transporter's functionality measured in vitro were consistent with molecular docking simulations. Both outward and inward models of the transporters showed a reduced interaction between C6O4 and URAT1 or OAT4. In contrast, more stable interactions were predicted for PFC6 and PFOA, as well as for the E3S substrate, as shown by the respective docking scores reflecting the binding strength and by the poses assumed in the transporter channels. Altogether, the in vitro and in silico modeling results showed a low reuptake potential and limited interactions of C6O4 molecule with two human apical membrane transporters, contrasting with the more efficient reuptake of PFC6 from the tubule lumen. These results suggest reabsorption from the proximal tubule by apical renal transporters is not likely to interfere with the elimination pathway of C6O4 in humans.
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10
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Türk D, Müller F, Fromm MF, Selzer D, Dallmann R, Lehr T. Renal Transporter-Mediated Drug-Biomarker Interactions of the Endogenous Substrates Creatinine and N 1 -Methylnicotinamide: A PBPK Modeling Approach. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:687-698. [PMID: 35527512 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous biomarkers for transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction (DDI) predictions represent a promising approach to facilitate and improve conventional DDI investigations in clinical studies. This approach requires high sensitivity and specificity of biomarkers for the targets of interest (e.g., transport proteins), as well as rigorous characterization of their kinetics, which can be accomplished utilizing physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop PBPK models of the endogenous organic cation transporter (OCT)2 and multidrug and toxin extrusion protein (MATE)1 substrates creatinine and N1 -methylnicotinamide (NMN). Additionally, this study aimed to predict kinetic changes of the biomarkers during administration of the OCT2 and MATE1 perpetrator drugs trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, and cimetidine. Whole-body PBPK models of creatinine and NMN were developed utilizing studies investigating creatinine or NMN exogenous administration and endogenous synthesis. The newly developed models accurately describe and predict observed plasma concentration-time profiles and urinary excretion of both biomarkers. Subsequently, models were coupled to the previously built and evaluated perpetrator models of trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, and cimetidine for interaction predictions. Increased creatinine plasma concentrations and decreased urinary excretion during the drug-biomarker interactions with trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, and cimetidine were well-described. An additional inhibition of NMN synthesis by trimethoprim and pyrimethamine was hypothesized, improving NMN plasma and urine interaction predictions. To summarize, whole-body PBPK models of creatinine and NMN were built and evaluated to better assess creatinine and NMN kinetics while uncovering knowledge gaps for future research. The models can support investigations of renal transporter-mediated DDIs during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Türk
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Fabian Müller
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin F Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Selzer
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Robert Dallmann
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Thorsten Lehr
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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11
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Järvinen E, Deng F, Kiander W, Sinokki A, Kidron H, Sjöstedt N. The Role of Uptake and Efflux Transporters in the Disposition of Glucuronide and Sulfate Conjugates. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:802539. [PMID: 35095509 PMCID: PMC8793843 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.802539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucuronidation and sulfation are the most typical phase II metabolic reactions of drugs. The resulting glucuronide and sulfate conjugates are generally considered inactive and safe. They may, however, be the most prominent drug-related material in the circulation and excreta of humans. The glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of drugs typically have limited cell membrane permeability and subsequently, their distribution and excretion from the human body requires transport proteins. Uptake transporters, such as organic anion transporters (OATs and OATPs), mediate the uptake of conjugates into the liver and kidney, while efflux transporters, such as multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), mediate expulsion of conjugates into bile, urine and the intestinal lumen. Understanding the active transport of conjugated drug metabolites is important for predicting the fate of a drug in the body and its safety and efficacy. The aim of this review is to compile the understanding of transporter-mediated disposition of phase II conjugates. We review the literature on hepatic, intestinal and renal uptake transporters participating in the transport of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of drugs, other xenobiotics and endobiotics. In addition, we provide an update on the involvement of efflux transporters in the disposition of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites. Finally, we discuss the interplay between uptake and efflux transport in the intestine, liver and kidneys as well as the role of transporters in glucuronide and sulfate conjugate toxicity, drug interactions, pharmacogenetics and species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkka Järvinen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Feng Deng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wilma Kiander
