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Moon S, Stasikowska-Kanicka O, Wągrowska-Danilewicz M, Hawro M, Metz M, Maurer M, Hawro T. Clinically uninvolved but not healthy-The skin of patients with atopic dermatitis is primed for itch and inflammation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38:1089-1100. [PMID: 38063249 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a highly prevalent inflammatory skin disorder characterized by episodic exacerbations and remissions. Why the clinically healthy skin of AD patients becomes rapidly inflamed and very pruritic is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate cowhage- and histamine-induced itch and skin expression levels of their target receptors in lesional and non-lesional skin of AD, compared to the skin of patients with psoriasis, chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) and healthy subjects. METHODS Patients with AD, psoriasis and chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) as well as healthy control subjects (HC) (n = 20 each) were assessed for differences in itch parameters, neurogenic flare reaction and local blood flow responses to skin provocations with cowhage and histamine. Skin biopsies from 10 AD, 10 psoriasis,11 CSU and 12 HC were obtained to assess expression of protease-activated receptors 2 and 4 (PAR-2, PAR-4), histamine H1 and H4 receptors (H1R, H4R), and mast cells. RESULTS Provocation of non-lesional skin of AD patients with cowhage resulted in prolonged itch (p = 0.020), which was not observed in psoriasis and CSU. Significantly prolonged and more intense cowhage- and histamine-induced itch (for duration, peak and overall intensity) was also observed in lesional AD skin. Diminished neurogenic flare reaction and blood flow after histamine provocation were shown in AD and psoriasis patients. Non-lesional AD skin along with lesional AD and psoriasis skin showed an increased expression of PAR-2 and PAR-4, H1R and H4R. Mast cell number was higher in lesional AD and psoriasis skin (p = 0.006 and p = 0.006, respectively). CONCLUSION The non-lesional skin of AD patients markedly differs from healthy skin in cowhage-induced itch responses and the expression of receptors for proteases and histamine. Proactive therapeutic interventions that downregulate these receptors may prevent episodic exacerbation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moon
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - O Stasikowska-Kanicka
- Department of Diagnostic Techniques in Pathomorphology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - M Wągrowska-Danilewicz
- Department of Diagnostic Techniques in Pathomorphology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - M Hawro
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, Institute and Comprehensive Center for Inflammation Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - M Metz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Maurer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - T Hawro
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, Institute and Comprehensive Center for Inflammation Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
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2
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Peled A, Sprecher E. Proteolytic and Antiproteolytic Activity in the Skin: Gluing the Pieces Together. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:466-473. [PMID: 37865898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal differentiation is ultimately aimed at the formation of a functional barrier capable of protecting the organism from the environment while preventing loss of biologically vital elements. Epidermal differentiation entails a delicately regulated process of cell-cell junction formation and dissolution to enable upward cell migration and desquamation. Over the past two decades, the deciphering of the genetic basis of a number of inherited conditions has delineated the pivotal role played in this process by a series of proteases and protease inhibitors, including serpins, cathepsins, and cystatins, suggesting novel avenues for therapeutic intervention in both rare and common disorders of cornification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Peled
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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3
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Luo YC, Lv YL, He RX, Shi XX, Jiang T. Kallikrein-related peptidase 10 predicts prognosis and mediates tumor immunomodulation in colorectal cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 689:149217. [PMID: 37972446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) have significantly increased in recent years. It has been shown that early diagnosis of CRC improves the five-year survival of patients compared to late diagnosis, as patients with stage I disease have a five-year survival rate as high as 90 %. Through bioinformatics analysis, we identified Kallikrein 10 (KLK10), a member of the Kallikrein family, as a reliable predictor of CRC progression, particularly in patients with early-stage CRC. Furthermore, single-cell analysis revealed that KLK10 was highly expressed in tumor and partial immune cells. Analysis of the biological functions of KLK10 using the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes and gene ontology indicated that KLK10 plays a role in the proliferation and differentiation of cancer cells, along with the maintenance of tumor function and immune regulation, explicitly by T cells and macrophages. EdU cell proliferation staining, plate clone formation assay, and cell scratch assay demonstrated that KLK10 inhibition by siRNA affected the proliferation and migration of CRC cells. Cell cycle detection by flow cytometry demonstrated that KLK10 inhibition led to cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. In addition, the proportion of M1 and M2 macrophages in 45 tumor specimens was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, the proportion of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in plasma was identified by flow cytometry, and their correlation with KLK10 was analyzed. The effects of KLK10 on T cells and macrophages were verified in independent cell experiments. The results revealed that KLK10 also activates CD4+ T cells, mediating M2-type macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Luo
