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Chamakioti M, Chrousos GP, Kassi E, Vlachakis D, Yapijakis C. Stress-Related Roles of Exosomes and Exosomal miRNAs in Common Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8256. [PMID: 39125827 PMCID: PMC11311345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, natural nanovesicles that contain a cargo of biologically active molecules such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, are released from cells to the extracellular environment. They then act as autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine mediators of communication between cells by delivering their cargo into recipient cells and causing downstream effects. Exosomes are greatly enriched in miRNAs, which are small non-coding RNAs that act both as cytoplasmic post-transcriptional repression agents, modulating the translation of mRNAs into proteins, as well as nuclear transcriptional gene activators. Neuronal exosomal miRNAs have important physiologic functions in the central nervous system (CNS), including cell-to-cell communication, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis, as well as modulating stress and inflammatory responses. Stress-induced changes in exosomal functions include effects on neurogenesis and neuroinflammation, which can lead to the appearance of various neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases. The current knowledge regarding the roles of exosomes in the pathophysiology of common mental disorders is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrsini Chamakioti
- Unit of Orofacial Genetics, 1st Department of Pediatrics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, Choremion Laboratory, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
| | - George P. Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, Choremion Laboratory, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
| | - Eva Kassi
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 118 55 Athens, Greece;
| | - Christos Yapijakis
- Unit of Orofacial Genetics, 1st Department of Pediatrics, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, Choremion Laboratory, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
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Speranza L, Molinari M, Volpicelli F, Lacivita E, Leopoldo M, Pulcrano S, Carlo Bellenchi G, Perrone Capano C, Crispino M. Modulation of neuronal morphology by antipsychotic drug: Involvement of serotonin receptor 7. Brain Res 2024; 1830:148815. [PMID: 38387714 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs (APDs) are the primary pharmacological treatment for schizophrenia, a complex disorder characterized by altered neuronal connectivity. Atypical or second-generation antipsychotics, such as Risperidone (RSP) and Clozapine (CZP) predominantly block dopaminergic D2 and serotonin receptor 2A (5-HT2A) neurotransmission. Both compounds also exhibit affinity for the 5-HT7R, with RSP acting as an antagonist and CZP as an inverse agonist. Our study aimed to determine whether RSP and CZP can influence neuronal morphology through a 5-HT7R-mediated mechanism. Here, we demonstrated that CZP promotes neurite outgrowth of early postnatal cortical neurons, and the 5-HT7R mediates its effect. Conversely, RSP leads to a reduction of neurite length of early postnatal cortical neurons, in a 5-HT7R-independent way. Furthermore, we found that the effects of CZP, mediated by 5-HT7R activation, require the participation of ERK and Cdk5 kinase pathways. At the same time, the modulation of neurite length by RSP does not involve these pathways. In conclusion, our findings provide valuable insights into the morphological changes induced by these two APDs in neurons and elucidate some of the associated molecular pathways. Investigating the 5-HT7R-dependent signaling pathways underlying the neuronal morphogenic effects of APDs may contribute to the identification of novel targets for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Speranza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marta Molinari
- Telethon Institute of Genetics & Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Floriana Volpicelli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pulcrano
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Bellenchi
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Perrone Capano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Crispino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
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Naso FD, Bruqi K, Manzini V, Chiurchiù V, D'Onofrio M, Arisi I, Strappazzon F. miR-218-5p and doxorubicin combination enhances anticancer activity in breast cancer cells through Parkin-dependent mitophagy inhibition. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:149. [PMID: 38514650 PMCID: PMC10957887 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast Cancer (BC) is one of the most common tumours, and is known for its ability to develop resistance to chemotherapeutic treatments. Autophagy has been linked to chemotherapeutic response in several types of cancer, highlighting its contribution to this process. However, the role of mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy responsible for damaged mitochondria degradation, in the response to therapies in BC is still unclear. In order to address this point, we analysed the role of mitophagy in the treatment of the most common anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DXR), in different models of BC, such as a luminal A subtype-BC cell line MCF7 cells, cultured in 2-Dimension (2D) or in 3-Dimension (3D), and the triple negative BC (TNBC) cell line MDA-MB-231. Through a microarray analysis, we identified a relationship between mitophagy gene expressions related to the canonical PINK1/Parkin-mediated pathway and DXR treatment in BC cells. Afterwards, we demonstrated that the PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy is indeed induced following DXR treatment and that exogenous expression of a small non-coding RNA, the miRNA-218-5p, known to target mRNA of Parkin, was sufficient to inhibit the DXR-mediated mitophagy in MCF7 and in MDA-MB-231 cells, thereby increasing their sensitivity to DXR. Considering the current challenges involved in BC refractory to treatment, our work could provide a promising approach to prevent tumour resistance and recurrence, potentially leading to the development of an innovative approach to combine mitophagy inhibition and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krenare Bruqi
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64/65, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, U1315, Institut NeuroMyogène, Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Valeria Manzini
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) "Rita Levi-Montalcini", Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Chiurchiù
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Santa Lucia, Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64/65, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara D'Onofrio
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) "Rita Levi-Montalcini", Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Arisi
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) "Rita Levi-Montalcini", Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavie Strappazzon
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64/65, 00143, Rome, Italy.
- Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, U1315, Institut NeuroMyogène, Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, 69008, Lyon, France.
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Lee JH, Kim KM, Jung EH, Lee HR, Yang JH, Cho SS, Ki SH. Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy by TGF-β Is Connected with Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14826. [PMID: 37834275 PMCID: PMC10573240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the main contributors to the development and progression of liver fibrosis. Parkin is an E3 ligase involved in mitophagy mediated by lysosomes that maintains mitochondrial homeostasis. Unfortunately, there is little information regarding the regulation of parkin by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and its association with HSC trans-differentiation. This study showed that parkin is upregulated in fibrotic conditions and elucidated the underlying mechanism. Parkin was observed in the cirrhotic region of the patient liver tissues and visualized using immunostaining and immunoblotting of mouse fibrotic liver samples and primary HSCs. The role of parkin-mediated mitophagy in hepatic fibrogenesis was examined using TGF-β-treated LX-2 cells with mitophagy inhibitor, mitochondrial division inhibitor 1. Parkin overexpression and its colocalization with desmin in human tissues were found. Increased parkin in fibrotic liver homogenates of mice was observed. Parkin was expressed more abundantly in HSCs than in hepatocytes and was upregulated under TGF-β. TGF-β-induced parkin was due to Smad3. TGF-β facilitated mitochondrial translocation, leading to mitophagy activation, reversed by mitophagy inhibitor. However, TGF-β did not change mitochondrial function. Mitophagy inhibitor suppressed profibrotic genes and HSC migration mediated by TGF-β. Collectively, parkin-involved mitophagy by TGF-β facilitates HSC activation, suggesting mitophagy may utilize targets for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea (E.H.J.); (H.R.L.); (S.S.C.)
| | - Kyu Min Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea (E.H.J.); (H.R.L.); (S.S.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea (E.H.J.); (H.R.L.); (S.S.C.)
| | - Hye Rim Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea (E.H.J.); (H.R.L.); (S.S.C.)
| | - Ji Hye Yang
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sam Seok Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea (E.H.J.); (H.R.L.); (S.S.C.)
| | - Sung Hwan Ki
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea (E.H.J.); (H.R.L.); (S.S.C.)
