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Lozano AI, Kumar S, Pereira PJS, Kerkeni B, García G, Limão-Vieira P. Low-lying Negative Ion States Probed in Potassium - Ethanol Collisions. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400314. [PMID: 38630012 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Dissociative electron transfer in collisions between neutral potassium atoms and neutral ethanol molecules yields mainly OH-, followed by C2H5O-, O-, CH3 - and CH2 -. The dynamics of negative ions have been investigated by recording time-of-flight mass spectra in a wide range of collision energies from 17.5 to 350 eV in the lab frame, where the branching ratios show a relevant energy dependence for low/intermediate collision energies. The dominant fragmentation channel in the whole energy range investigated has been assigned to the hydroxyl anion in contrast to oxygen anion from dissociative electron attachment (DEA) experiments. This result shows the relevant role of the electron donor in the vicinity of the temporary negative ion formed allowing access to reactions which are not thermodynamically attained in DEA experiments. The electronic state spectroscopy of such negative ions, was obtained from potassium cation energy loss spectra in the forward scattering direction at 205 eV impact energy, showing a prevalent Feshbach resonance at 9.36±0.10 eV withσ O H * / σ C H * ${{\sigma }_{OH}^{^{\ast}}/{\sigma }_{CH}^{^{\ast}}}$ character, while a less pronouncedσ O H * ${{\sigma }_{OH}^{^{\ast}}}$ contribution assigned to a shape resonance has been obtained at 3.16±0.10 eV. Quantum chemical calculations for the lowest-lying unoccupied molecular orbitals in the presence of a potassium atom have been performed to support the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Lozano
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, CNRS, CNES, 9 Avenue du Colonel Roche, 31028 Toulouse, France
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA
| | - Sarvesh Kumar
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, CNRS, CNES, 9 Avenue du Colonel Roche, 31028 Toulouse, France
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA
| | - Pedro J S Pereira
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, CNRS, CNES, 9 Avenue du Colonel Roche, 31028 Toulouse, France
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Boutheïna Kerkeni
- ISAMM, Université de la Manouba, La Manouba, 2010, Tunisia
- Département de Physique, LPMC, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis el Manar, Tunis, 2092, Tunisia
| | - Gustavo García
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Serrano 113-bis, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paulo Limão-Vieira
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, CNRS, CNES, 9 Avenue du Colonel Roche, 31028 Toulouse, France
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA
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Kumar S, Hoshino M, Kerkeni B, García G, Limão-Vieira P. Isotope Effect in D 2O Negative Ion Formation in Electron Transfer Experiments: DO-D Bond Dissociation Energy. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:5362-5369. [PMID: 37276433 PMCID: PMC10278136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
H2O/D2O negative ion time-of-flight mass spectra from electron transfer processes at different collision energies with neutral potassium yield OH-/OD-, O-, and H-/D-. The branching ratios show a relevant energy dependence with an important isotope effect in D2O. Electronic state spectroscopy of water has been further investigated by recording potassium cation energy loss spectra in the forward scattering direction at an impact energy of 205 eV (lab frame), with quantum chemical calculations for the lowest-lying unoccupied molecular orbitals in the presence of a potassium atom supporting most of the experimental findings. The DO-D bond dissociation energy has been determined for the first time to be 5.41 ± 0.10 eV. The collision dynamics revealed the character of the singly excited (1b2-1) molecular orbital and doubly excited states in such K-H2O and K-D2O collisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh Kumar
- Atomic
and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Masamitsu Hoshino
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Boutheïna Kerkeni
- ISAMM,
Université de la Manouba, La Manouba 2010, Tunisia
- Département
de Physique, LPMC, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis el Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
| | - Gustavo García
- Instituto
de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CSIC), Serrano 113-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paulo Limão-Vieira
- Atomic
and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Lozano AI, Kossoski F, Blanco F, Limão-Vieira P, Varella MTDN, García G. Observation of Transient Anions That Do Not Decay through Dissociative Electron Attachment: New Pathways for Radiosensitization. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7001-7008. [PMID: 35894633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Low-energy electrons (LEEs) can very efficiently induce bond breaking via dissociative electron attachment (DEA). While DEA is ubiquitous, the importance of other reactions initiated by LEEs remains much more elusive. Here, we looked into this question by measuring highly accurate total cross sections for electron scattering from 1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (1M5NI), a model radiosensitizer. The small uncertainty and high energy resolution allow us to identify many resonant features related to the formation of transient anions. In addition to novel insights about DEA reactions through the lower-lying resonances, our key finding is that the higher-lying resonances do not undergo DEA, implying alternative decay channels with significant cross sections. In particular, dissociation into two neutral fragments is probably involved in the case of 1M5NI. This finding has direct implications for the understanding of LEE-induced chemistry, particularly in the fundamental processes underlying the radiosensitization activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Lozano
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 113-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratório de Colisões Atómicas e Moleculares, CEFITEC, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Fábris Kossoski
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Francisco Blanco
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paulo Limão-Vieira
- Laboratório de Colisões Atómicas e Moleculares, CEFITEC, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Márcio T do N Varella
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1731, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo García
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 113-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, NSW, Australia
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Sensing the ortho Positions in C6Cl6 and C6H4Cl2 from Cl2− Formation upon Molecular Reduction. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154820. [PMID: 35956769 PMCID: PMC9369944 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The geometrical effect of chlorine atom positions in polyatomic molecules after capturing a low-energy electron is shown to be a prevalent mechanism yielding Cl2−. In this work, we investigated hexachlorobenzene reduction in electron transfer experiments to determine the role of chlorine atom positions around the aromatic ring, and compared our results with those using ortho-, meta- and para-dichlorobenzene molecules. This was achieved by combining gas-phase experiments to determine the reaction threshold by means of mass spectrometry together with quantum chemical calculations. We also observed that Cl2− formation can only occur in 1,2-C6H4Cl2, where the two closest C–Cl bonds are cleaved while the chlorine atoms are brought together within the ring framework due to excess energy dissipation. These results show that a strong coupling between electronic and C–Cl bending motion is responsible for a positional isomeric effect, where molecular recognition is a determining factor in chlorine anion formation.