- Hunan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan-Lin Lv
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruo-Xu He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shi
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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4
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Khadka VD, Markey L, Boucher M, Lieberman TD. Commensal skin bacteria exacerbate inflammation and delay skin healing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.04.569980. [PMID: 38106058 PMCID: PMC10723327 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.04.569980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The skin microbiome can both trigger beneficial immune stimulation and pose a potential infection threat. Previous studies have shown that colonization of mouse skin with the model human skin commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis is protective against subsequent excisional wound or pathogen challenge. However, less is known about concurrent skin damage and exposure to commensal microbes, despite growing interest in interventional probiotic therapy. Here, we address this open question by applying commensal skin bacteria at a high dose to abraded skin. While depletion of the skin microbiome via antibiotics delayed repair from damage, application of commensals-- including the mouse commensal Staphylococcus xylosus, three distinct isolates of S. epidermidis, and all other tested human skin commensals-- also significantly delayed barrier repair. Increased inflammation was observed within four hours of S. epidermidis exposure and persisted through day four, at which point the skin displayed a chronic-wound-like inflammatory state with increased neutrophil infiltration, increased fibroblast activity, and decreased monocyte differentiation. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that the prolonged upregulation of early canonical proliferative pathways inhibited the progression of barrier repair. These results highlight the nuanced role of members of the skin microbiome in modulating barrier integrity and indicate the need for caution in their development as probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veda D Khadka
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Laura Markey
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Magalie Boucher
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Tami D Lieberman
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge. MA, United States
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5
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Koumaki D, Gregoriou S, Evangelou G, Krasagakis K. Pruritogenic Mediators and New Antipruritic Drugs in Atopic Dermatitis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:2091. [PMID: 36983094 PMCID: PMC10054239 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common highly pruritic chronic inflammatory skin disorder affecting 5-20% of children worldwide, while the prevalence in adults varies from 7 to 10%. Patients with AD experience intense pruritus that could lead to sleep disturbance and impaired quality of life. Here, we analyze the pathophysiology of itchiness in AD. We extensively review the histamine-dependent and histamine-independent pruritogens. Several receptors, substance P, secreted molecules, chemokines, and cytokines are involved as mediators in chronic itch. We also, summarize the new emerging antipruritic drugs in atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Koumaki
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Stamatios Gregoriou
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 16121 Athens, Greece
| | - George Evangelou
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
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6
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Matus CE, Ehrenfeld P, Figueroa CD. The family of kallikrein-related peptidases and kinin peptides as modulators of epidermal homeostasis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1070-C1087. [PMID: 35993513 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00012.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is the outermost skin layer and is part of one of the largest organs in the body; it is supported by the dermis, a network of fibrils, blood vessels, pilosebaceous units, sweat glands, nerves, and cells. The skin as a whole is a protective shield against numerous noxious agents, including microorganisms and chemical and physical factors. These functions rely on the activity of multiple growth factors, peptide hormones, proteases, and specific signaling pathways that are triggered by the activation of distinct types of receptors sited in the cell membranes of the various cell types present in the skin. The human kallikrein family comprises a large group of 15 serine proteases synthesized and secreted by different types of epithelial cells throughout the body, including the skin. At this site, they initiate a proteolytic cascade that generates the active forms of the proteases, some of which regulate skin desquamation, activation of cytokines, and antimicrobial peptides. Kinin peptides are formed by the action of plasma and tissue kallikreins on kininogens, two plasma proteins produced in the liver and other organs. Although kinins are well known for their proinflammatory abilities, in the skin they are also considered important modulators of keratinocyte differentiation. In this review, we summarize the contributions of the kallikreins and kallikrein-related peptidases family and those of kinins and their receptors in skin homeostasis, with special emphasis on their pathophysiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola E Matus