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Wang Y, Zhu X, Gu Y, Liu Z, Mao Y, Liu X, Bai Z, Wang G, Li J. Study on the Role of Mitophagy Receptor PHB2 in Doubly Uniparental Inheritance of Hyriopsis cumingii. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 25:790-799. [PMID: 37594541 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-023-10240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
In bivalves, the heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA and its unique mode of transmission have been the focus of attention, which is called doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI). Prohibitin-2 (phb2) is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein that is a key mitophagy receptor for parental mitochondrial removal. Hyriopsis cumingii is a freshwater bivalve in China, the full-length cDNA of H. cumingii phb2 (named Hcphb2) is 2917 bp and encodes a total of 300 amino acids, a highly conserved sequence. Hcphb2 was highly expressed in the ovary. In the gonadal tissues of 5- to 8-month-old female mussels, the expression level of Hcphb2 continued to significantly increase. After Hcphb2 siRNA interference in 6-month-old female mussels, the expression of M-COII, a marker gene on M-type mitochondria, showed a considerable increase (p < 0.05). In contrast, the expression of autophagosome formation and maturation-related genes, atg4b, atg5, atg12, and atg16l, in the ATG family genes was significantly decreased (p < 0.01). Subcellular localization showed that Hcphb2 appeared in spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, and sperm, and its location changes synchronize with the behavior of M-type mitochondria location changes in DUI species. And it was found that miR-184 negatively regulated Hcphb2. The above results suggest that the mitochondrial autophagy receptor gene Hcphb2 may be associated with the degradation of M-type mitochondria in the freshwater mussel. This process requires multiple genes to participate, of which Hcphb2 and autophagy genes are only some of those that may play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, 314000, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zongyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yingrui Mao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, 314000, China
- Taizhou Innovation Center, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Zhiyi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Guiling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai, 201306, China
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Jurcau A, Jurcau CM. Mitochondria in Huntington's disease: implications in pathogenesis and mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic strategies. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:1472-1477. [PMID: 36571344 PMCID: PMC10075114 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.360289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a genetic disease caused by expanded CAG repeats on exon 1 of the huntingtin gene located on chromosome 4. Compelling evidence implicates impaired mitochondrial energetics, altered mitochondrial biogenesis and quality control, disturbed mitochondrial trafficking, oxidative stress and mitochondrial calcium dyshomeostasis in the pathogenesis of the disorder. Unfortunately, conventional mitochondrial-targeted molecules, such as cysteamine, creatine, coenzyme Q10, or triheptanoin, yielded negative or inconclusive results. However, future therapeutic strategies, aiming to restore mitochondrial biogenesis, improving the fission/fusion balance, and improving mitochondrial trafficking, could prove useful tools in improving the phenotype of Huntington's disease and, used in combination with genome-editing methods, could lead to a cure for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Jurcau
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea; Neurology 3 Ward, Clinical Emergency Hospital, Oradea, Romania
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Szelągowski A, Kozakiewicz M. A Glance at Biogenesis and Functionality of MicroRNAs and Their Role in the Neuropathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:7759053. [PMID: 37333462 PMCID: PMC10270766 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7759053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding RNA transcripts. Mammalian miRNA coding sequences are located in introns and exons of genes encoding various proteins. As the central nervous system is the largest source of miRNA transcripts in living organisms, miRNA molecules are an integral part of the regulation of epigenetic activity in physiological and pathological processes. Their activity depends on many proteins that act as processors, transporters, and chaperones. Many variants of Parkinson's disease have been directly linked to specific gene mutations which in pathological conditions are cumulated resulting in the progression of neurogenerative changes. These mutations can often coexist with specific miRNA dysregulation. Dysregulation of different extracellular miRNAs has been confirmed in many studies on the PD patients. It seems reasonable to conduct further research on the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and their potential use in future therapies and diagnosis of the disease. This review presents the current state of knowledge about the biogenesis and functionality of miRNAs in the human genome and their role in the neuropathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD)-one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. The article also describes the process of miRNA formation which can occur in two ways-the canonical and noncanonical one. However, the main focus was on miRNA's use in in vitro and in vivo studies in the context of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of PD. Some issues, especially those regarding the usefulness of miRNAs in PD's diagnostics and especially its treatment, require further research. More standardization efforts and clinical trials on miRNAs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Szelągowski
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Geriatrics, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kozakiewicz