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alli Sinokki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Yee SW, Giacomini KM. Emerging Roles of the Human Solute Carrier 22 Family. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:DMD-MR-2021-000702. [PMID: 34921098 PMCID: PMC9488978 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human Solute Carrier 22 family (SLC22), also termed the organic ion transporter family, consists of 28 distinct multi-membrane spanning proteins, which phylogenetically cluster together according to their charge specificity for organic cations (OCTs), organic anions (OATs) and organic zwitterion/cations (OCTNs). Some SLC22 family members are well characterized in terms of their substrates, transport mechanisms and expression patterns, as well as their roles in human physiology and pharmacology, whereas others remain orphans with no known ligands. Pharmacologically, SLC22 family members play major roles as determinants of the absorption and disposition of many prescription drugs, and several including the renal transporters, OCT2, OAT1 and OAT3 are targets for many clinically important drug-drug interactions. In addition, mutations in some of these transporters (SLC22A5 (OCTN2) and SLC22A12 (URAT1) lead to rare monogenic disorders. Genetic polymorphisms in SLC22 transporters have been associated with common human disease, drug response and various phenotypic traits. Three members in this family were deorphaned in very recently: SLC22A14, SLC22A15 and SLC22A24, and found to transport specific compounds such as riboflavin (SLC22A14), anti-oxidant zwitterions (SLC22A15) and steroid conjugates (SLC22A24). Their physiologic and pharmacological roles need further investigation. This review aims to summarize the substrates, expression patterns and transporter mechanisms of individual SLC22 family members and their roles in human disease and drug disposition and response. Gaps in our understanding of SLC22 family members are described. Significance Statement In recent years, three members of the SLC22 family of transporters have been deorphaned and found to play important roles in the transport of diverse solutes. New research has furthered our understanding of the mechanisms, pharmacological roles, and clinical impact of SLC22 transporters. This minireview provides overview of SLC22 family members of their physiologic and pharmacologic roles, the impact of genetic variants in the SLC22 family on disease and drug response, and summary of recent studies deorphaning SLC22 family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Wah Yee
- Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Univerity of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Univerity of California, San Francisco, United States
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13
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Cladribine as a Potential Object of Nucleoside Transporter-Based Drug Interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 61:167-187. [PMID: 34894346 PMCID: PMC8813788 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cladribine is a nucleoside analog that is phosphorylated in its target cells (B and T-lymphocytes) to its active triphosphate form (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine triphosphate). Cladribine tablets 10 mg (Mavenclad®), administered for up to 10 days per year in 2 consecutive years (3.5-mg/kg cumulative dose over 2 years), are used to treat patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Cladribine has been shown to be a substrate of various nucleoside transporters (NTs). Intestinal absorption and distribution of cladribine throughout the body appear to be essentially mediated by equilibrative NTs (ENTs) and concentrative NTs (CNTs), specifically by ENT1, ENT2, ENT4, CNT2 (low affinity), and CNT3. Other efficient transporters of cladribine are the ABC efflux transporters, specifically breast cancer resistance protein, which likely modulates the oral absorption and renal excretion of cladribine. A key transporter for the intracellular uptake of cladribine into B and T-lymphocytes is ENT1 with ancillary contributions of ENT2 and CNT2. Transporter-based drug interactions affecting absorption and target cellular uptake of a prodrug such as cladribine are likely to reduce systemic bioavailability and target cell exposure, thereby possibly hampering clinical efficacy. In order to manage optimized therapy, i.e., to ensure uncompromised target cell uptake to preserve the full therapeutic potential of cladribine, it is important that clinicians are aware of the existence of NT-inhibiting medicinal products, various lifestyle drugs, and food components. This article reviews the existing knowledge on inhibitors of NT, which may alter cladribine absorption, distribution, and uptake into target cells, thereby summarizing the existing knowledge on optimized methods of administration and concomitant drugs that should be avoided during cladribine treatment.