- Departament of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center of Biomedical and Morphofunctional Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos D Figueroa
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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7
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Morizane S, Sunagawa K, Nomura H, Ouchida M. Aberrant serine protease activities in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 107:2-7. [PMID: 35817663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease; the three major factors responsible for AD, i.e., epidermal barrier dysfunction, allergic inflammation, and itching, interact with each other to form a pathological condition. Excessive protease activities are characteristic abnormalities that affect the epidermal barrier in patients with AD. In normal skin, epidermal serine protease activities are controlled by kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) and their inhibitors, including lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI). In AD lesions, KLKs are excessively expressed, which results in the enhancement of epidermal serine protease activities and facilitates the invasion by allergens and microorganisms. In addition, some KLKs can activate protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in epidermal keratinocytes and peripheral nerves, resulting in the induction of inflammation and itching. Furthermore, in AD patients with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) such as E420K and D386N of SPINK5 which encodes LEKTI, LEKTI function is attenuated, resulting in the activation of KLKs and easy invasion by allergens and microorganisms. Further analysis is needed to elucidate the detailed mechanism underlying the control of serine protease activities, which may lead to the development of new therapeutic and prophylactic agents for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Morizane
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan.
| | - Ko Sunagawa
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Hayato Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ouchida
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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8
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Potential of Tamanu ( Calophyllum inophyllum) Oil for Atopic Dermatitis Treatment. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2021:6332867. [PMID: 35069754 PMCID: PMC8782620 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6332867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tamanu oil, derived from the nut of Calophyllum inophyllum L., has been traditionally used to treat various skin-related ailments. In recent years, this oil is increasingly gaining popularity as researchers continue to search for novel natural alternative therapies for various skin diseases. There have been a number of in vitro and in vivo studies investigating various skin-active properties of tamanu oil, and it has been proven to have potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, analgesic, and even wound-healing abilities. These properties make tamanu oil an especially interesting candidate for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). This multifaceted disease is marked by the disruption of the skin barrier function, chronic inflammation, and skin microbiome dysbiosis with limited treatment options, which is free from adverse events and inexpensive, making it desperate for a new treatment option. In this review, we examine previous in vitro and in vivo studies on AD-relevant pharmacological properties of tamanu oil in order to evaluate the potential of tamanu oil as a novel treatment option for AD.
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9
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Yoshida T, Beck LA, De Benedetto A. Skin barrier defects in atopic dermatitis: From old idea to new opportunity. Allergol Int 2022; 71:3-13. [PMID: 34916117 PMCID: PMC8934597 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic skin inflammatory disease, with a profound impact on patients’ quality of life. AD varies considerably in clinical course, age of onset and degree to which it is accompanied by allergic and non-allergic comorbidities. Skin barrier impairment in both lesional and nonlesional skin is now recognized as a critical and often early feature of AD. This may be explained by a number of abnormalities identified within both the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum layers of the epidermis. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of key barrier defects in AD, starting with a historical perspective. We will also highlight some of the commonly used methods to characterize and quantify skin barrier function. There is ample opportunity for further investigative work which we call out throughout this review. These include: quantifying the relative impact of individual epidermal abnormalities and putting this in a more holistic view with physiological measures of barrier function, as well as determining whether these barrier-specific endotypes predict clinical phenotypes (e.g. age of onset, natural history, comorbidities, response to therapies, etc). Mechanistic studies with new (and in development) AD therapies that specifically target immune pathways, Staphylococcus aureus abundance and/or skin barrier will help us understand the dynamic crosstalk between these compartments and their relative importance in AD.