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Geriatrics, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Tryphena KP, Anuradha U, Kumar R, Rajan S, Srivastava S, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Understanding the Involvement of microRNAs in Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Their Role as Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Parkinson's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S187-S202. [PMID: 35848027 PMCID: PMC10473154 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, affecting the elderly worldwide and causing significant movement impairments. The goal of PD treatment is to restore dopamine levels in the striatum and regulate movement symptoms. The lack of specific biomarkers for early diagnosis, as well as medication aimed at addressing the pathogenic mechanisms to decelerate the progression of dopaminergic neurodegeneration, are key roadblocks in the management of PD. Various pathogenic processes have been identified to be involved in the progression of PD, with mitochondrial dysfunction being a major contributor to the disease's pathogenesis. The regulation of mitochondrial functions is influenced by a variety of factors, including epigenetics. microRNAs (miRNAs) are epigenetic modulators involved in the regulation of gene expression and regulate a variety of proteins that essential for proper mitochondrial functioning. They are found to be dysregulated in PD, as evidenced by biological samples from PD patients and in vitro and in vivo research. In this article, we attempt to provide an overview of several miRNAs linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Urati Anuradha
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rohith Kumar
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shruti Rajan
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Naren P, Cholkar A, Kamble S, Khan SS, Srivastava S, Madan J, Mehra N, Tiwari V, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Pathological and Therapeutic Advances in Parkinson's Disease: Mitochondria in the Interplay. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S399-S428. [PMID: 36093711 PMCID: PMC10473111 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative illness majorly affecting the population between the ages of 55 to 65 years. Progressive dopaminergic neuronal loss and the collective assemblage of misfolded alpha-synuclein in the substantia nigra, remain notable neuro-pathological hallmarks of the disease. Multitudes of mechanistic pathways have been proposed in attempts to unravel the pathogenesis of PD but still, it remains elusive. The convergence of PD pathology is found in organelle dysfunction where mitochondria remain a major contributor. Mitochondrial processes like bioenergetics, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy are under strict regulation by the mitochondrial genome and nuclear genome. These processes aggravate neurodegenerative activities upon alteration through neuroinflammation, oxidative damage, apoptosis, and proteostatic stress. Therefore, the mitochondria have grabbed a central position in the patho-mechanistic exploration of neurodegenerative diseases like PD. The management of PD remains a challenge to physicians to date, due to the variable therapeutic response of patients and the limitation of conventional chemical agents which only offer symptomatic relief with minimal to no disease-modifying effect. This review describes the patho-mechanistic pathways involved in PD not only limited to protein dyshomeostasis and oxidative stress, but explicit attention has been drawn to exploring mechanisms like organelle dysfunction, primarily mitochondria and mitochondrial genome influence, while delineating the newer exploratory targets such as GBA1, GLP, LRRK2, and miRNAs and therapeutic agents targeting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmashri Naren
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anjali Cholkar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Suchita Kamble
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sabiya Samim Khan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Jitender Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Neelesh Mehra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.) Varanasi (U.P.), India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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10
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Wagner A, Kosnacova H, Chovanec M, Jurkovicova D. Mitochondrial Genetic and Epigenetic Regulations in Cancer: Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147897. [PMID: 35887244 PMCID: PMC9321253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles managing crucial processes of cellular metabolism and bioenergetics. Enabling rapid cellular adaptation to altered endogenous and exogenous environments, mitochondria play an important role in many pathophysiological states, including cancer. Being under the control of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (mtDNA and nDNA), mitochondria adjust their activity and biogenesis to cell demands. In cancer, numerous mutations in mtDNA have been detected, which do not inactivate mitochondrial functions but rather alter energy metabolism to support cancer cell growth. Increasing evidence suggests that mtDNA mutations, mtDNA epigenetics and miRNA regulations dynamically modify signalling pathways in an altered microenvironment, resulting in cancer initiation and progression and aberrant therapy response. In this review, we discuss mitochondria as organelles importantly involved in tumorigenesis and anti-cancer therapy response. Tumour treatment unresponsiveness still represents a serious drawback in current drug therapies. Therefore, studying aspects related to genetic and epigenetic control of mitochondria can open a new field for understanding cancer therapy response. The urgency of finding new therapeutic regimens with better treatment outcomes underlines the targeting of mitochondria as a suitable candidate with new therapeutic potential. Understanding the role of mitochondria and their regulation in cancer development, progression and treatment is essential for the development of new safe and effective mitochondria-based therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wagner
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.W.); (H.K.); (M.C.)
- Department of Simulation and Virtual Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Helena Kosnacova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.W.); (H.K.); (M.C.)