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14
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Ramírez-Cosmes A, Reyes-Jiménez E, Zertuche-Martínez C, Hernández-Hernández CA, García-Román R, Romero-Díaz RI, Manuel-Martínez AE, Elizarrarás-Rivas J, Vásquez-Garzón VR. The implications of ABCC3 in cancer drug resistance: can we use it as a therapeutic target? Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:4127-4140. [PMID: 34659880 PMCID: PMC8493376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is one of the main causes of chemotherapy failure. Although several factors are involved in cancer drug resistant, the exporter pumps overexpression that mediates the drugs flow to outside the cells and reduces both the drugs intracellular concentration and effectiveness, has been one of the most important challenges. Overexpression of ABCC3, a member of the ABCC subfamily, has been strongly associated to the resistance to multiple drugs. ABCC3 has been found highly expressed in different types of cancers and is associated with poor prognosis and resistance to treatments. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms involved in cancer drug resistance and discuss the current knowledge about the structure, function and role of ABCC3 in drug resistance, as well as, the expression status of ABCC3 in different types of cancer. We also provide evidences that place ABCC3 as a potential therapeutic target for improving the cancer treatment by focusing on the need of developing more effective cancer therapies to target ABCC3 in translational researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ramírez-Cosmes
- Laboratorio Fibrosis y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de OaxacaOaxaca, Oax, México
| | - Edilburga Reyes-Jiménez
- Laboratorio Fibrosis y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de OaxacaOaxaca, Oax, México
| | - Cecilia Zertuche-Martínez
- Laboratorio Fibrosis y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de OaxacaOaxaca, Oax, México
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Verónica R Vásquez-Garzón
- Laboratorio Fibrosis y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de OaxacaOaxaca, Oax, México
- CONACYT-Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de OaxacaOaxaca, Oax, México
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15
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Pou Casellas C, Jansen K, Rookmaaker MB, Clevers H, Verhaar MC, Masereeuw R. Regulation of Solute Carriers OCT2 and OAT1/3 in the Kidney: A Phylogenetic, Ontogenetic and Cell Dynamic Perspective. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:993-1024. [PMID: 34486394 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the course of more than 500 million years, the kidneys have undergone a remarkable evolution from primitive nephric tubes to intricate filtration-reabsorption systems that maintain homeostasis and remove metabolic end products from the body. The evolutionarily conserved solute carriers Organic Cation Transporter 2 (OCT2), and Organic Anion Transporters 1 and 3 (OAT1/3) coordinate the active secretion of a broad range of endogenous and exogenous substances, many of which accumulate in the blood of patients with kidney failure despite dialysis. Harnessing OCT2 and OAT1/3 through functional preservation or regeneration could alleviate the progression of kidney disease. Additionally, it would improve current in vitro test models that lose their expression in culture. With this review, we explore OCT2 and OAT1/3 regulation using different perspectives: phylogenetic, ontogenetic and cell dynamic. Our aim is to identify possible molecular targets to both help prevent or compensate for the loss of transport activity in patients with kidney disease, and to enable endogenous OCT2 and OAT1/3 induction in vitro in order to develop better models for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pou Casellas
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Jansen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten B Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Koepp TN, Tokaj A, Nedvetsky PI, Conchon Costa AC, Snieder B, Schröter R, Ciarimboli G. Properties of Transport Mediated by the Human Organic Cation Transporter 2 Studied in a Polarized Three-Dimensional Epithelial Cell Culture Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179658. [PMID: 34502566 PMCID: PMC8432172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The renal secretory clearance for organic cations (neurotransmitters, metabolism products and drugs) is mediated by transporters specifically expressed in the basolateral and apical plasma membrane domains of proximal tubule cells. Here, human organic cation transporter 2 (hOCT2) is the main transporter for organic cations in the basolateral membrane domain. In this study, we stably expressed hOCT2 in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells and cultivated these cells in the presence of an extracellular matrix to obtain three-dimensional (3D) structures (cysts). The transport properties of hOCT2 expressed in MDCK cysts were compared with those measured using human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) stably transfected with hOCT2 (hOCT2-HEK cells). In the MDCK cysts, hOCT2 was expressed in the basolateral membrane domain and showed a significant uptake of the fluorescent organic cation 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP+) with an affinity (Km) of 3.6 ± 1.2 µM, similar to what was measured in the hOCT2-HEK cells (Km = 3.1 ± 0.2 µM). ASP+ uptake was inhibited by tetraethylammonium (TEA+), tetrapentylammonium (TPA+), metformin and baricitinib both in the hOCT2-HEK cells and the hOCT2- MDCK cysts, even though the apparent affinities of TEA+ and baricitinib were dependent on the expression system. Then, hOCT2 was subjected to the same rapid regulation by inhibition of p56lck tyrosine kinase or calmodulin in the hOCT2-HEK cells and hOCT2- MDCK cysts. However, inhibition of casein kinase II regulated only activity of hOCT2 expressed in MDCK cysts and not in HEK cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the 3D cell culture model is a suitable tool for the functional analysis of hOCT2 transport properties, depending on cell polarization.