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10
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Altgilbers S, Rippke F, Filbry A, Conzelmann S, Vietzke JP, Burkhardt T, Segger D, Roggenkamp D, Grönniger E. A Biomimetic Combination of Actives Enhances Skin Hydration and Barrier Function via Modulation of Gene Expression: Results of Two Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled Clinical Studies. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 35:102-111. [PMID: 34619676 DOI: 10.1159/000520009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Xerosis cutis is characterized by a decreased stratum corneum (SC) hydration and an impaired skin barrier function. Urea, the most prevalent natural moisturizing factor (NMF), is currently considered the gold standard. Its efficacy can further be increased by combining urea with other NMF and skin barrier lipids (SBLs). OBJECTIVE We set out to evaluate physiological effects of a novel functional moisturizer containing 10% urea, additional NMF components, and a combination of SBLs on skin hydration and skin barrier integrity on a cellular and phenotypic level in female volunteers suffering from xerosis. METHODS Two double-blind, vehicle-controlled clinical studies were conducted. In the first study, 44 female subjects having very dry body skin applied the moisturizer or its vehicle twice daily to their volar forearms. Twenty-four hours after a single product application as well as 24 h after 2 weeks of treatment, SC hydration was measured by corneometry. Skin barrier function was assessed by transepidermal water loss 24 h and 48 h after 2 weeks of regular use. Twenty-four hours after 2 weeks of application, skin tape stripping was performed, and urea content was determined in the 3rd strip by means of high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. In the second study, 22 women with self-reported very dry skin applied the moisturizer or vehicle twice daily to their volar forearms for 2 weeks. Then, suction blister samples were obtained for gene expression analysis using RT-PCR. RESULTS Application of the actives led to significantly improved skin hydration and barrier function at all points in time. Compared to the vehicle, application of the moisturizer for 2 weeks resulted in a significant increase in SC urea content. Relative gene expression data revealed significant upregulation of genes associated with skin barrier function, hydration, differentiation, and lipid metabolism compared to the vehicle-treated area. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data demonstrate that the functional moisturizer provides an adequate bioavailability of urea and a beneficial biophysical impact on xerotic skin. Topical treatment with a combination of urea and additional NMF as well as SBL can modify mRNA expression of important epidermal genes stimulating cellular processes and functions. The well-tolerated novel functional moisturizer stimulates molecular mechanisms involved in skin hydration and barrier function and is a profoundly effective treatment option for xerosis cutis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Rippke
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Dörte Segger
- SGS Institut Fresenius GmbH (former SIT Skin Investigation and Technology), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Elke Grönniger
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
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11
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The Implications of Pruritogens in the Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137227. [PMID: 34281281 PMCID: PMC8269281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prototypic inflammatory disease that presents with intense itching. The pathophysiology of AD is multifactorial, involving environmental factors, genetic susceptibility, skin barrier function, and immune responses. A recent understanding of pruritus transmission provides more information about the role of pruritogens in the pathogenesis of AD. There is evidence that pruritogens are not only responsible for eliciting pruritus, but also interact with immune cells and act as inflammatory mediators, which exacerbate the severity of AD. In this review, we discuss the interaction between pruritogens and inflammatory molecules and summarize the targeted therapies for AD.