- Department of Simulation and Virtual Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Chovanec
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.W.); (H.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Dana Jurkovicova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.W.); (H.K.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Dysregulated miRNAs as Biomarkers and Therapeutical Targets in Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050770. [PMID: 35629192 PMCID: PMC9143965 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) are representative neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) characterized by degeneration of selective neurons, as well as the lack of effective biomarkers and therapeutic treatments. In the last decade, microRNAs (miRNAs) have gained considerable interest in diagnostics and therapy of NDs, owing to their aberrant expression and their ability to target multiple molecules and pathways. Here, we provide an overview of dysregulated miRNAs in fluids (blood or cerebrospinal fluid) and nervous tissue of AD, PD, and ALS patients. By emphasizing those that are commonly dysregulated in these NDs, we highlight their potential role as biomarkers or therapeutical targets and describe the use of antisense oligonucleotides as miRNA therapies.
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12
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Does the Expression and Epigenetics of Genes Involved in Monogenic Forms of Parkinson’s Disease Influence Sporadic Forms? Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030479. [PMID: 35328033 PMCID: PMC8951612 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a disorder characterized by a triad of motor symptoms (akinesia, rigidity, resting tremor) related to loss of dopaminergic neurons mainly in the Substantia nigra pars compacta. Diagnosis is often made after a substantial loss of neurons has already occurred, and while dopamine replacement therapies improve symptoms, they do not modify the course of the disease. Although some biological mechanisms involved in the disease have been identified, such as oxidative stress and accumulation of misfolded proteins, they do not explain entirely PD pathophysiology, and a need for a better understanding remains. Neurodegenerative diseases, including PD, appear to be the result of complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The latter can alter gene expression by causing epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, post-translational modification of histones and non-coding RNAs. Regulation of genes responsible for monogenic forms of PD may be involved in sporadic PD. This review will focus on the epigenetic mechanisms regulating their expression, since these are the genes for which we currently have the most information available. Despite technical challenges, epigenetic epidemiology offers new insights on revealing altered biological pathways and identifying predictive biomarkers for the onset and progression of PD.
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13
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Gowda P, Reddy PH, Kumar S. Deregulated mitochondrial microRNAs in Alzheimer's disease: Focus on synapse and mitochondria. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 73:101529. [PMID: 34813976 PMCID: PMC8692431 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is currently one of the biggest public health concerns in the world. Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons is one of the major hallmarks of AD. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial miRNAs potentially play important roles in the mitochondrial dysfunctions, focusing on synapse in AD progression. In this meta-analysis paper, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify and discuss the (1) role of mitochondrial miRNAs that regulate mitochondrial and synaptic functions; (2) the role of various factors such as mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis, calcium signaling, biological sex, and aging on synapse and mitochondrial function; (3) how synapse damage and mitochondrial dysfunctions contribute to AD; (4) the structure and function of synapse and mitochondria in the disease process; (5) latest research developments in synapse and mitochondria in healthy and disease states; and (6) therapeutic strategies that improve synaptic and mitochondrial functions in AD. Specifically, we discussed how differences in the expression of mitochondrial miRNAs affect ATP production, oxidative stress, mitophagy, bioenergetics, mitochondrial dynamics, synaptic activity, synaptic plasticity, neurotransmission, and synaptotoxicity in neurons observed during AD. However, more research is needed to confirm the locations and roles of individual mitochondrial miRNAs in the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Gowda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Neurology, Departments of School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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14