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Kumar S, Ben Chouikha I, Kerkeni B, García G, Limão-Vieira P. Bound Electron Enhanced Radiosensitisation of Nimorazole upon Charge Transfer. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134134. [PMID: 35807379 PMCID: PMC9268075 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This novel work reports nimorazole (NIMO) radiosensitizer reduction upon electron transfer in collisions with neutral potassium (K) atoms in the lab frame energy range of 10–400 eV. The negative ions formed in this energy range were time-of-flight mass analyzed and branching ratios were obtained. Assignment of different anions showed that more than 80% was due to the formation of the non-dissociated parent anion NIMO•− at 226 u and nitrogen dioxide anion NO2− at 46 u. The rich fragmentation pattern revealed that significant collision induced the decomposition of the 4-nitroimidazole ring, as well as other complex internal reactions within the temporary negative ion formed after electron transfer to neutral NIMO. Other fragment anions were only responsible for less than 20% of the total ion yield. Additional information on the electronic state spectroscopy of nimorazole was obtained by recording a K+ energy loss spectrum in the forward scattering direction (θ ≈ 0°), allowing us to determine the most accessible electronic states within the temporary negative ion. Quantum chemical calculations on the electronic structure of NIMO in the presence of a potassium atom were performed to help assign the most significant lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals participating in the collision process. Electron transfer was shown to be a relevant process for nimorazole radiosensitisation through efficient and prevalent non-dissociated parent anion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh Kumar
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Islem Ben Chouikha
- Département de Physique, LPMC, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis el Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia;
| | - Boutheïna Kerkeni
- Département de Physique, LPMC, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis el Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia;
- ISAMM, Université de La Manouba, La Manouba 2010, Tunisia
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (P.L.-V.)
| | - Gustavo García
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 113-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Paulo Limão-Vieira
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (P.L.-V.)
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Zhang YR, Yuan DF, Wang LS. Probing the Electronic Structure and Spectroscopy of the Pyrrolyl and Imidazolyl Radicals using High-Resolution Photoelectron Imaging of Cryogenically-Cooled Anions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:6505-6514. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00189f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution photoelectron imaging and photodetachment spectroscopy of cryogenically-cooled pyrrolide and imidazolide anions are used to probe the electronic structure and spectroscopy of the pyrrolyl and imidazolyl radicals. The high-resolution data...
