Emerging Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;21. [PMID: 31905958 PMCID: PMC6982002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010258]

Non‑coding RNA: A promising diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (Review)

Esophageal cancer (EC) is a common form of malignant tumor in the digestive system that is classified into two types: Esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma. ESCC is known for its early onset of symptoms, which can be difficult to identify, as well as its rapid progression and tendency to develop drug resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. These factors contribute to the high incidence of disease and low cure rate. Therefore, a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target need to be identified for ESCC. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of molecules that are transcribed from DNA but do not encode proteins. Initially, ncRNAs were considered to be non-functional segments generated during transcription. However, with advancements in high-throughput sequencing technologies in recent years, ncRNAs have been associated with poor prognosis, drug resistance and progression of ESCC. The present study provides a comprehensive overview of the biogenesis, characteristics and functions of ncRNAs, particularly focusing on microRNA, long ncRNAs and circular RNAs. Furthermore, the ncRNAs that could potentially be used as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ESCC are summarized to highlight their application value and prospects in ESCC.

Latest insights into the global epidemiological features, screening, early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

As a highly invasive carcinoma, esophageal cancer (EC) was the eighth most prevalent malignancy and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide in 2020. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the major histological subtype of EC, and its incidence and mortality rates are decreasing globally. Due to the lack of specific early symptoms, ESCC patients are usually diagnosed with advanced-stage disease with a poor prognosis, and the incidence and mortality rates are still high in many countries, especially in China. Therefore, enormous challenges still exist in the management of ESCC, and novel strategies are urgently needed to further decrease the incidence and mortality rates of ESCC. Although the key molecular mechanisms underlying ESCC pathogenesis have not been fully elucidated, certain promising biomarkers are being investigated to facilitate clinical decision-making. With the advent and advancement of high-throughput technologies, such as genomics, proteomics and metabolomics, valuable biomarkers with high sensitivity, specificity and stability could be identified for ESCC. Herein, we aimed to determine the epidemiological features of ESCC in different regions of the world, especially in China, and focused on novel molecular biomarkers associated with ESCC screening, early diagnosis and prognosis prediction.

Circular RNA circ-SLC7A5 Functions as a Competing Endogenous RNA to Impact Cell Biological Behaviors in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC)

BACKGROUND

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have profound effects on establishment and pathogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Here, we defined whether circRNA solute carrier family 7 member 5 (circ-SLC7A5, also called hsa_circ_0040796) is causally involved in the pathogenesis of ESCC.

METHODS

Circ-SLC7A5, microRNA (miR)-874-3p and coronin-1C (CORO1C) expression levels were gauged by qRT-PCR or immunoblotting. Cell functional phenotypes were tested by colony formation, EdU, flow cytometry, transwell and wound-healing assays. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and dual-luciferase reporter assays were applied to ascertained circ-SLC7A5/miR-874-3p and miR-874-3p/CORO1C relationships.

RESULTS

Circ-SLC7A5 was highly expressed in human ESCC. Circ-SLC7A5 depletion impaired cell growth, migration, invasiveness, and promoted apoptosis. Circ-SLC7A5 knockdown diminished ESCC cell tumorigenicity. Mechanistically, circ-SLC7A5 contained a binding site for miR-874-3p. Also, miR-874-3p was responsible for circ-SLC7A5's function in ESCC cells. CORO1C was a direct miR-874-3p target. Circ-SLC7A5 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to control CORO1C by competing for shared miR-874-3p. Furthermore, CORO1C knockdown phenocopied miR-874-3p overexpression in impacting the biological behaviors of ESCC cells.

CONCLUSION

These findings identify circ-SLC7A5 as a crucial modulator of ESCC cells and establish a novel circ-SLC7A5/miR-874-3p/CORO1C ceRNA network in ESCC.

Hsa_circ_0001707 regulates endothelial-mesenchymal transition in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via miR-203a-3p/Snail2 pathway

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a malignant tumor with high mortality and poor prognosis. Despite intensive research focused on tumor suppression, the 5-year survival rate of ESCC is lower than 15%. Therefore, investigate fundamental mechanisms involved in ESCC is on-demand crucial for diagnostics and developing targeted therapeutic drugs. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), as an emerging class of non-coding RNA, have been elucidated that circRNAs participated in regulating a variety of pathological processes and tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, the functional role of circRNAs in the occurrence and development of ESCC remains unclear. We identify a novel circRNA (hsa_circ_0001707), which was highly expressed in ESCC patients' tissues and cell lines. Furthermore, gain- and loss-of-function assays were performed and found that overexpression of hsa_circ_0001707 significantly promote tumor proliferation, metastasis, and invasion. By functioning as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA), the dual-luciferase activity assay verified that hsa_circ_0001707 can endogenously bind with miR-203a-3p and regulate its downstream gene Snail2. Rescue assay further confirms that hsa_circ_0001707 downregulation could partially attenuate the facilitation effect of miR-203a-3p, thereby inhibiting the endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process of ESCC. Our results suggested that hsa_circ_0001707 play an oncogenic role in the pathogenesis of ESCC, which might be a potential biomarker for diagnostics and targeting therapy.

Circ_0023990 Promotes the Proliferation, Invasion, and Glycolysis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells Via Targeting miR-6884-5p/PAK1 Axis

Circular RNAs are emerging players in human cancers, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Herein, we assessed the expression level of circ_0023990 and explored the molecular mechanisms of circ_0023990 in ESCC. circ_0023990, miR-6884-5p, and PAK1 expressions in ESCC tissues and cells were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. ESCC cells were transfected with different constructs to alter the expression of circ_0023990, miR-6884-5p, and PAK1. The effect of circ_0023990 on the proliferation, invasion, and glycolysis of ESCC cells was observed. The interaction between circ_0023990 and miR-6884-5p and between miR-6884-5p and PAK1 were explored. A mouse model of ESCC was established to study the in vivo effect of circ_0023990 knockdown on tumor formation.The expression levels of circ_0023990 was upregulated in ESCC tissues and cells. Inhibiting circ_0023990 suppressed the proliferation, invasion, and glycolysis of ESCC cells. circ_0023990 might target miR-6884-5p and consequently modulate the expression and activity of PAK1. Knockdown of circ_0023990 led to significantly reduced tumor volume and weight in mice with ESCC.These findings overall suggest an oncogenic role of circ_0023990 in ESCC. Future research is warranted to confirm the expression pattern and clinical significance of circ_0023990 in ESCC.

Circ_FNDC3B Promotes Cell Proliferation and Metastasis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Regulating MAPK1 by Binding to miR-136-5p

A handful of circular RNAs (circRNAs) associated with cancer progression have been indicated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The current study aimed to investigate the functional mechanism of circular RNA Fibronectin type III domain containing 3B (circ_FNDC3B) in ESCC. Circ_FNDC3B, FNDC3B, microRNA-136-5p (miR-136-5p) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) were examined via the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell proliferation was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays. Transwell assay was performed to measure cell migration and invasion. Protein analysis was implemented by western blot. Cell apoptosis was assessed via flow cytometry. Target interaction was affirmed using dual-luciferase reporter assay. The function analysis of circ_FNDC3B in vivo was explored by xenograft models. The upregulation of circ_FNDC3B was detected in ESCC tissues and cells. Functionally, ESCC cell proliferation and metastasis were repressed but apoptosis was promoted by circ_FNDC3B knockdown. Besides, circ_FNDC3B silence inhibited ESCC progression through MAPK1 downregulation. Further target analysis identified miR-136-5p as a target of circ_FNDC3B and an upstream control of MAPK1. Additionally, the regulation of si-circ_FNDC3B in ESCC was also dependent on targeting miR-136-5p. Moreover, circ_FNDC3B targeted miR-136-5p to affect MAPK1 level. Tumorigenesis in vivo was also suppressed by downregulating circ_FNDC3B to regulate miR-136-5p/MAPK1 axis. Circ_FNDC3B downregulation impeded the development of ESCC via the mediation of miR-136-5p/MAPK1 axis. This report afforded a novel insight into the functional mechanism of circ_FNDC3B in ESCC.

circSSPO boosts growth of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through upregulation of micrRNA-6820-5p-mediated KLK8 and PKD1 expression

Investigation on a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network attracted lots of attention due its function in cancer regulation. Here, we probed into the possible molecular mechanism of circSSPO/microRNA-6820-5p (miR-6820-5p)/kallikrein-related peptidase 8 (KLK8)/PKD1 network in the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Following whole-transcriptome sequencing and differential analysis in collected ESCC tissue samples, circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network affecting ESCC was investigated. After interaction measurement among circSSPO/miR-6820-5p/KLK8/PKD1, their regulatory roles in ESCC cell functions in vitro and xenograft tumor growth and lung metastasis in vivo were analyzed. The bioinformatics prediction and sequencing results screened that circSSPO, miR-6820-5p, KLK8, and PKD1 were associated with ESCC development. In ESCC, miR-6820-5p was expressed at very low levels, while circSSPO, KLK8, and PKD1 were highly expressed. In vitro cell experiments further proved that circSSPO competitively inhibited miR-6820-5p to induce ESCC cell malignant properties. Moreover, knockdown of KLK8 or PKD1 inhibited ESCC cell malignant properties. circSSPO also promoted the tumorigenic and metastasis of ESCC through the upregulation of KLK8 and PKD1 expression in vivo. We found that circSSPO was an oncogenic circRNA that was significantly abundant in ESCC tissues and circSSPO exhibited an oncogenic activity in ESCC by elevating expression of KLK8 and PKD1 through suppressing miR-6820-5p expression.