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Tai Y, Chen J, Tao Z, Ren J. Non-coding RNAs: New players in mitophagy and neurodegeneration. Neurochem Int 2021; 152:105253. [PMID: 34864089 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitophagy controls mitochondrial quality to maintain cellular homeostasis, while aberrations in this process are responsible for neurodegenerative diseases. Mitophagy is initiated through the recruitment of autophagosomes in a ubiquitin-dependent or ubiquitin-independent manner under different stress conditions. Although the detailed molecular mechanisms of how mitophagy processes influence neurodegeneration remain largely uncharacterized, there is mounting evidence indicating that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), a variety of endogenous regulators, including microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, extensively participate in mitophagy processes and play pivotal roles in the aging process and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we reviewed the major mitophagy pathways modulated by some classical and newly found ncRNAs and summarized the diverse mechanisms in a regulatory network. We also discussed the generalizability of ncRNAs in the development of common neurodegenerative diseases related to proteotoxicity and the importance of mitophagy in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In summary, we propose that ncRNAs act as linkers between mitophagy and neurodegeneration, showing the potential therapeutic application of mitophagy regulation mediated by ncRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Tai
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhouteng Tao
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jin Ren
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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15
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Chis AR, Moatar AI, Dijmarescu C, Rosca C, Vorovenci RJ, Krabbendam I, Dolga A, Bejinar C, Marian C, Sirbu IO, Simu M. Plasma hsa-mir-19b is a potential LevoDopa therapy marker. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:8715-8724. [PMID: 34328686 PMCID: PMC8435426 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder among the elderly, the diagnostic and prognostic of which is based mostly on clinical signs. LevoDopa replacement is the gold standard therapy for PD, as it ameliorates the motor symptoms. However, it does not affect the progression of the disease and its long‐term use triggers severe complications. There are no bona fide biomarkers for monitoring the patients’ response to LevoDopa and predicting the efficacy of levodopa treatment. Here, we have combined qPCR microRNA array screening with analysis of validated miRs in naïve versus Levodopa‐treated PD patients. We have identified plasma miR‐19b as a possible biomarker for LevoDopa therapy and validated this result in human differentiated dopaminergic neurons exposed to LevoDopa. In silico analysis suggests that the LevoDopa‐induced miR‐19b regulates ubiquitin‐mediated proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Rodica Chis
- Department of Biochemistry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.,Center for Complex Networks Science, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandra Ioana Moatar
- Department of Biochemistry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.,Center for Complex Networks Science, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Dijmarescu
- Department of Neurology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.,Neurology Clinic I, Timisoara Emergency County Hospital, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cecilia Rosca
- Department of Neurology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.,Neurology Clinic I, Timisoara Emergency County Hospital, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Julia Vorovenci
- Department of Neurology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.,Neurology Clinic I, Timisoara Emergency County Hospital, Timisoara, Romania.,Neurology Clinic, SRH Klinikum Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Karlsbad, Germany
| | - Inge Krabbendam
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amalia Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Bejinar
- Department of Biochemistry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Catalin Marian
- Department of Biochemistry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.,Center for Complex Networks Science, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Ovidiu Sirbu
- Department of Biochemistry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.,Center for Complex Networks Science, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihaela Simu
- Department of Neurology, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.,Neurology Clinic I, Timisoara Emergency County Hospital, Timisoara, Romania
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16
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Murillo-González FE, García-Aguilar R, Vega L, Elizondo G. Regulation of Parkin expression as the key balance between neural survival and cancer cell death. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114650. [PMID: 34111426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkin is a cytosolic E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays an important role in neuroprotection by targeting several proteins to be degraded by the 26S proteasome. Its dysfunction has been associated not only with Parkinson's disease (PD) but also with other neurodegenerative pathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. More recently, Parkin has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene implicated in cancer development. Due to the important roles that this E3 ubiquitin ligase plays in cellular homeostasis, its expression, activity, and turnover are tightly regulated. Several reviews have addressed Parkin regulation; however, genetic and epigenetic regulation have been excluded. In addition to posttranslational modifications (PTMs), this review examines the regulatory mechanisms that control Parkin function through gene expression, epigenetic regulation, and degradation. Furthermore, the consequences of disrupting these regulatory processes on human health are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Libia Vega
- Department of Toxicology, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Elizondo
- Department of Cellular Biology, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360 Mexico City, Mexico.