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12
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Zhang Y, Zhang H, Jiang B, Tong X, Yan S, Lu J. Current views on neuropeptides in atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1588-1597. [PMID: 33963624 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease involving skin barrier dysfunction and immune imbalance. However, the mechanism of AD is not clear completely and may be related to heredity and environment. Neuropeptides are a class of peptides secreted by nerve endings, they may play roles in promoting vasodilation, plasma extravasation, chemotaxis of inflammatory cells and mediating pruritus. Since itching and immune cell infiltration are the main manifestations of atopic dermatitis, to further investigate the impact of neuropeptides on AD, our review summarized the mechanisms of several common neuropeptides in AD and hypothesized that neuropeptides may be the novel potential targets in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hanyi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Boyue Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoliang Tong
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Siyu Yan
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianyun Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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13
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Sotiropoulou G, Zingkou E, Pampalakis G. Redirecting drug repositioning to discover innovative cosmeceuticals. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:628-644. [PMID: 33544970 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin appearance is essential for self-esteem and quality of life; consequently, skin care products represent a huge market. In particular, cosmeceuticals constitute a hybrid category of skin care formulations, at the interphase of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, rationally designed to target (patho) physiological mechanisms aiming to enhance skin health and appearance. Cosmeceuticals are marketed as anti-ageing, anti-wrinkle, hair regrowth, skin whitening and wound healing agents with special emphasis on scar-free healing. An overview on recent cutting-edge advances concerning the discovery and development of enhanced performance cosmeceuticals by drug repositioning approaches is presented here. In this context, we propose "target repositioning," a new term, to highlight that druggable protein targets implicated in multiple diseases (hubs in the diseasome) can be exploited to accelerate the discovery of molecularly targeted cosmeceuticals that can promote skin health as an added benefit, which is a novel concept not described before. In this direction, emphasis is placed on the role of mouse models, for often untreatable skin diseases, as well as recent breakthroughs on monogenic rare skin syndromes, in promoting compound repositioning to innovative cosmeceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Greece
| | - Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy-Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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14
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Gingival Crevicular Fluid Zinc- and Aspartyl-Binding Protease Profile of Individuals with Moderate/Severe Atopic Dermatitis. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121600. [PMID: 33255937 PMCID: PMC7761491 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a protease-modulated chronic disorder with heterogenous clinical manifestations which may lead to an imprecise diagnosis. To date, there are no diagnostic protease tests for AD. We explored the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) protease profile of individuals with moderate/severe AD compared to healthy controls. An exploratory case-control study was conducted. AD patients (n = 23) and controls (n = 21) were enrolled at the International Center for Clinical Studies, Santiago, Chile. Complete dermatological and periodontal evaluations (involving the collection of GCF samples) were made. The levels of 35 proteases were analyzed using a human protease antibody array in matching AD patients (n = 6) and controls (n = 6) with healthy periodontium. The GCF levels of zinc-binding ADAM8, ADAM9, MMP8, Neprilysin/CD10, aspartyl-binding Cathepsin E, serin-binding Protein convertase9, and uPA/Urokinase proteases were lower in moderate/severe AD patients compared to controls (p < 0.05). No inter-group differences in the levels of the other 28 proteases were found. MMP8, Cathepsin E, and ADAM9 were the biomarkers with the highest sensitivity and specificity regarding the detection of AD (p < 0.05). The area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for MMP8 was 0.83 and MMP8 + ADAMP9 was 0.90, with no significant differences (p = 0.132). A combined model of MMP8, Cathepsin E, and ADAM9 was not considered since it did not converge. Then, levels of MMP8 in GCF were determined using a multiplex bead immunoassay in 23 subjects with AD and 21 healthy subjects. Lower levels of MMP8 in the GCF from the AD group versus healthy group (p = 0.029) were found. This difference remained significant after adjustment by periodontitis (p = 0.042). MMP8 revealed the diagnostic potential to identify AD patients versus healthy controls, (ROC area = 0.672, p < 0.05). In conclusion, differences in the protease profile between AD and control patients were associated with MMP8, Cathepsin E, and ADAM9. Based on the multiplex assay results, MMP8 was lower in AD patients than controls, suggesting that MMP8 may be a diagnostic biomarker candidate.
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Minakawa S, Matsuzaki Y, Suwa H, Kono M, Akiyama M, Sawamura D. Mutations in
FLG
, the gene‐coding profilaggrin/filaggrin, are associated with putative hay fever in patients with atopic dermatitis. JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cia2.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Minakawa
- Department of Dermatology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Aomori Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Hirosaki University Hospital Aomori Japan
| | - Yasushi Matsuzaki
- Department of Dermatology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Aomori Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suwa
- Department of Dermatology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Aomori Japan
| | - Michihiro Kono
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Akita University Graduate School of Medicine Akita Japan
- Department of Dermatology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Masashi Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Daisuke Sawamura
- Department of Dermatology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Aomori Japan
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