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17
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Hermann R, Krajcsi P, Fluck M, Seithel-Keuth A, Bytyqi A, Galazka A, Munafo A. Review of Transporter Substrate, Inhibitor, and Inducer Characteristics of Cladribine. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:1509-1535. [PMID: 34435310 PMCID: PMC8613159 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cladribine is a nucleoside analog that is phosphorylated in its target cells (B- and T-lymphocytes) to its active adenosine triphosphate form (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine triphosphate). Cladribine tablets 10 mg (Mavenclad®) administered for up to 10 days per year in 2 consecutive years (3.5-mg/kg cumulative dose over 2 years) are used to treat patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. The ATP-binding cassette, solute carrier, and nucleoside transporter substrate, inhibitor, and inducer characteristics of cladribine are reviewed in this article. Available evidence suggests that the distribution of cladribine across biological membranes is facilitated by a number of uptake and efflux transporters. Among the key ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters, only breast cancer resistance protein has been shown to be an efficient transporter of cladribine, while P-glycoprotein does not transport cladribine well. Intestinal absorption, distribution throughout the body, and intracellular uptake of cladribine appear to be exclusively mediated by equilibrative and concentrative nucleoside transporters, specifically by ENT1, ENT2, ENT4, CNT2 (low affinity), and CNT3. Renal excretion of cladribine appears to be most likely driven by breast cancer resistance protein, ENT1, and P-glycoprotein. The latter may play a role despite its poor cladribine transport efficiency in view of the renal abundance of P-glycoprotein. There is no evidence that solute carrier uptake transporters such as organic anion transporting polypeptides, organic anion transporters, and organic cation transporters are involved in the transport of cladribine. Available in vitro studies examining the inhibitor characteristics of cladribine for a total of 13 major ATP-binding cassette, solute carrier, and CNT transporters indicate that in vivo inhibition of any of these transporters by cladribine is unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hermann
- Clinical Research Appliance (cr.appliance), Heinrich-Vingerhut-Weg 3, 63571, Gelnhausen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alain Munafo
- Institute of Pharmacometrics, an Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Al-Majdoub ZM, Scotcher D, Achour B, Barber J, Galetin A, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Quantitative Proteomic Map of Enzymes and Transporters in the Human Kidney: Stepping Closer to Mechanistic Kidney Models to Define Local Kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 110:1389-1400. [PMID: 34390491 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The applications of translational modeling of local drug concentrations in various organs had a sharp increase over the last decade. These are part of the model-informed drug development initiative, adopted by the pharmaceutical industry and promoted by drug regulatory agencies. With respect to the kidney, the models serve as a bridge for understanding animal vs. human observations related to renal drug disposition and any consequential adverse effects. However, quantitative data on key drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters relevant for predicting renal drug disposition are limited. Using targeted and global quantitative proteomics, we determined the abundance of multiple enzymes and transporters in 20 human kidney cortex samples. Nine enzymes and 22 transporters were quantified (8 for the first time in the kidneys). In addition, > 4,000 proteins were identified and used to form an open database. CYP2B6, CYP3A5, and CYP4F2 showed comparable, but generally low expression, whereas UGT1A9 and UGT2B7 levels were the highest. Significant correlation between abundance and activity (measured by mycophenolic acid clearance) was observed for UGT1A9 (Rs = 0.65, P = 0.004) and UGT2B7 (Rs = 0.70, P = 0.023). Expression of P-gp ≈ MATE-1 and OATP4C1 transporters were high. Strong intercorrelations were observed between several transporters (P-gp/MRP4, MRP2/OAT3, and OAT3/OAT4); no correlation in expression was apparent for functionally related transporters (OCT2/MATEs). This study extends our knowledge of pharmacologically relevant proteins in the kidney cortex, with implications on more prudent use of mechanistic kidney models under the general framework of quantitative systems pharmacology and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubida M Al-Majdoub
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel Scotcher
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Brahim Achour
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jill Barber
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Certara UK (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, UK
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19
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Szeto KX, Le Merdy M, Dupont B, Bolger MB, Lukacova V. PBPK Modeling Approach to Predict the Behavior of Drugs Cleared by Kidney in Pregnant Subjects and Fetus. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:89. [PMID: 34169370 PMCID: PMC8225528 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model predicting the pharmacokinetics (PK) of different compounds in pregnant subjects. This model considers the differences in tissue sizes, blood flow rates, enzyme expression levels, glomerular filtration rates, plasma protein binding, and other factors affected during pregnancy in both the maternal and fetal models. The PBPKPlus™ module in GastroPlus® was used to model the PK of cefuroxime and cefazolin. For both compounds, the model was first validated against PK data in healthy non-pregnant volunteers and then applied to predict pregnant groups PK. The model accurately described the PK in both non-pregnant and pregnant groups and explained well differences in the plasma concentration due to pregnancy. The fetal plasma and amniotic fluid concentrations were also predicted reasonably well at different stages of pregnancy. This work describes the use of a PBPK approach for drug development and demonstrates the ability to predict differences in PK in pregnant subjects and fetal exposure for compounds excreted renally. The prediction for pregnant groups is also improved when the model is calibrated with postpartum or non-pregnant female group if such data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu Szeto
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - Maxime Le Merdy
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - Benjamin Dupont
- PhinC Development, 36 Rue Victor Basch, 91300, Massy, France
| | - Michael B Bolger
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - Viera Lukacova
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA.