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17
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Nies YH, Mohamad Najib NH, Lim WL, Kamaruzzaman MA, Yahaya MF, Teoh SL. MicroRNA Dysregulation in Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:660379. [PMID: 33994934 PMCID: PMC8121453 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.660379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a severely debilitating neurodegenerative disease, affecting the motor system, leading to resting tremor, cogwheel rigidity, bradykinesia, walking and gait difficulties, and postural instability. The severe loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta causes striatal dopamine deficiency and the presence of Lewy bodies indicates a pathological hallmark of PD. Although the current treatment of PD aims to preserve dopaminergic neurons or to replace dopamine depletion in the brain, it is notable that complete recovery from the disease is yet to be achieved. Given the complexity and multisystem effects of PD, the underlying mechanisms of PD pathogenesis are yet to be elucidated. The advancement of medical technologies has given some insights in understanding the mechanism and potential treatment of PD with a special interest in the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) to unravel the pathophysiology of PD. In PD patients, it was found that striatal brain tissue and dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra demonstrated dysregulated miRNAs expression profiles. Hence, dysregulation of miRNAs may contribute to the pathogenesis of PD through modulation of PD-associated gene and protein expression. This review will discuss recent findings on PD-associated miRNAs dysregulation, from the regulation of PD-associated genes, dopaminergic neuron survival, α-synuclein-induced inflammation and circulating miRNAs. The next section of this review also provides an update on the potential uses of miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic tools for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hui Nies
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Haliza Mohamad Najib
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Ling Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Amir Kamaruzzaman
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Fairuz Yahaya
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Seong Lin Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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18
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Molecular Regulation in Dopaminergic Neuron Development. Cues to Unveil Molecular Pathogenesis and Pharmacological Targets of Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113995. [PMID: 32503161 PMCID: PMC7312927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively few dopaminergic neurons in the mammalian brain are mostly located in the midbrain and regulate many important neural functions, including motor integration, cognition, emotive behaviors and reward. Therefore, alteration of their function or degeneration leads to severe neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Unraveling the mechanisms of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) phenotype induction and maturation and elucidating the role of the gene network involved in the development and maintenance of these neurons is of pivotal importance to rescue or substitute these cells in order to restore dopaminergic functions. Recently, in addition to morphogens and transcription factors, microRNAs have been identified as critical players to confer mDA identity. The elucidation of the gene network involved in mDA neuron development and function will be crucial to identify early changes of mDA neurons that occur in pre-symptomatic pathological conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease. In addition, it can help to identify targets for new therapies and for cell reprogramming into mDA neurons. In this essay, we review the cascade of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation that confers mDA identity and regulates their functions. Additionally, we highlight certain mechanisms that offer important clues to unveil molecular pathogenesis of mDA neuron dysfunction and potential pharmacological targets for the treatment of mDA neuron dysfunction.
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19
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Mitochondrial MicroRNAs in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061345. [PMID: 32481587 PMCID: PMC7349858 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of several biological processes, such as cell growth, cell proliferation, embryonic development, tissue differentiation, and apoptosis. Currently, over 2000 mammalian miRNAs have been reported to regulate these biological processes. A subset of microRNAs was found to be localized to human mitochondria (mitomiRs). Through years of research, over 400 mitomiRs have been shown to modulate the translational activity of the mitochondrial genome. While miRNAs have been studied for years, the function of mitomiRs and their role in neurodegenerative pathologies is not known. The purpose of our article is to highlight recent findings that relate mitomiRs to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s. We also discuss the involvement of mitomiRs in regulating the mitochondrial genome in age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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20
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Strappazzon F. A global view of the miRNA-mitophagy connexion. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 172:37-54. [PMID: 32620248 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamics organelles that provide the necessary energy for cellular functions. However, when they are dysfunctional, they can, by contrast, be very harmful for the cell. Mitophagy ensures their recycling and preserves cell performance. This mechanism is particularly important in neurons because they use a lot of energy. Failed mitophagy can thus affect the development of neurons and lead to brain problems. In this regard, a tight regulation of this process is needed. In recent years microRNAs, as regulators of several biological processes, have attracted attention in the field of mitophagy. In this review, we focused on the studies that highlight the miRNAs implicated in the regulation of mitophagic pathways. In particular, we described the first study carried out 7 years ago, in the context of mitophagy during erythroid differentiation. Next, we have cited all the other works to date on microRNAs and mitophagy regulation. Finally, we have underlined the importance of these discoveries in order to define new therapeutic approaches in the context of age-related diseases involving mitochondrial dysfunctions, such as cancers and neurodegenerative diseases.
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