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Kumar S, Kilich T, Łabuda M, García G, Limão-Vieira P. Anionic states of C 6Cl 6 probed in electron transfer experiments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:366-374. [PMID: 34889910 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04500h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This is the first comprehensive investigation on the anionic species formed during collisions of fast neutral potassium (K) atoms with neutral hexachlorobenzene (C6Cl6) molecules in the laboratory frame range from 10 up to 100 eV. In such ion-pair formation experiments we also report a novel K+ energy loss spectrum obtained in the forward scattering giving evidence of the most accessible electronic states. The vertical electron affinity of (-3.76 ± 0.20) eV has been obtained and assigned to a purely repulsive transition from the C6Cl6 ground state to a state of the temporary negative ion yielding Cl- formation. These experimental findings are also supported by state-of-the art theoretical calculations on the electronic structure of C6Cl6 in the presence of a potassium atom and are used for analysing the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals participating in the collision process. From the time-of-flight mass spectra recorded in the wide collision energy range, more than 80% of the total anion yield is due to the undissociated parent anion C6Cl6-, C6Cl5- and Cl- formation. Other fragment anions such as C6Cl4-, C3Cl2-, C2Cl- and Cl2- that undergo complex internal reactions with the temporary negative ion formed after electron transfer account for less than 20% of the total yield. The joint experimental and theoretical methodologies employed in these electron transfer studies provide the most comprehensive and unique assignments of the hexachlorobenzene anionic species and the role of C6Cl6 electronic states in collision induced dissociation to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumar
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - T Kilich
- Department of Theoretical Physics and Quantum Information, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - M Łabuda
- Department of Theoretical Physics and Quantum Information, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.,BioTechMed, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - G García
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Serrano 113-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - P Limão-Vieira
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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Meißner R, Feketeová L, Bayer A, Limão-Vieira P, Denifl S. Formation of negative and positive ions in the radiosensitizer nimorazole upon low-energy electron collisions. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:074306. [PMID: 33607883 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive investigation of low-energy electron attachment and electron ionization of the nimorazole radiosensitizer used in cancer radiation therapy is reported by means of a gas-phase crossed beam experiment in an electron energy range from 0 eV to 70 eV. Regarding negative ion formation, we discuss the formation of fifteen fragment anions in the electron energy range of 0 eV-10 eV, where the most intense signal is assigned to the nitrogen dioxide anion NO2 -. The other fragment anions have been assigned to form predominantly from a common temporary negative ion state close to 3 eV of the nitroimidazole moiety, while the morpholine moiety seems to act only as a spectator in the dissociative electron attachment event to nimorazole. Quantum chemical calculations have been performed to help interpreting the experimental data with thermochemical thresholds, electron affinities, and geometries of some of the neutral molecules. As far as positive ion formation is concerned, the mass spectrum at the electron energy of 70 eV shows a weakly abundant parent ion and C5H10NO+ as the most abundant fragment cation. We report appearance energy (AE) measurements for six cations. For the intact nimorazole molecular cation, the AE of 8.16 ± 0.05 eV was obtained, which is near the presently calculated adiabatic ionization energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Meißner
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics and Center for Biomolecular Sciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L Feketeová
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics and Center for Biomolecular Sciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Bayer
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics and Center for Biomolecular Sciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P Limão-Vieira
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - S Denifl
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics and Center for Biomolecular Sciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Lozano AI, Maioli LS, Pamplona B, Romero J, Mendes M, Ferreira da Silva F, Kossoski F, Probst M, Süβ D, Bettega MHF, García G, Limão-Vieira P. Selective bond breaking of halothane induced by electron transfer in potassium collisions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:23837-23846. [PMID: 33073277 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02570d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present novel experimental results of negative ion formation of halothane (C2HBrClF3) upon electron transfer from hyperthermal neutral potassium atoms (K°) in the collision energy range of 8-1000 eV. The experiments were performed in a crossed molecular beam setup allowing a comprehensive analysis of the time-of-flight (TOF) mass negative ions fragmentation pattern and a detailed knowledge of the collision dynamics in the energy range investigated. Such TOF mass spectra data show that the only negative ions formed are Br-, Cl- and F-, with a strong energy dependence in the low-energy collision region, with the bromine anion being the most abundant and sole fragment at the lowest collision energy probed. In addition, potassium cation (K+) energy loss spectra in the forward scattering direction were obtained in a hemispherical energy analyser at different K° impact energies. In order to support our experimental findings, ab initio quantum chemical calculations have been performed to help interpret the role of the electronic structure of halothane. Potential energy curves were obtained along the C-X (X = Br, Cl) coordinate to lend support to the dissociation processes yielding anion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Lozano
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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Itälä E, Niskanen J, Pihlava L, Kukk E. Fragmentation Patterns of Radiosensitizers Metronidazole and Nimorazole upon Valence Ionization. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5555-5562. [PMID: 32513004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We study gas-phase photodissociation of radiosensitizer molecules nimorazole and metronidazole with the focus on the yield of the oxygen mimics nitrogen oxides and nitrous acid. Regardless of photon energy, we find the nimorazole cation to split the intramolecular bridge with little NO2 or NO production, which makes the molecule a precursor of dehydrogenated methylnitroimidazole. Metronidazole cation, on the contrary, has numerous fragmentation pathways with strong energy dependence. Most notably, ejection of NOOH and NO2 takes place within 4 eV from the valence ionization energy. Whereas the NO2 ejection is followed by further fragmentation steps when energy so allows, we find emission of NOOH takes place in microsecond time-scales and as a slow process that is relevant only when no other competing reaction is feasible. These primary dissociation characteristics of the molecules are understood by applying the long-known principle of rapid internal conversion of the initial electronic excitation energy and by studying the energy minima and the saddle points on the potential energy surface of the electronic ground state of the molecular cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Itälä
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Johannes Niskanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Lassi Pihlava
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Edwin Kukk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
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