Hsa_circ_0043603 promotes the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by sponging miR-1178-3p and regulating AADAC expression

This study aims to investigate the regulatory impact of hsa_circ_0043,603, a circular RNA, on the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), which ranks as the sixth leading cause of global mortality. We evaluated the expression, origin, and localization of hsa_circ_0043,603 in ESCC tumors using qRT-PCR, bioinformatics, and FISH analysis. Functional studies were conducted by manipulating the hsa_circ_0043,603 expression in Eca109 cells through overexpression and silencing plasmids. Additionally, xenografts derived from circ_0043,603-overexpressing Eca109 cells enabled us to investigate tumor growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. Through Starbase analysis, we identified miR-1178-3p as a target of circ_0043,603, which was validated using RIP and luciferase assays. Furthermore, we predicted arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) as a target of miR-1178-3p and examined its expression in ESCC tissues using Western blot. Lastly, we performed AADAC silencing and overexpression in Eca109 cells to study their impact on cellular phenotypic features, apoptosis, and their interaction with miR-1178-3p mimics and inhibitors. The low expression of hsa_circ_0043,603 in ESCC tissue was associated with poor prognosis. Overexpression of hsa_circ_0043,603 inhibited ESCC growth, invasion, migration, and proliferation, while promoting apoptosis in vitro and suppressing tumor growth in vivo. hsa_circ_0043,603 achieved these effects by targeting the oncogenic miR-1178-3p. Furthermore, AADAC was identified as a target of miR-1178-3p, and its reduced expression was confirmed in ESCC tissues. Overexpression of AADAC in Eca109 cells resulted in suppressed cell growth, proliferation, migration, and invasion by regulating miR-1178-3p. hsa_circ_0043,603 acts as a sponge for miR-1178-3p, leading to the regulation of AADAC expression and inhibition of ESCC development. These results suggest the potential of hsa_circ_0043,603 as a therapeutic and diagnostic target for ESCC.

Emerging role of ferroptosis-related circular RNA in tumor metastasis

Tumor metastasis is an important factor that contributes to the poor prognosis of patients with tumors. Therefore, to solve this problem, research on the mechanism of metastasis is essential. Ferroptosis, a new mode of cell death, is characterized by membrane damage due to lipid peroxidation caused by iron overload. Many studies have shown that excessive ferroptosis can affect tumor metastasis and thus inhibit tumor progression. Recently, circular RNA (circRNA), a type of non-coding RNA, has been shown to be associated with the progression of ferroptosis, thus influencing tumor development. However, the specific mechanisms by which circRNAs affect the progression of ferroptosis and their roles in tumor metastasis are not known. In this review, we systematically discuss the role of circRNAs in regulating tumor ferroptosis and their mechanism of action through sponging miRNAS in various tumors, thereby impacting metastasis. This review helps elucidate the relationship and role of ferroptosis-related circRNAs in tumor metastasis and may provide future researchers with new ideas and directions for targeted therapies.

LncRNA BBOX1-AS1 Contributes to the Progression of Esophageal Carcinoma by Targeting the miR-361-3p/COL5A1 Axis

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to participate in the progression of several cancers, including esophageal carcinoma (EC), a common malignancy of the digestive system. Although the role of the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network is crucial for the growth and progression of EC, the regulation of lncRNA BBOX1-AS1 (BBOX1 antisense RNA1) remains unclear. We performed reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blotting to evaluate miR-361-3p, collagen type V alpha 1 chain (COL5A1), and BBOX1-AS1 expression levels in EC cells and tissues. The colony formation assay (CFA) and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) were employed to identify EC cell proliferation, while western blotting was used to examine EC cell apoptosis and Bax and Bcl-2 expression levels. The effect of BBOX1-AS1 on EC proliferation was determined using an in vivo carcinogenesis assay. Correlation between COL5A1, BBOX1-AS1, and miR-361-3p was examined using the luciferase reporter system and RNA immunoprecipitation assay (RIP). Herein, we observed that BBOX1-AS1 expression levels were upregulated in EC cells and tissues. BBOX1-AS1 knockdown inhibited EC cell proliferation and conferred a pro-apoptotic effect. These results indicated a positive interaction between BBOX1-AS1 and miR-361-3p in EC and a negative association with miR-361-3p. COL5A1 was recognized as a downstream miR-361-3p target and was inversely related to miR-361-3p in EC. Therefore, BBOX1-AS1 expression suppressed cell apoptosis and promoted cell proliferation via the downregulation of miR-361-3p and upregulation of COL5A1 expression. Overall, BBOX1-AS1 facilitates EC progression via the miR-361-3p or COL5A1 axis, indicating that BBOX1-AS1 might be a potential therapeutic target for EC therapy.

EZH2 regulates oncomiR-200c and EMT markers in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas

EZH2, as a histone methyltransferase, has been associated with cancer development and metastasis possibly through the regulation of microRNAs and cellular pathways such as EMT. In this study, the effect of EZH2 expression on miR-200c and important genes of the EMT pathway was investigated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Comparative qRT-PCR was used to examine EZH2 expression in ESCC lines (YM-1 and KYSE-30) following the separately transfected silencing and ectopic expressional EZH2 vectors in ESCC. Subsequently, expression of miR-200c and EMT markers was also assessed using qRT-PCR, western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Underexpression of Mir200c was detected in YM-1 and KYSE-30 cells after EZH2 silencing, while its overexpression was observed after EZH2 induced expression. Following EZH2 silencing, downregulation of mesenchymal markers and upregulation of epithelial markers were detected in the ESCCs. Our results demonstrate that EZH2 regulates the expression of miR-200c and critical EMT genes, implying that overexpression of Zeb2, Fibronectin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin lead to a mesenchymal phenotype and morphology while underexpression of epithelial genes, enhance cell migration after enforced expression of EZH2 in ESCCs. EZH2 gene can be a beneficial treatment marker for patients with esophageal cancer through decrease invasiveness of the disease and efficient response to neoadjuvant therapy.

LncRNA SNHG3 promoted cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via regulating miR-151a-3p/PFN2 axis

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an aggressive malignant tumor with a poor prognosis. The dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is closely related to the tumorigenesis and progression of ESCC. However, the effects of lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 3 (lncRNA SNHG3) in ESCC are still unclear. Therefore, a series of experiments methods, such as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, function gain/loss experiments, western blots, and animal xenograft tumor model, were employed to explore the biological function and molecular mechanism of SNHG3 in ESCC. As results, we first reported that SNHG3 was significantly up-regulated in ESCC tissues and cells. SNHG3 knockdown obviously inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and promoted apoptosis. Mechanism analysis revealed that SNHG3 sponged miR-151a-3p to regulate PFN2. Inhibition of miR-151a-3p and overexpression of PFN2 attenuated the positive effect of SNHG3 knockdown on suppressing tumor progression. Furthermore, the anti-tumor effects of SNHG3 knockdown were also observed in vivo. In summary, our results indicated that SNHG3 knockdown suppressed tumor development via the miR-151a-3p/PFN2 axis, and targeting SNHG3 may provide a new opportunity for ESCC patients.

Circular RNA-regulated autophagy is involved in cancer progression

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a sort of long, non-coding RNA molecules with a covalently closed continuous ring structure without 5'-3' polarity and poly-A tail. The modulative role of circRNAs in malignant diseases has been elucidated by many studies in recent years via bioinformatics and high-throughput sequencing technologies. Generally, circRNA affects the proliferative, invasive, and migrative capacity of malignant cells via various mechanisms, exhibiting great potential as novel biomarkers in the diagnoses or treatments of malignancies. Meanwhile, autophagy preserves cellular homeostasis, serving as a vital molecular process in tumor progression. Mounting studies have demonstrated that autophagy can not only contribute to cancer cell survival but can also induce autophagic cell death in specific conditions. A growing number of research studies have indicated that there existed abundant associations between circRNAs and autophagy. Herein, we systemically reviewed and discussed recent studies on this topic in different malignancies and concluded that the circRNA–autophagy axis played crucial roles in the proliferation, metastasis, invasion, and drug or radiation resistance of different tumor cells.