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20
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Deng F, Tuomi SK, Neuvonen M, Hirvensalo P, Kulju S, Wenzel C, Oswald S, Filppula AM, Niemi M. Comparative Hepatic and Intestinal Efflux Transport of Statins. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:750-759. [PMID: 34162690 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that lipid-lowering statins are transported by various ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. However, because of varying methods, it is difficult to compare the transport profiles of statins. Therefore, we investigated the transport of 10 statins or statin metabolites by six ABC transporters using human embryonic kidney cell-derived membrane vesicles. The transporter protein expression levels in the vesicles were quantified with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and used to scale the measured clearances to tissue levels. In our study, apically expressed breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transported atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, and rosuvastatin. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (MRP3) transported atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, and, to a smaller extent, pravastatin. MRP4 transported fluvastatin and rosuvastatin. The scaled clearances suggest that BCRP contributes to 87%-91% and 84% of the total active efflux of rosuvastatin in the small intestine and the liver, respectively. For atorvastatin, the corresponding values for P-gp-mediated efflux were 43%-79% and 66%, respectively. MRP3, on the other hand, may contribute to 23%-26% and 25%-37% of total active efflux of atorvastatin, fluvastatin, and pitavastatin in jejunal enterocytes and liver hepatocytes, respectively. These data indicate that BCRP may play an important role in limiting the intestinal absorption and facilitating the biliary excretion of rosuvastatin and that P-gp may restrict the intestinal absorption and mediate the biliary excretion of atorvastatin. Moreover, the basolateral MRP3 may enhance the intestinal absorption and sinusoidal hepatic efflux of several statins. Taken together, the data show that statins differ considerably in their efflux transport profiles. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study characterized and compared the transport of atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin acid and four atorvastatin metabolites by six ABC transporters (BCRP, MRP2, MRP3, MRP4, MRP8, P-gp). Based on in vitro findings and protein abundance data, the study concludes that BCRP, MRP3, and P-gp have a major impact in the efflux of various statins. Together with in vitro metabolism, uptake transport, and clinical data, our findings are applicable for use in comparative systems pharmacology modeling of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Deng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.), and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.); Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (C.W., S.O.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany (S.O.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (M.Ni.)
| | - Suvi-Kukka Tuomi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.), and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.); Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (C.W., S.O.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany (S.O.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (M.Ni.)
| | - Mikko Neuvonen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.), and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.); Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (C.W., S.O.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany (S.O.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (M.Ni.)
| | - Päivi Hirvensalo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.), and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.); Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (C.W., S.O.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany (S.O.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (M.Ni.)
| | - Sami Kulju
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.), and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.); Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (C.W., S.O.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany (S.O.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (M.Ni.)
| | - Christoph Wenzel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.), and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.); Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (C.W., S.O.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany (S.O.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (M.Ni.)
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.), and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.); Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (C.W., S.O.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany (S.O.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (M.Ni.)
| | - Anne M Filppula
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.), and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.); Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (C.W., S.O.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany (S.O.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (M.Ni.)
| | - Mikko Niemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.), and Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (F.D., S.-K.T., M.Ne, P.H., S.K., A.M.F., M.Ni.); Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany (C.W., S.O.); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany (S.O.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (M.Ni.)
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21
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Tátrai P, Erdő F, Dörnyei G, Krajcsi P. Modulation of Urate Transport by Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060899. [PMID: 34204277 PMCID: PMC8235739 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum urate (SU) levels in primates are extraordinarily high among mammals. Urate is a Janus-faced molecule that acts physiologically as a protective antioxidant but provokes inflammation and gout when it precipitates at high concentrations. Transporters play crucial roles in urate disposition, and drugs that interact with urate transporters either by intention or by accident may modulate SU levels. We examined whether in vitro transporter interaction studies may clarify and predict such effects. METHODS Transporter interaction profiles of clinically proven urate-lowering (uricosuric) and hyperuricemic drugs were compiled from the literature, and the predictive value of in vitro-derived cut-offs like Cmax/IC50 on the in vivo outcome (clinically relevant decrease or increase of SU) was assessed. RESULTS Interaction with the major reabsorptive urate transporter URAT1 appears to be dominant over interactions with secretory transporters in determining the net effect of a drug on SU levels. In vitro inhibition interpreted using the recommended cut-offs is useful at predicting the clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS In vitro safety assessments regarding urate transport should be done early in drug development to identify candidates at risk of causing major imbalances. Attention should be paid both to the inhibition of secretory transporters and inhibition or trans-stimulation of reabsorptive transporters, especially URAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Tátrai
- Solvo Biotechnology, Science Park, Building B2, 4-20 Irinyi József utca, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Franciska Erdő
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Gabriella Dörnyei
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Péter Krajcsi
- Solvo Biotechnology, Science Park, Building B2, 4-20 Irinyi József utca, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary;
- Correspondence:
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22
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Wen X, Kozlosky D, Zhang R, Doherty C, Buckley B, Barrett E, Aleksunes LM. BCRP/ ABCG2 Transporter Regulates Accumulation of Cadmium in Kidney Cells: Role of the Q141K Variant in Modulating Nephrotoxicity. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:629-637. [PMID: 34074729 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to the environmental pollutant cadmium is ubiquitous, as it is present in cigarette smoke and the food supply. Over time, cadmium enters and accumulates in the kidneys, where it causes tubular injury. The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ATP-Binding Cassette G2 ABCG2) is an efflux transporter that mediates the urinary secretion of pharmaceuticals and toxins. The ABCG2 genetic variant Q141K exhibits altered membrane trafficking that results in reduced efflux of BCRP substrates. Here, we sought to 1) evaluate the in vitro and in vivo ability of BCRP to transport cadmium and protect kidney cells from toxicity and 2) determine whether this protection is impaired by the Q141K variant. Cadmium concentrations, cellular stress, and toxicity were quantified in human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing an empty vector (EV), BCRP wild-type (WT), or variant (Q141K) gene. Treatment with CdCl2 resulted in greater accumulation of cadmium and apoptosis in EV cells relative to WT cells. Exposure to CdCl2 induced expression of stress-related genes and proteins including MT-1A/MT-2A, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1, and heme oxygenase-1 to a higher extent in EV cells compared with WT cells. Notably, the Q141K variant protected against CdCl2-induced activation of stress genes and cytotoxicity, but this protection was to a lesser magnitude than observed with WT BCRP. Lastly, concentrations of cadmium in the kidneys of Bcrp knockout mice were 40% higher than in WT mice, confirming that cadmium is an in vivo substrate of BCRP. In conclusion, BCRP prevents the accumulation of cadmium and protects against toxicity, a response that is impaired by the Q141K variant. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The breast cancer resistance protein transporter lowers cellular accumulation of the toxic heavy metal cadmium. This protective function is partially attenuated by the Q141K genetic variant in the ABCG2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey (X.W., D.K., L.M.A.); Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (X.W., R.Z., C.D., B.B., E.B., L.M.A.); and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (R.Z., E.B.)
| | - Danielle Kozlosky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey (X.W., D.K., L.M.A.); Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (X.W., R.Z., C.D., B.B., E.B., L.M.A.); and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (R.Z., E.B.)
| | - Ranran Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey (X.W., D.K., L.M.A.); Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (X.W., R.Z., C.D., B.B., E.B., L.M.A.); and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (R.Z., E.B.)
| | - Cathleen Doherty
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey (X.W., D.K., L.M.A.); Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (X.W., R.Z., C.D., B.B., E.B., L.M.A.); and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (R.Z., E.B.)
| | - Brian Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey (X.W., D.K., L.M.A.); Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (X.W., R.Z., C.D., B.B., E.B., L.M.A.); and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (R.Z., E.B.)
| | - Emily Barrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey (X.W., D.K., L.M.A.); Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (X.W., R.Z., C.D., B.B., E.B., L.M.A.); and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (R.Z., E.B.)
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey (X.W., D.K., L.M.A.); Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (X.W., R.Z., C.D., B.B., E.B., L.M.A.); and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey (R.Z., E.B.)