Integrative Analysis of Angiogenesis-Related Long Non-Coding RNA and Identification of a Six-DEARlncRNA Signature Associated with Prognosis and Therapeutic Response in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a lethal gastrointestinal malignancy worldwide. We aimed to identify an angiogenesis-related lncRNAs (ARlncRNAs) signature that could predict the prognosis in ESCC. The GSE53624 and GSE53622 datasets were derived from the GEO database. The differently expressed ARlncRNAs (DEARlncRNAs) were retrieved by the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), differential expression analysis, and correlation analysis. Optimal lncRNA biomarkers were screened from the training set and the six-DEARlncRNA signature comprising AP000696.2, LINC01711, RP11-70C1.3, AP000487.5, AC011997.1, and RP11-225N10.1 could separate patients into high- and low-risk groups with markedly different survival. The validation of the reliability of the risk model was performed by the Kaplan-Meier test, ROC curves, and risk curves in the test set and validation set. Predictive independence analysis indicated that risk score is an independent prognostic biomarker for predicting the prognosis of ESCC patients. Subsequently, a ceRNA regulatory network and functional enrichment analysis were performed. The IC50 test revealed that patients in the high-risk group were resistant to Gefitinib and Lapatinib. Finally, the six DEARlncRNAs were detected by qRT-PCR. In conclusion, we demonstrated a novel ARlncRNA signature as an independent prognostic factor to distinguish the risk of ESCC patients and benefit the personalized clinical applications.

A novel circ_0000654/miR-375/E2F3 ceRNA network in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Background

The competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) activity of circular RNAs (circRNAs) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancers, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Here, we identified the ceRNA mechanism of circ_0000654 regulation in ESCC.

Methods

The levels of circ_0000654, E2F transcription factor 3 (E2F3), and microRNA (miR)‐375 were gauged by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) and western blot. Cell proliferation was assessed by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐5‐(3‐carboxymethoxyphenyl)‐2‐(4‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium (MTS) and 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) assays. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Cell colony formation was tested by colony formation assay. Dual‐luciferase reporter, RNA pull‐down and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays were performed to confirm the direct relationship between miR‐375 and circ_0000654 or E2F3. Xenograft model assays were used to evaluate the effect of circ_0000654 in vivo.

Results

Circ_0000654 and E2F3 were upregulated in ESCC. Circ_0000654 depletion enhanced cell apoptosis and hindered cell proliferation and glycolysis in vitro, as well as weakened tumor growth in vivo. Increased expression of E2F3 counteracted the effects of circ_0000654 depletion. Mechanistically, E2F3 was a target of miR‐375, and circ_0000654 modulated E2F3 expression through sequestering miR‐375. Furthermore, miR‐375 upregulation phenocopied circ_0000654 knockdown in inhibiting ESCC progression.

Conclusion

Our findings identify a new circ_0000654/miR‐375/E2F3 ceRNA crosstalk for the oncogenic role of circ_0000654 in ESCC and establish a notion that targeting circ_0000654 and its pathways may have the potential to improve ESCC outcome.

Inhibitory role of LINC00332 in gastric cancer progression through regulating cell EMT and stemness

OBJECTIVE

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common lethal malignancies worldwide. The molecular mechanisms underlying GC early detection are poorly understood. Identifying potential coding and non-coding markers and related pathways in the GC progression is essential. Some Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) reportedly play vital roles during gastric GC development. However, the clinical significance and biological function of LINC00332 in GC remain largely unclear.

METHODS

The gene expression patterns of GC from an RNAseq dataset (GSE122401) were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to recognize differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and lncRNAs (DELs) between normal and GC samples through several bioinformatic analysis. The expression of LINC00332 and MMP-13 as a target gene was quantified in fresh frozen tissues obtained from GC patients. In addition, we investigated the potential function of LINC00332 in silico and in vitro.

RESULTS

The expressions of LINC00332 and MMP-13 were significantly downregulated and upregulated in GC tissues, respectively. A significant inverse correlation between LINC00332 and MMP-13 mRNA expression was observed in tumor samples. The mRNA expression level of mesenchymal markers, stem cell factors, and MMP genes were significantly decreased after the LINC00332 ectopic expression, while epithelial markers expression was significantly increased. The LINC00332 overexpression markedly repressed proliferation, migration, and invasion and did not induce apoptosis in AGS cells. In addition, LINC00332 overexpression notably promoted the E-cadherin protein expression. Moreover, LINC00332 significantly decreased the cisplatin resistance.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicated that LINC00332 may be a critical anti-EMT factor and provided a new efficient therapeutic strategy for GC treatment.

E2F1-activated NRSN2 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression through AKT/mTOR pathway

BACKGROUND

Neurensin‑2 (NRSN2) has been reported to act as an oncogene in several types of human cancer. However, the molecular mechanism of NRSN2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains to be elucidated.

METHODS

The mRNA expression levels of NRSN2 in ESCC tissues and cell lines were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The protein expression levels of NRSN2 in ESCC tissues were measured by Immunohistochemical (IHC) method. Luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to confirm the upstream transcription factor of NRSN2. Loss- and gain-function assays were conducted to evaluate the effects of NRSN2 on ESCC cells proliferation, migration, and invasion. The function of NRSN2 was validated in vivo using tumor xenografts. The relationship between NRSN2 and AKT/mTOR pathway were confirmed by western blot assay.

RESULTS

The expression level of NRSN2 was increased in ESCC tissues and cell lines. High expression level of NRSN2 was correlated with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, and poor prognosis of ESCC patients. NRSN2 was transcribed by E2F1. Knockdown of NRSN2 significantly inhibited ESCC cells proliferation, migration, and invasion, whereas NRSN2 overexpression showed reverse phenotypes. Overexpression of NRSN2 also enhanced ESCC tumorigenicity in vivo. Furthermore, the E2F1/NRSN2 axis promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion of ESCC cells by activating the AKT/mTOR pathway.

CONCLUSION

NRSN2 is a direct transcriptional target of E2F1 to promote tumor progression in ESCC. NRSN2 may be a diagnostic biomarker or treatment target for ESCC.

Hsa_circ_0023984 Regulates Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion in Esophageal Squamous Cancer via Regulating miR-1294/PI3K/Akt/c-Myc Pathway

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) exert an essential function in the tumorigenesis and progression of esophageal squamous cancer (ESCC). Nonetheless, the role and potential mechanism of circ_0023984 in ESCC are blurred. circRNA expression profile data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was applied to analyze circRNAs that were differentially expressed between ESCC tissues and paracancerous tissues. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was conducted to analyze circ_0023984 expression and miR-1294 expression in ESCC tissues and cells. Then a series of functional experiments were executed to validate the role of circ_0023984 and miR-1294 in modulating the proliferation, migration, invasion, and cell cycle progression of ESCC cells. Luciferase reporter experiment was performed to confirm the targeting relationship between circ_0023984 and miR-1294. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were carried out with DAVID database. Western blot assay was utilized to detect phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt) expression and c-Myc expression. circ_0023984 was remarkably upmodulated in ESCC tumor tissues and cell lines. circ_0023984 overexpression was correlated with advanced clinical stage and lymph node metastasis of ESCC patients. circ_0023984 overexpression remarkably enhanced ESCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and cell cycle progression, while knockdown of circ_0023984 showed the opposite effect. circ_0023984 was the molecular sponge of miR-1294. miR-1294 could significantly inhibit ESCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and induce cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. circ_0023984 affected ESCC progression through regulating miR-1294 expression. The target genes of miR-1294 were associated with cell cycle arrest and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. circ_0023984 upregulated the expression of p-Akt and c-Myc by repressing miR-1294. circ_0023984 facilitates the malignant biological behaviors of ESCC cells through inhibiting miR-1294 and activating PI3K/Akt/c-myc pathway.

Circular RNAs With Efficacy in Preclinical In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Esophageal cancer is associated with a dismal prognosis. The armamentarium of approved drugs is focused on chemotherapy with modest therapeutic benefit. Recently, checkpoint inhibitory monoclonal antibody Pembrolizumab was approved. In order to identify new targets and modalities for the treatment of esophagus squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) we searched the literature for circRNAs involved in the pathogenesis of ESCC. We identified two down-regulated and 17 up-regulated circRNAs as well as a synthetic circRNA with efficacy in preclinical in vivo systems. Down-regulated circRNAs sponge microRNAs directed against tumor suppressor genes. Up-regulated circRNAs sponge microRNAs directed against mRNAs, which encode proteins with pro-tumoral functions. We discuss issues such as reconstitution of down-regulated circRNAs and inhibition of up-regulated circRNAs with short interfering RNA (siRNA)- related entities. Also, we address druggability issues of the identified targets.

Liquid Biopsy in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus and of the Head and Neck

Squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus (ESCC) and of the head and neck (HNSCC) are two neoplasms that share common risk factors and have the same embryological origin, but a very different prognosis, the 5-year survival of HNSCC being almost double (40–50%) compared to the 5-year survival of ESCC (20%). Current guidelines emphasize the importance of screening for ESCC in patients diagnosed with head and neck cancers. A liquid biopsy is a novel tool for diagnosis, prognostic stratification, and personalized therapy. Liquid biopsy biomarkers for these two malignancies could help both their early detection, facilitate residual disease identification, and provide prognosis information. The present systematic review of the literature was aimed at describing the liquid biopsy biomarkers present in these two malignancies, with an emphasis on potential clinical applications.

Construction of the Six-lncRNA Prognosis Signature as a Novel Biomarker in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common malignant gastrointestinal tumor threatening global human health. For patients diagnosed with ESCC, determining the prognosis is a huge challenge. Due to their important role in tumor progression, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may be putative molecular candidates in the survival prediction of ESCC patients. Here, we obtained three datasets of ESCC lncRNA expression profiles (GSE53624, GSE53622, and GSE53625) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The method of statistics and machine learning including survival analysis and LASSO regression analysis were applied. We identified a six-lncRNA signature composed of AL445524.1, AC109439.2, LINC01273, AC015922.3, LINC00547, and PSPC1-AS2. Kaplan-Meier and Cox analyses were conducted, and the prognostic ability and predictive independence of the lncRNA signature were found in three ESCC datasets. In the entire set, time-dependent ROC curve analysis showed that the prediction accuracy of the lncRNA signature was remarkably greater than that of TNM stage. ROC and stratified analysis indicated that the combination of six-lncRNA signature with the TNM stage has the highest accuracy in subgrouping ESCC patients. Furthermore, experiments subsequently confirmed that one of the lncRNAs LINC01273 may play an oncogenic role in ESCC. This study suggested the six-lncRNA signature could be a valuable survival predictor for patients with ESCC and have potential to be an auxiliary biomarker of TNM stage to subdivide ESCC patients more accurately, which has important clinical significance.

Circ_0001093 promotes glutamine metabolism and cancer progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by targeting miR-579-3p/glutaminase axis

Increasing studies indicate that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play critical roles in tumor metabolism of multiple cancers. However, the contribution of circRNAs in glutamine metabolism of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains elusive. The objective of this research was to investigate the role and mechanism of circRNA hsa_circ_0001093 (circ_0001093) in the glutamine metabolism and tumorigenesis of ESCC. Circ_0001093, microRNA-579-3p (miR-579-3p) and glutaminase (GLS) expressions in ESCC tissues and cell lines were measured by qRT-PCR, tissue array or Western blot. Cell proliferation, invasion and migration were assessed by CCK-8 or transwell assays. Glutamine consumption, glutamate and ATP production were detected by indicated assay kits. The relationships between circ_0001093 and miR-579-3p or GLS mRNA were investigated by bioinformatics analysis, RNA pull-down, luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. Here, we found that circ_0001093 expression was up-regulated in ESCC tissues and cell lines. Increased circ_0001093 expression predicted an unfavourable prognosis, and was associated with the lymph node metastasis, TNM staging and tumor size in ESCC tissues. Circ_0001093 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation, invasion, migration and glutamine metabolism of ESCC cells, while circ_0001093 over-expression showed the opposite effects. Mechanistically, circ_0001093 acted as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) by sponging miR-579-3p, thereby increasing GLS expression. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of circ_0001093 knockdown on the invasion, migration and glutamine metabolism were partly rescued by miR-579-3p inhibition or GLS over-expression in ESCC cells. Additionally, miR-579-3p expression was down-regulated in ESCC tissues, while GLS expression was up-regulated. In conclusion, this study first provides evidence that the circ_0001093/miR-579-3p/GLS regulatory network can affect glutamine metabolism and malignant phenotype of ESCC, which can further impact ESCC progression.

Circ_0006948 Contributes to Cell Growth, Migration, Invasion and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Esophageal Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) can act as promoters or inhibitors in cancer progression. Has_circ_0006948 (circ_0006948) was reported to aggravate the malignant behaviors of esophageal carcinoma (EC).

AIMS

This study focused on investigating the molecular mechanism of circ_0006948 in EC progression.

METHODS

The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the expression of circ_0006948, microRNA-4262 (miR-4262) and fibronectin type III domain containing 3B (FNDC3B). Cell growth analysis was conducted by Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays. Cell migration and invasion were assessed by transwell assay. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated proteins and FNDC3B protein expression were assayed using western blot. Dual-luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assays were performed to validate the target combination. Xenograft tumor assay was used for investigating the role of circ_0006948 in vivo.

RESULTS

Circ_0006948 was upregulated in EC tissues and cells. Downregulating the expression of circ_0006948 or FNDC3B repressed cell growth, migration, invasion and EMT in EC cells. Target analysis indicated that miR-4262 was a target for circ_0006948 and FNDC3B was a downstream gene for miR-4262. Moreover, circ_0006948 could affect the expression of FNDC3B via sponging miR-4262. The effects of si-circ_0006948#1 on EC cells were partly restored by miR-4262 inhibition or FNDC3B overexpression. In addition, circ_0006948 also facilitated EC tumorigenesis in vivo by targeting the miR-4262/FNDC3B axis.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, circ_0006948 functioned as an oncogenic factor in EC by the miR-4262-mediated FNDC3B expression regulation.

Exosome-mediated lncRNA SNHG11 regulates angiogenesis in pancreatic carcinoma through miR-324-3p/VEGFA axis

Pancreatic carcinoma (PC) is one of the most common and deadly human malignancies worldwide. LncRNAs play significant roles in the occurrence and development of various cancers. LncRNA SNHG11 (SNHG11) has been found to display high expression in serum of PC patients, which implies that dysregulated SNHG11 may be related to the development of PC. However, there is still a knowledge gap concerning the specific function and molecular mechanism of SNHG11 in PC. After conducting experiments with constructed models in vitro or in vivo, we found that exosomal SNHG11 promoted cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis but impeded cell apoptosis in PC in vitro, and additionally, it facilitated tumor growth in vivo. Exosome-mediated SNHG11 regulated the expression of VEGFA through sponging miR-324-3p. Rescue assays validated that the inhibitory effect of SNHG11 depletion on cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis could be reversed by miR-324-3p downregulation or VEGFA upregulation, and the promoting effect of SNHG11 silence on cell apoptosis could be rescued by transfection of miR-324-3p inhibitor or pcDNA3.1-VEGFA. To conclude, exosomal-mediated SNHG11 could regulate PC progression via miR-324-3p/VEGFA axis. Our findings may provide a novel insight for understanding PC, which might contribute to the development of potential PC biomarker.

Hsa_circ_0014879 regulates the radiosensitivity of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through miR-519-3p/CDC25A axis

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play critical roles in regulating the radiosensitivity of various cancers, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). This research aimed to explore the role and potential mechanism of hsa_circ_0014879 in regulating ESCC radioresistance. The levels of hsa_circ_0014879, microRNA-519-3p (miR-519-3p) and cell division cycle 25A (CDC25A) were measured using quantitative real-time PCR or western blot. Cell proliferation was evaluated by colony formation assay. Cell migration and invasion were assessed by transwell and scratch assays. The levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins were detected by western blot. Xenograft assay was used to analyze the effect of hsa_circ_0014879 on radiosensitivity in vivo. The binding relationship among hsa_circ_0014879, miR-519-3p and CDC25A was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Hsa_circ_0014879 and CDC25A were upregulated, whereas miR-519-3p was downregulated in radio-resistant ESCC tissues and cells. Depletion of hsa_circ_0014879 suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of radio-resistant ESCC cells. Hsa_circ_0014879 knockdown elevated radiosensitivity of radio-resistant cells by modulating miR-519-3p. Moreover, miR-519-3p enhanced the radiosensitivity of radio-resistant cells by targeting CDC25A. Also, hsa_circ_0014879 upregulated CDC25A via sponging miR-519-3p. Hsa_circ_0014879 silencing enhanced the radiosensitivity of ESCC via regulating the miR-519-3p/CDC25A pathway.

Circular RNA CircPVT1 Inhibits 5-Fluorouracil Chemosensitivity by Regulating Ferroptosis Through MiR-30a-5p/FZD3 Axis in Esophageal Cancer Cells

Background

CircPVT1 is demonstrated to promote cancer progression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, the role and potential functional mechanisms of circPVT1 in regulating 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) chemosensitivity remain largely unknown.