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Drozdzik M, Drozdzik M, Oswald S. Membrane Carriers and Transporters in Kidney Physiology and Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040426. [PMID: 33919957 PMCID: PMC8070919 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing information suggests that chronic kidney disease may affect expression and function of membrane carriers and transporters in the kidney. The dysfunction of carriers and transporters entails deficient elimination of uremic solutes as well as xenobiotics (drugs and toxins) with subsequent clinical consequences. The renal carriers and transporters are also targets of drugs used in clinical practice, and intentional drug-drug interactions in the kidney are produced to increase therapeutic efficacy. The understanding of membrane carriers and transporters function in chronic kidney disease is important not only to better characterize drug pharmacokinetics, drug actions in the kidney, or drug-drug interactions but also to define the organ pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Drozdzik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Drozdzik
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18051 Rostock, Germany;
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24
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Wenzel C, Drozdzik M, Oswald S. Organic Cation Transporter 1 an Intestinal Uptake Transporter: Fact or Fiction? Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:648388. [PMID: 33935750 PMCID: PMC8080103 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.648388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal transporter proteins are known to affect the pharmacokinetics and in turn the efficacy and safety of many orally administered drugs in a clinically relevant manner. This knowledge is especially well-established for intestinal ATP-binding cassette transporters such as P-gp and BCRP. In contrast to this, information about intestinal uptake carriers is much more limited although many hydrophilic or ionic drugs are not expected to undergo passive diffusion but probably require specific uptake transporters. A transporter which is controversially discussed with respect to its expression, localization and function in the human intestine is the organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1). This review article provides an up-to-date summary on the available data from expression analysis as well as functional studies in vitro, animal findings and clinical observations. The current evidence suggests that OCT1 is expressed in the human intestine in small amounts (on gene and protein levels), while its cellular localization in the apical or basolateral membrane of the enterocytes remains to be finally defined, but functional data point to a secretory function of the transporter at the basolateral membrane. Thus, OCT1 should not be considered as a classical uptake transporter in the intestine but rather as an intestinal elimination pathway for cationic compounds from the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wenzel
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marek Drozdzik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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25
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Ma HY, Chen S, Du Y. Estrogen and estrogen receptors in kidney diseases. Ren Fail 2021; 43:619-642. [PMID: 33784950 PMCID: PMC8018493 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2021.1901739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are posing great threats to global health within this century. Studies have suggested that estrogen and estrogen receptors (ERs) play important roles in many physiological processes in the kidney. For instance, they are crucial in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and modulating endothelin-1 (ET-1) system in the kidney. Estrogen takes part in the kidney repair and regeneration via its receptors. Estrogen also participates in the regulation of phosphorus homeostasis via its receptors in the proximal tubule. The ERα polymorphisms have been associated with the susceptibilities and outcomes of several renal diseases. As a consequence, the altered or dysregulated estrogen/ERs signaling pathways may contribute to a variety of kidney diseases, including various causes-induced AKI, diabetic kidney disease (DKD), lupus nephritis (LN), IgA nephropathy (IgAN), CKD complications, etc. Experimental and clinical studies have shown that targeting estrogen/ERs signaling pathways might have protective effects against certain renal disorders. However, many unsolved problems still exist in knowledge regarding the roles of estrogen and ERs in distinct kidney diseases. Further research is needed to shed light on this area and to enable the discovery of pathway-specific therapies for kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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26
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Rosa B. Equine Drug Transporters: A Mini-Review and Veterinary Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111064. [PMID: 33171593 PMCID: PMC7695171 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic transport proteins play an important role in determining drug disposition and pharmacokinetics. Our understanding of the role of these important proteins in humans and pre-clinical animal species has increased substantially over the past few decades, and has had an important impact on human medicine; however, veterinary medicine has not benefitted from the same quantity of research into drug transporters in species of veterinary interest. Differences in transporter expression cause difficulties in extrapolation of drug pharmacokinetic parameters between species, and lack of knowledge of species-specific transporter distribution and function can lead to drug–drug interactions and adverse effects. Horses are one species in which little is known about drug transport and transporter protein expression. The purpose of this mini-review is to stimulate interest in equine drug transport proteins and comparative transporter physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brielle Rosa
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, TRW 2D01, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
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27
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Sundelin E, Jensen JB, Jakobsen S, Gormsen LC, Jessen N. Metformin Biodistribution: A Key to Mechanisms of Action? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5850036. [PMID: 32480406 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metformin has undisputed glucose-lowering effects in diabetes and an impressive safety record. It has also shown promising effects beyond diabetes, and several hundred clinical trials involving metformin are currently planned or active. Metformin targets intracellular effectors, but exactly which remain to be established, and in an era of precision medicine, an incomplete understanding of mechanisms of action may limit the use of metformin. Distribution of metformin depends on specific organic cation transporter proteins that are organ- and species-specific. Therefore, target tissues of metformin can be identified by cellular uptake of the drug, and exploring the biodistribution of the drug in humans becomes an attractive strategy to assist the many investigations into the mechanisms of action of metformin performed in animals. In this review, we combine the emerging evidence from the use of 11C-labeled metformin in humans to discuss metformin action in liver, intestines, and kidney, which are the organs with the most avid uptake of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Sundelin
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas Brorson Jensen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steen Jakobsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars C Gormsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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28
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Extrahepatic Drug Transporters in Liver Failure: Focus on Kidney and Gastrointestinal Tract. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165737. [PMID: 32785140 PMCID: PMC7461118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging information suggests that liver pathological states may affect the expression and function of membrane transporters in the gastrointestinal tract and the kidney. Altered status of the transporters could affect drug as well as endogenous compounds handling with subsequent clinical consequences. It seems that changes in intestinal and kidney transporter functions provide the compensatory activity of eliminating endogenous compounds (e.g., bile acids) generated and accumulated due to liver dysfunction. A literature search was conducted on the Ovid and PubMed databases to select relevant in vitro, animal and human studies that have reported expression, protein abundance and function of the gastrointestinal and kidney operating ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters and SLC (solute carriers) carriers. The accumulated data suggest that liver failure-associated transporter alterations in the gastrointestinal tract and kidney may affect drug pharmacokinetics. The altered status of drug transporters in those organs in liver dysfunction conditions may provide compensatory activity in handling endogenous compounds, affecting local drug actions as well as drug pharmacokinetics.