Methods

ESCC cells resistant to 5-FU were induced with continuous increasing concentrations of 5-FU step-wisely. A cell counting kit-8 assay was used to analyze the viability of ESCC cells. LDH release assay kit was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity. RT-qPCR was used to assess the expression level of non-coding RNAs and cDNAs. Luciferase was used to confirm the interaction between non-coding RNAs and targets. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of downstream signaling proteins. Flow cytometry and ferroptosis detection assay kit were utilized to measure the ferroptosis of ESCC cells.

Results

CircPVT1 was significantly upregulated in ESCC cells resistant to 5-FU. Knockdown of circPVT1 enhanced the 5-FU chemosensitivity of ESCC cells resistant to 5-FU by increasing cytotoxicity and downregulating multidrug-resistant associated proteins, including P-gp and MRP1. Luciferase assay showed that circPVT1 acted as a sponge of miR-30a-5p, and Frizzled3 (FZD3) was a downstream target of miR-30a-5p. The enhanced 5-FU chemosensitivity by circPVT1 knockdown was reversed with miR-30a-5p inhibitor. Besides, the increased 5-FU chemosensitivity by miR-30a-5p mimics was reversed with FZD3 overexpression. Furthermore, knockdown of circPVT1 increased ferroptosis through downregulating p-β-catenin, GPX4, and SLC7A11 while miR-30a-5p inhibition and FZD3 overexpression reversed the phenotype by upregulating p-β-catenin, GPX4, and SLC7A11.

Conclusions

These results suggested a key role for circPVT1 in ESCC 5-FU-chemosensitivity in regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and ferroptosis via miR-30a-5p/FZD3 axis, which might be a potential target in ESCC therapy.

METTL3-mediated m6A mRNA modification promotes esophageal cancer initiation and progression via Notch signaling pathway

Esophageal cancer is a lethal malignancy with a high mortality rate, while the molecular mechanisms underlying esophageal cancer pathogenesis are still poorly understood. Here, we found that the N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A) methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) is significantly upregulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and associated with poor patient prognosis. Depletion of METTL3 results in decreased ESCC growth and progression in vitro and in vivo. We further established ESCC initiation and progression models using Mettl3 conditional knockout mouse and revealed that METTL3-mediated m⁶A modification promotes ESCC initiation and progression in vivo. Moreover, using METTL3 overexpression ESCC cell model and Mettl3 conditional knockin mouse model, we demonstrated the critical function of METTL3 in promoting ESCC tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, METTL3-catalyzed m⁶A modification promotes NOTCH1 expression and the activation of the Notch signaling pathway. Forced activation of Notch signaling pathway successfully rescues the growth, migration, and invasion capacities of METTL3-depleted ESCC cells. Our data uncovered important mechanistical insights underlying ESCC tumorigenesis and provided molecular basis for the development of novel strategies for ESCC diagnosis and treatment.

CircRNA-DOPEY2 enhances the chemosensitivity of esophageal cancer cells by inhibiting CPEB4-mediated Mcl-1 translation

Background

Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is a mainstay systematic therapy for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and cisplatin resistance, which is not uncommon, is the major barrier to improving patient outcomes. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are novel noncoding RNAs that are implicated in cancer progression, but their involvement in modulating cisplatin responsiveness in ESCC remains unknown.

Methods

Bioinformatics analysis was used to profile and identify the circRNAs involved in cisplatin responsiveness in ESCC. The chemosensitive role of cDOPEY2 was confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. The molecular mechanism of cDOPEY2 was investigated by mass spectrometry, immunoprecipitation, and ubiquitination analyses.

Results

We report that a novel circRNA (cDOPYE2, hsa_circ_0008078) was markedly downregulated in cisplatin-resistant ESCC cells (ESCC-CR) compared with parental chemosensitive cells. Re-expression of cDOPEY2 substantially enhanced the cell-killing ability of cisplatin by augmenting the apoptotic process in ESCC-CR cells, which was achieved by decreasing the abundance of the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1. Mechanistically, we showed that cDOPEY2 acted as a protein scaffold to enhance the interaction between the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPEB4) and the E3 ligase TRIM25, which in turn facilitated the ubiquitination and degradation of CPEB4. The increased Mcl-1 expression in ESCC-CR cells was dependent on the binding of CPEB4 to its untranslated mRNA, and depletion of CPEB4 mediated by cDOPEY2 reversed this effect. Rescue experiments confirmed that the critical role of cDOPEY2 in maintaining cisplatin sensitivity was dependent on the depletion of CEPB4 and its downstream target Mcl-1. Clinical and in vivo data further corroborated the significant relevance of cDOPEY2 to cisplatin responsiveness in ESCC.

Conclusions

We provide evidence that cDOPEY2 inhibits CPEB4-mediated Mcl-1 translation by promoting the ubiquitination and degradation of CPEB4 to alleviate cisplatin resistance, indicating that cDOPEY2 may serve as a valuable biomarker and potential therapeutic target in ESCC.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-02149-5.

Dysregulated circular RNAs as novel biomarkers in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis

Introduction

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play critical roles in tumorigenesis, but their clinical efficacy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) still retains controversial. This meta‐analysis aims at evaluating the associations between circRNA expressions and clinicopathologic features as well as the diagnostic and prognostic values of circRNAs in ESCC.

Materials & Methods

PubMed, EMBASE, and other online databases were systematically searched to collect studies on circRNAs and clinicopathological features, diagnostic, and/or prognostic assessments of ESCC. The quality of included studies was evaluated using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS‐2) and Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale (NOS) scales. The included studies were quantitatively weighted and merged, and diagnostic indicators, hazard ratios (HRs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. P values were merged by Fisher᾽s method. Sources of heterogeneity were traced using subgroup, sensitivity, and meta‐regression analyses.

Results

As a result, 12 studies were included, representing 769 ESCC patients. The meta‐analysis showed that abnormal expressions of circRNAs were associated to TNM stage as well as lymph node and distant metastases in ESCC cases. CircRNA was used to distinguish ESCC patients from healthy controls, and the merged sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the curve (AUC) of ESCC were 0.78 (95% CI: 0.74–0.81), 0.79 (95% CI: 0.75–0.83), and 0.86, respectively. The survival analysis showed that upregulated oncogenic circRNA levels in ESCC tissues was associated with the shorter overall survival (OS) of the patients (univariate analysis: HR = 2.25, 95% CI: 1.71–2.95, p = 0.000, I² = 0.0%; multivariate analysis: HR = 2.50, 95% CI: 1.61–3.89, p = 0.000, I² = 0.0%), while the OS of ESCC patients presenting overexpressions of tumor‐suppressive circRNAs was significantly ameliorated (HR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.20–0.42, p = 0.000, I² = 0.0%). The subgroup analyses based on circRNA biofunctions, sample size, and reference gene also revealed robust results.

Conclusion

CircRNAs can be used as promising molecular biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognosis monitoring of ESCC.

Development of a prognostic prediction model based on microRNA-1269a in esophageal cancer

BACKGROUND

Esophageal cancer (ESCA) is a heterogeneous cancer with variable outcomes that are challenging to predict. MicroRNA (miR)-1269a is a newly discovered non-coding RNA that shows promising prognostic prediction in other cancers, but its clinical value in ESCA remains unclear.

AIM

To explore the relationship between miR-1269a and its clinical value and to develop a nomogram to succinctly display this relationship.

METHODS

We analyzed the expression of miR-1269a in 125 ESCA tissue samples with complete clinical data and 52 normal tissue samples. We determined the prognostic value of miR-1269a for overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) and evaluated the association between miR-1269a and clinical variables including tumor location, histologic grade, metastatic stage, and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage using multivariate Cox analysis. Additionally, we developed a nomogram for OS and CSS based on miR-1269a expression using age and AJCC stage and assessed its prognostic performance. Using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes analyses, we predicted the target genes of miR-1269a and analyzed their potential function in caner development.

RESULTS

The expression of miR-1269a was significantly higher in ESCA patients than healthy controls. Patients with high expression of miR-1269a showed poor prognosis in OS and CSS, suffered increased rates of low differentiation and metastasis, and exhibited tumor stage T3 + T4, positive lymph stage, and AJCC stage III + IV. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of miR-1269a was 0.716 for OS and 0.764 for CSS. Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that AJCC stage and miR-1269a were independent factors for OS and CSS. Combing with age, we constructed a nomogram for prognostic prediction. Additionally, our nomogram showed excellent predictive performance for OS and CSS after 3 years and 5 years and was easy to use. Ultimately, the functional analysis suggested that miR-1269a was mostly involved in the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION

miR-1269a can be used as a potential indicator for the prognosis of ESCA patients. We developed an easy-to-use nomogram with excellent ESCA prognostic prediction for clinical use.

Linc00941 regulates esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via functioning as a competing endogenous RNA for miR-877-3p to modulate PMEPA1 expression

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) represents one of the most common malignancies and is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) have been suggested to be dysregulated in various types of cancers, and a growing number of lincRNAs have been implicated to be functional in the ESCC progression. In this study, we examined the role of linc00941 in the ESCC progression and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. The bioinformatics analysis identified the up-regulation of linc00941 in the ESCC tissues. Further in vitro studies showed that linc00941 was up-regulated in ESCC cell lines. The loss-of-function studies demonstrated that linc00941 knockdown suppressed ESCC cell proliferation, invasion and migration, and also suppressed the in vivo tumor growth. Furthermore, bioinformatics prediction along with luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay implied that linc00941 acted as a competing endogenous RNA for miR-877-3p, and linc00941 regulated ESCC cell progression via at least targeting miR-877-3p. Subsequently, miR-877-3p targeted prostate transmembrane protein, androgen induced 1 (PMEPA1) 3' untranslated region and repressed PMEPA1 expression in ESCC cells; overexpression of PMEPA1 attenuated the inhibitory effects of linc00941 knockdown on the ESCC cell progression. Linc00941 knockdown suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via targeting miR-877-3p/PMEPA1 axis in ESCC cells. In conclusion, our results indicated the oncogenic role of linc00941 in ESCC, and knockdown of linc00941 suppressed ESCC cell proliferation, invasion, migration and EMT via interacting with miR-877-3p/PMEPA1 axis.

SNORA42 promotes oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma development through triggering the DHX9/p65 axis

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are an important group of non-coding RNAs that have been reported to play a key role in the occurrence and development of various cancers. Here we demonstrate that Small nucleolar RNA 42 (SNORA42) enhanced the proliferation and migration of Oesophageal squamous carcinoma cells (ESCC) via the DHX9/p65 axis. Our results found that SNORA42 was significantly upregulated in ESCC cell lines, tissues and serum of ESCC patients. The high expression level of SNORA42 was positively correlated with malignant characteristics and over survival probability of patients with ESCC. Through in vitro and in vivo approaches, we demonstrated that knockdown of SNORA42 significantly impeded ESCC growth and metastasis whereas overexpression of SNORA42 got opposite effects. Mechanically, SNORA42 promoted DHX9 expression by attenuating DHX9 transports into the cytoplasm, to protect DHX9 from being ubiquitinated and degraded. From the KEGG analysis of Next-Generation Sequencing, the NF-κB pathway was one of the most regulated pathways by SNORA42. SNORA42 enhanced phosphorylation of p65 and this effect could be reversed by NF-κB inhibitor, BAY11-7082. Moreover, SNORA42 activated NF-κB signaling through promoting the transcriptional co-activator DHX9 interacted with p-p65, inducing NF-κB downstream gene expression. In summary, our study highlights the potential of SNORA42 is up-regulated in ESCC and promotes ESCC development partly via interacting with DHX9 and triggering the DHX9/p65 axis.

Dual inhibition of cMET and EGFR by microRNA-338-5p suppresses metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

MicroRNAs, as a group of post-transcriptional regulators, regulate multiple pathological processes including metastasis during tumor development. Here, we demonstrated the metastasis-suppressive function of microRNA (miR)-338-5p in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Overexpression of miR-338-5p had inhibitory effect on invasive ability of ESCC cells and extracellular matrix degradation, whereas silencing miR-338-5p had opposite effects. Mechanistically, miR-338-5p directly targeted the 3' untranslated regions of hepatocellular growth factor receptor cMet (cMET) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). As a result, miR-338-5p inhibited the downstream signaling cascades of cMET and EGFR and repressed cMET- and EGFR-mediated ESCC cell invasion. Re-expression of cMET or EGFR in miR-338-5p overexpressing ESCC cells was sufficient to derepress ESCC cell invasion both in vitro and in vivo. We further showed that such manipulation downregulated the expression and secretion of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9, which resulted in impaired extracellular matrix degradation and cell invasion. Most importantly, systemic delivery of miR-338-5p mimic significantly inhibited metastasis of ESCC cells in nude mice. Taken together, our results uncovered a previously unknown mechanism through which miR-338-5p suppresses ESCC invasion and metastasis by regulating cMET/EGFR-matrix metalloproteinase 2/9 axis and highlighted the potential significance of miR-338-5p-based therapy in treating patients with metastatic ESCC.

Overexpression of microRNA-19a-3p promotes lymph node metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via the RAC1/CDC42-PAK1 pathway

BACKGROUND

A tendency towards extensive regional lymph node metastasis (LNM) is a typical clinical characteristic of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Up-regulated microRNA (miR)-19a-3p was verified as a predictor of LNM in ESCC in previous microarray analyses, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, in vitro experiments were performed to confirm the effect of miR-19a-3p on promoting LNM and to explore the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

KYSE-150 and TE-1 cell lines were transfected with lentiviral vectors to inhibit miR-19a-3p (LV-miR-19a-3p-inhibition), and cell proliferation, invasion, and migration were assessed. Target genes of miR-19a-3p were identified by sequencing analysis and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR); Western blotting was performed to confirm targets and explore the potential mechanisms underlying the effect of miR-19a-3p on LNM.

RESULTS

miR-19a-3p had no effect on ESCC cell proliferation, whereas miR-19a-3p overexpression promoted the invasion and migration of ESCC cells. qRT-PCR verification and western blot analysis showed that LV-miR-19a-3p-inhibition downregulated cell division cycle 42 (CDC42), Rac family small GTPase 1 (RAC1), and p21 activated kinase 1 (PAK1).

CONCLUSIONS

Overexpression of miR-19a-3p increased the invasion and migration of ESCC cells via the RAC1/CDC42-PAK1 pathway, suggesting that this pathway mediates the effect of miR-19a-3p on promoting LNM in ESCC.

LINC00239 Interacts with C-Myc Promoter-Binding Protein-1 (MBP-1) to Promote Expression of C-Myc in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Increasing evidence demonstrates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) play a vital role in the progression of tumors, containing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). LINC00239 was reported as an oncogene in diverse kinds of cancers, whereas its specific role is still unclear in ESCC. In this study, we detected the expression and functional role of LINC00239 in ESCC specimens and cells, and investigated the molecular mechanisms of it. LINC00239 was highly expressed in ESCC tissues and cells, and was related to poor prognosis of patients with ESCC. The proliferation, metastasis, and invasion ability as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process were all enhanced in LINC00239-overexpressed ESCC cells. LINC00239 was upregulated in TGF-β1-treated ESCC cells. Furthermore, LINC00239 was found to bind directly to the transcription factor c-Myc promoter-binding protein-1 (MBP-1). MBP-1 was detected to inhibit the transcription of c-Myc in ESCC. Moreover, LINC00239 could activate c-Myc transcription through influencing MBP-1-binding ability to c-Myc promoter. These data suggest that LINC00239 may act as an oncogene to promote the transcription of c-Myc by competitively combining with MBP-1 in ESCC, and may serve as a potential target for antitumor therapy in ESCC. IMPLICATIONS: LINC00239 may function as an oncogenic lncRNA in ESCC through the LINC00239/MBP-1/c-Myc axis to activate EMT process.

CircRNA_2646 functions as a ceRNA to promote progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via inhibiting miR-124/PLP2 signaling pathway

MicroRNA-124 (miR-124) has been predicted as a tumor suppressor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, factors contributing to miR-124 reduction remain unclear. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a new family of non-coding RNAs with gene regulatory potential via interacting with miRNAs. We predicted three circRNAs, including CircRNA_14359, CircRNA_2646, and CircRNA_129, that could interact with miR-124 by bioinformatics analysis and determined their expressions in ESCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. We found that CircRNA_2646 was up-regulated in ESCC, negatively correlated with the expression of miR-124 and positively associated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis of ESCC. Luciferase reporter assay showed that CircRNA_2646 interacted with miR-124 in ESCC Eca109 and TE-1 cells. Moreover, ectopical overexpression of CircRNA_2646 accelerated cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but restoration of miR-124 abrogated these functions and promoted Bcl-2-dependent cell apoptosis. Furthermore, it was found that the oncogene Proteolipid Protein 2 (PLP2) was the target gene of miR-124. In Eca109 and TE-1 cells, restoration of miR-124 decreased the level of PLP2 and inhibited PLP2-induced cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT, but enhanced cell apoptosis. The in vivo study confirmed that CircRNA_2646 promoted ESCC development by repressing miR-124 and activating PLP2. Taken together, we identified that CircRNA_2646 functioned as an inhibitor in miR-124 signaling pathway in ESCC for carcinogenesis and could be a promising target for ESCC therapy.