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29
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Rapid Regulation of Human Multidrug and Extrusion Transporters hMATE1 and hMATE2K. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145157. [PMID: 32708212 PMCID: PMC7404265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vectorial transport of organic cations (OCs) in renal proximal tubules is mediated by sequential action of human OC transporter 2 (hOCT2) and human multidrug and toxic extrusion protein 1 and 2K (hMATE1 and hMATE2K), expressed in the basolateral (hOCT2) and luminal (hMATE1 and hMATE2K) plasma membranes, respectively. It is well known that hOCT2 activity is subjected to rapid regulation by several signaling pathways, suggesting that renal OC secretion may be acutely adapted to physiological requirements. Therefore, in this work, the acute regulation of hMATEs stably expressed in human embryonic kidney cells was characterized using the fluorescent substrate 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP+) as a marker. A specific regulation of ASP+ transport by hMATE1 and hMATE2K measured in uptake and efflux configurations was observed. In the example of hMATE1 efflux reduction by inhibition of casein kinase II, it was also shown that this regulation is able to modify transcellular transport of ASP+ in Madin–Darby canine kidney II cells expressing hOCT2 and hMATE1 on the basolateral and apical membrane domains, respectively. The activity of hMATEs can be rapidly regulated by some intracellular pathways, which sometimes are common to those found for hOCTs. Interference with these pathways may be important to regulate renal secretion of OCs.
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30
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Huang L, Liao J, He J, Pan S, Zhang H, Yang X, Cheng J, Chen Y, Mo Z. Single-cell profiling reveals sex diversity in human renal proximal tubules. Gene 2020; 752:144790. [PMID: 32439376 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Many anatomical regions in the kidney, including proximal tubules, differ between males and females. While such differences in renal structures and functions under various physiological and pharmacological conditions have been identified, information relating to molecular mechanisms behind this gender disparity remain unknown. To understand gene expression differences in proximal tubules from human male and female kidneys, we reported on kidney cellular landscape using single-cell RNA sequencing. Differential gene expression profiles were observed in proximal tubules, between the sexes. Interestingly, the SLC22 family of anion transporters, including SLC22A6 and SLC22A8, had different expression profiles between male and female proximal tubule clusters but not sex-dependent abundance at the protein level. Moreover, in different species, we revealed a shared and species-specific differential gene expression between human and mouse kidney proximal tubules. Taken together, at single-cell resolution, this transcriptomic map represents a baseline description of gender biased genes in human kidney proximal tubules, which provide important insights for further studies of physiological differences in kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China; Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China; Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China; Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Juan He
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Siqiong Pan
- Department of Pathology, The Four Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jiwen Cheng
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China; Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China; Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China; Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Zengnan Mo
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China; Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China; Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
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31
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Ciarimboli G, Theil G, Bialek J, Edemir B. Contribution and Expression of Organic Cation Transporters and Aquaporin Water Channels in Renal Cancer. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 181:81-104. [PMID: 32772272 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The body homeostasis is maintained mainly by the function of the kidneys, which regulate salt and water balance and excretion of metabolism waste products and xenobiotics. This important renal function is determined by the action of many transport systems, which are specifically expressed in the different parts of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidneys. These transport systems are involved, for example, in the reabsorption of sodium, glucose, and other important solutes and peptides from the primary urine. They are also important in the reabsorption of water and thereby production of a concentrated urine. However, several studies have shown the importance of transport systems for different tumor entities. Transport systems, for example, contributed to the proliferation and migration of cancer cells and thereby on tumor progression. They could also serve as drug transporters that could enable drug resistance by outward transport of, for example, chemotherapeutic agents and other drugs. Although many renal transporters have been characterized in detail with respect to the significance for proper kidney function, their role in renal cancer progression is less known. Here, we describe the types of renal cancer and review the studies that analyzed the role of organic cation transporters of the SLC22-family and of the aquaporin water channel family in kidney tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Ciarimboli
- Medicine Clinic D, Experimental Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerit Theil
- Clinic of Urology, University Hospital, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Joanna Bialek
- Clinic of Urology, University Hospital, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bayram Edemir
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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