Long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 7 facilitates the proliferation, migration, and invasion of esophageal cancer cells by regulating microRNA-625

Background

Esophageal cancer (EC) is a highly aggressive malignant tumor, of which esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) constitutes the main subtype. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) small nucleolar RNA host gene 7 (SNHG7) has been extensively studied in many tumors and has been confirmed to be an oncogene; however, it has yet to be investigated in an ESCC study. Therefore, this study intended to uncover the role of SNHG7 in ESCC.

Methods

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was applied to measure the expression levels of SNHG7 and miR-625 in ESCC tumor tissues and cell lines. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assay, scratch assay, and Transwell assay were conducted to assess the proliferation, migration, and invasion ESCC cell. We verified the interaction between SNHG7 and miR-625 by performing the dual luciferase reporter gene experiment.

Results

Compared to that in adjacent normal tissues and HET1A cell lines, the expression level of SNHG7 in ESCC tumor tissues and ESCC cell lines was up-regulated, while the expression level of miR-625 was down-regulated. ESCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were significantly promoted by SNHG7 overexpression but inhibited by silencing of SNHG7. Further, luciferase reporter gene experiments confirmed that SNHG7 interacted with miR-625, and rescue experiments showed that SNHG7 promoted the malignant phenotype by inhibiting miR-625.

Conclusions

SNHG7 is up-regulated in ESCC tumor tissues and cell lines, while miR-625 is expressed at a low level. SNHG7 is able to facilitate the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ESCC cells by targeting miR-625.

Zinc deficiency: its prevalence and relationship to renal function in Japan

BACKGROUND

Although zinc deficiency is common among dialyzed patients, its prevalence among non-dialyzed subjects and its relationship to renal function remain unclear.

METHODS

We selected 816 non-dialyzed subjects (495 males; mean age, 56 ± 18 years) who underwent measurement of serum zinc at Jikei University Hospital between April 2018 and March 2019 using the Standardized Structured Medical Information eXchange2 (SS-MIX2) system, a global standard in Japan that enables collection of structured medical records with automatic data transfer to a registry database system. A serum zinc level of 60-80 μg/dL was defined as marginal zinc deficiency and a level of < 60 μg/dL as absolute zinc deficiency. We investigated factors associated with serum zinc using multiple regression analysis.

RESULTS

Marginal and absolute zinc deficiency were present in 52.3% and 30.6% of subjects, respectively. Serum zinc levels tended to decrease with increasing stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (P = 0.051). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was not independently associated with serum zinc levels. Instead, serum albumin (t = 4.69, P < 0.01), hemoglobin (t = 2.54, P = 0.01) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (t = - 2.20, P = 0.03) were independently associated with serum zinc. In sensitivity analyses, serum zinc was not associated with either serum copper- or iron-related parameters.

CONCLUSION

This large-scale study clarified the prevalence of zinc deficiency among non-dialyzed Japanese subjects. In addition, eGFR was not independently associated with serum zinc, probably due to confounding factors, such as nutritional status and degree of anemia. Further investigations are needed to clarify the epidemiology of zinc deficiency and its associations with CKD.

Knockdown of circRNA circ_0087378 Represses the Tumorigenesis and Progression of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Through Modulating the miR-140-3p/E2F3 Axis

BACKGROUND

We aimed to investigate the function and underlying mechanisms of circ_0087378 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

METHODS

We verified higher circ_0087378 expression in ESCC tissues by performing qRT-PCR assays. We further confirmed the oncogenic roles of circ_0087378 in ESCC cells through a series of biological function assays. Then, we used an RNA pull-down assay and luciferase reporter assay to identify miR-140-3p that directly interacts with circ_0087378. Subsequent studies were performed to demonstrate that the circ_0087378/miR-140-3p/E2F3 axis promotes ESCC development.

RESULTS

We demonstrated that upregulated circ_0087378 expression was positively associated with tumor size, histological grade, tumor stage, the presence of metastasis, and worse survival in patients with ESCC. Our results further revealed that knockdown of circ_0087378 suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ESCC cells and reduced tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, we showed that circ_0087378 could directly bind to miR-miR-140-3p and relieve the suppression for target E2F3, which accelerated cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Correlation analysis in ESCC specimens supported the involvement of the circ_0087378/miR-140-3p/E2F3 axis in ESCC progression.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that circ_0087378 might act as a competing endogenous RNA for miR-140-3p, which could inhibit the tumorigenesis and progression of ESCC through upregulating E2F3 expression.

Role of Non-coding RNAs on the Radiotherapy Sensitivity and Resistance of Head and Neck Cancer: From Basic Research to Clinical Application

Head and neck cancers (HNCs) rank as the sixth common and the seventh leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with an estimated incidence of 600,000 cases and 40-50% mortality rate every year. Radiotherapy is a common local therapeutic modality for HNC mainly through the function of ionizing radiation, with approximately 60% of patients treated with radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Although radiotherapy is more advanced and widely used in clinical practice, the 5-year overall survival rates of locally advanced HNCs are still less than 40%. HNC cell resistance to radiotherapy remains one of the major challenges to improve the overall survival in HNC patients. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are newly discovered functional small RNA molecules that are different from messenger RNAs, which can be translated into a protein. Many previous studies have reported the dysregulation and function of ncRNAs in HNC. Importantly, researchers reported that several ncRNAs were also dysregulated in radiotherapy-sensitive or radiotherapy-resistant HNC tissues compared with the normal cancer tissues. They found that ectopically elevating or knocking down expression of some ncRNAs could significantly influence the response of HNC cancer cells to radiotherapy, indicating that ncRNAs could regulate the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiotherapy. The implying mechanism for ncRNAs in regulating radiotherapy sensitivity may be due to its roles on affecting DNA damage sensation, inducing cell cycle arrest, regulating DNA damage repair, modulating cell apoptosis, etc. Additionally, clinical studies reported that in situ ncRNA expression in HNC tissues may predict the response of radiotherapy, and circulating ncRNA from body liquid serves as minimally invasive therapy-responsive and prognostic biomarkers in HNC. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current function and mechanism of ncRNAs in regulating the sensitivity of HNC cancer cells to radiotherapy and comprehensively described the state of the art on the role of ncRNAs in the prognosis prediction, therapy monitoring, and prediction of response to radiotherapy in HNC.

Long non‑coding RNA CASC15 facilitates esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tumorigenesis via decreasing SIM2 stability via FTO‑mediated demethylation

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the regulation of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) progression. However, the function and mechanism of lncRNA cancer susceptibility candidate 15 (CASC15) are poorly defined. In the present study, tumor and normal adjacent tissues were collected from 45 patients with ESCC. Expression levels of CASC15, fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) protein and single-minded 2 (SIM2) were examined via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot assays. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated via MTT, flow cytometry and caspase-3 activity assays, respectively. Additionally, an ESCC mouse xenograft model was used to assess the function of CASC15 in vivo. The interaction between FTO and CASC15/SIM2 was analyzed via RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pull-down assays. The results revealed that CASC15 expression was elevated in ESCC tissues, and patients with ESCC exhibiting high CASC15 expression had a poor prognosis. CASC15-knockdown inhibited ESCC cell proliferation and facilitated apoptosis. Additionally, CASC15-knockdown decreased the growth of ESCC xenograft tumors. CASC15 decreased SIM2 stability via FTO-mediated demethylation. Additionally, FTO loss markedly weakened CASC15-mediated pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects in ESCC cells. SIM2 downregulation weakened the effect of CASC15-knockdown on cell proliferation and inhibited the increase of the apoptotic rate and caspase-3 activity induced by CASC15 depletion in ESCC cells. In conclusion, CASC15 promoted ESCC tumorigenesis by decreasing SIM2 stability via FTO-mediated demethylation.

LINC00488 stimulates the progression of esophageal cancer by targeting microRNA-485-5p

Esophageal cancer is the eighth most prevalent malignancy in the world and China has a high incidence of esophageal cancer. Previous studies have identified that LINC00488 is an oncogene; however, its role in esophageal cancer remains unclear. The present study detected the expression and biological functions of LINC00488 in the progression of esophageal cancer. LINC00488 levels in 45 esophageal cancer and matched paracancerous tissues were detected. The association between LINC00488 level, clinical indexes and overall survival rate of patients with esophageal cancer was analyzed. Using Cell Counting Kit-8, Transwell and wound healing assays, the influence of LINC00488 on the biological functions of OE19 and OE33 cells were assessed. The target gene of LINC00488, microRNA-485-5p (miRNA-485-5p), was predicted using bioinformatics databases. In addition, the role of miRNA-485-5p in the progression of esophageal cancer was evaluated using rescue experiments. LINC00488 was upregulated in esophageal cancer tissues and cell lines. A high level of LINC00488 was associated with lymphatic and distant metastasis and poor prognosis in patients with esophageal cancer. Silencing LINC00488 attenuated the viability, migration and wound healing of OE19 and OE33 cells. miRNA-485-5p was downregulated in esophageal cancer and low expression levels predicted a poor prognosis in these patients. In addition, miRNA-485-5p level was negatively correlated with that of LINC00488. Rescue experiments showed that knockdown of miRNA-485-5p reversed the attenuated proliferation and migration of esophageal cancer cells with LINC00488-knockdown. In conclusion, LINC00488 aggravated the malignant progression of esophageal cancer by targeting miRNA-485-5p.

Long intergenic non‑coding RNA LINC01232 contributes to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression by sequestering microRNA‑654‑3p and consequently promoting hepatoma‑derived growth factor expression

Long intergenic non-coding RNA 01232 (LINC01232) was identified as a critical regulator of the development of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The present study investigated the expression and regulatory roles of LINC01232 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The main aim of the present study was to elucidate the underlying mechanisms through which LINC01232 affects the malignancy of ESCC. Initially, LINC01232 expression in ESCC was analyzed using the TCGA and GTEx databases and was confirmed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. ESCC cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration and invasion were assessed using the Cell Counting kit-8 assay, flow cytometric analysis, and migration and invasion assays, respectively. ESCC tumor growth in vivo was examined using a xenograft mouse model. As shown by the results, a high LINC01232 expression was detected in ESCC tissues and cell lines. LINC01232 downregulation suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of ESCC cells, and promoted cell apoptosis in vitro. In addition, LINC01232 depletion restricted tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, LINC01232 was shown to function as an microRNA-654-3p (miR-654-3p) sponge in ESCC cells, and hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) was identified as a direct target of miR-654-3p. LINC01232 could bind competitively to miR-654-3p and decrease its expression in ESCC cells, thereby promoting HDGF expression. Rescue experiments reconfirmed that the effects of LINC01232 deficiency in ESCC cells were restored by increasing the output of the miR-654-3p/HDGF axis. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that LINC01232 plays a tumor-promoting role during the progression of ESCC by regulating the miR-654-3p/HDGF axis. The LINC01232/miR-654-3p/HDGF pathway may thus provide a novel theoretical basis for the management of ESCC.

MicroRNA‑216a‑5p suppresses esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression by targeting KIAA0101

The KIAA0101 protein (also referred to as NS5ATP9 or Paf15) is overexpressed in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and is associated with disease progression and poor patient survival, but how KIAA0101 expression is regulated remains unknown. The relationship between tumor miR-216a-5p expression and prognosis in patients with ESCC was revealed by survival analyses. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR and western blot analysis were used to evaluate miR-216a-5p and KIAA0101 expression in human ESCC tissues and cell lines. The targeting of KIAA0101 by miR-216a-5p was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assays. The EC9706 and TE1 cell lines were transfected with miR-216a-5p mimics and inhibitor, or KIAA0101-specific shRNA and KIAA0101-expressing plasmids, in order to evaluate the effect of manipulating miR-216a-5p and KIAA0101 expression on ESCC cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration, and invasion. miR-216a-5p was lowly expressed and inversely correlated with KIAA0101 protein expression in ESCC tissues and cell lines. Lower miR-216a-5p expression was associated with worse prognosis in patients with ESCC. miR-216a-5p negatively regulated KIAA0101 expression by directly targeting the 3′-untranslated region of the KIAA0101 mRNA. Overexpression of miR-216a-5p suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of the ESCC cell lines, whereas inhibition of miR-216a-5p had the opposite effects. Meanwhile, KIAA0101 promoted ESCC migration and invasion, and its overexpression abolished the antitumor effects of miR-216a-5p mimics. As a tumor suppressor, miR-216a-5p targets KIAA0101 to inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ESCC. Therefore, the miR-216a-5p/KIAA0101 axis may be a potential target for ESCC treatment.

miR-424-5p regulates cell proliferation and migration of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by targeting SIRT4

Objective: The present research is aimed to elucidate the expression patterns of miR-424-5p and its role in tumorigenesis and progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Methods: Both starBase and TCGA were utilized to assess miR-424-5p expression status in ESCC. The endogenous mRNA expression levels of miR-424-5p in ESCC and normal esophagus cell lines were detected by qRT-PCR. CCK8 and colony-forming assays were applied to determine the effects of miR-424-5p on ESCC proliferation. Transwell migration and wound healing assays were carried out to observe the changes of ESCC cell mobility after miR-424-5p mimic or inhibitor transfection. Impact of miR-424-5p on malignancy growth in vivo was further verified in a mouse xenograft model. The regulatory relationships between miR-424-5p and SIRT4 were validated by dual luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR and Western blot.

Results: miR-424-5p expression was found upregulated in ESCC. miR-424-5p overexpression dramatically facilitated ESCC cells proliferation and migration capacity in vitro, while downregulation of miR-424-5p displayed the opposite trend. Inhibition of xenograft tumor growth was further evidenced in vivo. Moreover, SIRT4 was confirmed to be a specific target gene of miR-424-5p in ESCC and negatively modulated by miR-424-5p. Finally, SIRT4 overexpression strongly rescued the promoting influence of miR-424-5p on the proliferative and migratory capacity of ESCC cells.

Conclusions: miR-424-5p had tumor promoting functions in proliferation and migration of ESCC by targeting SIRT4, suggesting that miR-424-5p may serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker and manipulation of miR-424-5p/SIRT4 axis could provide a novel therapeutic strategy for further ESCC treatment.

The pseudogene URAHP promotes proliferation and regulates the pathogenesis of preeclampsia

OBJECTIVES

Preeclampsia (PE), a pregnancy-specific disorder characterized by hypertension and a variety of organ failures, currently lacks effective treatments. Urate (hydroxyiso-) hydrolase, pseudogene (URAHP), which is also a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), has higher expression in PE placentae than in normal controls and therefore acquires an investigation for the specific mechanism of regulation.

METHODS

Placentae were divided into two groups: those from patients with normal pregnancy (NP) (n = 3) and those from patients with PE (n = 3). Total RNA was extracted from the placentae and differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs in PE and NP were identified by Arraystar Human LncRNA Expression Microarray V4.0 analysis. The microarray data were validated by profiling the noncoding RNA expression of URAHP in NP and PE placental tissues through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Then, we uncover the effect of URAHP on cell proliferation by CCK-8 assay and by 3D colony forming assay. Gene coexpression analysis was conducted to identify mRNAs coexpressed with URAHP. qRT-PCR and western blotting assays were used to measure the expression levels of URAHP and KISS1R in JAR and JET-3 cell lines.

RESULTS

A total of 675 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELRs) [184 upregulated DELRs and 491 downregulated DELRs] and a total of 205 differently expressed genes (DEGs) [56 upregulated mRNAs and 149 downregulated mRNAs] were finally identified between PE and NP samples through high-throughput sequencing analysis. The expression of lncRNA URAHP was increased significantly in the placentae of women with preeclampsia when compared to those with normal pregnancies. The functional assay suggested that the downregulation of URAHP alters the proliferative capacity of JAR/JET-3 cells and that the overexpression of URAHP promotes the proliferation of HTR-8/SVneo cells. We also determined that URAHP and KISS1R are coexpressed.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrated for the first time that the pseudogene URAHP may be associated with PE. The results of this study provide a new target for the comprehensive treatment of preeclampsia.

LncRNA MAFG-AS1 Accelerates Cell Migration, Invasion and Aerobic Glycolysis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells via miR-765/PDX1 Axis

Background

LncRNA dysregulation is implicated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) progression; However, the precise role and function of lncRNA MAFG-AS1 in ESCC remains unknown.

Materials and Methods

Expressions of MAFG-AS1, miR-765, PDX1, GLUT1 and LDH-A were detected via qRT-PCR or/and Western blot in ESCC tissues and cell lines. CCK-8, transwell and glycolysis assays were used to investigate the effects of MAFG-AS1 on ESCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and aerobic glycolysis after knockdown or overexpression of MAFG-AS1, and bioinformatics analyses, RNA pull-down and dual luciferase reporter systems were applied to investigate the interaction between MAFG-AS1, miR-765 and PDX1.

Results

MAFG-AS1 was significantly up-modulated in ESCC tissues and cell lines. MAFG-AS1 significantly accelerated ESCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and aerobic glycolysis. MAFG-AS1 competitively adsorbed miR-765, while miR-765 negatively modulated the expression of PDX1. miR-765 and PDX1 participated in the promotive effects of MAFG-AS1 on cell migration, invasion and aerobic glycolysis in ESCC cells.

Conclusion

Our research indicates that the MAFG-AS1/miR-765/PDX1 axis accelerates ESCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and aerobic glycolysis.